67g REIN FORCED CONCRETE S'l'RlJc--

.ru~~:s
where p = A." = reinforcement ratio.
hd
Xu
and the limiting or max. value of is given by Eq. 14·7.
d
Three cas~ may arise.
Case 1 : (xJ d) less than limiting value .
The case corresponds to under-reinforced section in work·
· As, •ng
stress method, in which the reinforcement ralto P ("' bd) is le.1i
. .. I e (xu.max)
than p1im corresponding to the hmttmg va u d , where

1 [ck Xu,max
P1un = 2.417. {y . d
· /ck Xu,max
or p1un = 0.41 4 fy • d
The values of p1un for various values of [ck and {y are given
in Table 14.2.
TABLE 14.2. VALUE OF P1un. (%)

Vab1es of JOO Plim for

/cit 2
(N/mm ) '----
. 2 2
I, = 250 N/mm /y = 415 N/mm fy = 500 N/m,n2

15 1.316 0.718 0.571

20 · 1.755 0.958 0.762

25 2.194 1.197 0.952

30 2.633 1.436 1.112

I -

The moment of resistance for such a case is conveniently

expressed as
Mu = Tu (d - 0.416 xu)
where T,.. = 0.87 {y As, = 0.87 fy. pbd

M,.. = 0.87 J~As1 (d - 0.416 x. . )

M, = 0.87 f,A.,. d ( t _ 0.416 ~ ) ... [1 4.HJ(i1 ll

Suhstituting the value of ~ from Eq. 14.8, we get

 SIN GL y R EI NFOR CE D SECTIONS
679

Mu = 0.87 fyA s,. d (l - 0.4)6 0.87 fy_ A,t)

0.36 /ck. bd
or
M,, = 0.87 J;,As,. d (1 - h.... A s') ...(14. 10)
[ck bd
Ca~e 2 : (xul d) equal to limiting value
. This case corresponds to balanced design in which the s teel
rem.for~ement reaches its yield stress at the same instant when ultimate
st ram is r~ach~d in concrete. The stress block is fully developed
~s s~o~~ m Fig. 14.6(c). The moment of resistance Mu reaches
Its hmttmg value Mu, limit, and given by
Mu,lim = 0.36[c1c. (xu)fTlll!b (d - 0.416xu(,nax))

or Mu,/;m = 0.36J;• . x, <;;=> ( 1 - 0.416 x,d~·) bd 1

... (14.11)
Case 3 : (xuld) greater than the limiting value
The case corresponds to the beam in which the percentage
of steel is sufficient to ensure that steel yield does not take place.
Failure occurs when the strain in extreme fibres in concrete reaches
. its ultimate value. Thusthe failure tak es place due to crushing of
concrete wl!.ile strain Esu in steel still remains below the yield strai~
--- --It should be noted that compression failure is sudden, and therefore
Csu.

not desirable. The Code recommends that if. (xuld) is found greater
• than the limiting value-, the beam should be reaesign.ed.

14.7. PROCEDURE FOR FINDING MOMENT OF

RESISTANCE
,. .,
The moment of resistance of rectangular sections wfthout com-
pression reinforcement should be obtained as follows (IS : 456-
1978) :
(a) Determine the depth of neutral axis from the following
equation
Xu = 0.87 £r •Ast = 2.417 ft_ • As, ... (14.8)
d 0.36 /ck bd [c" bd
(b) If the value of xuld is less than the limiting(i.e. max.) value
given by Eq. 14.7 calculate the moment of resistance by the following
equation.

Mu= 0.87 J; .Ast• d (1 - AJ1 £)

bd •/rk ...(14. 10)
680 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRucruR.Es

(c) lf the value of x.,l d is equal to the limiting value, th

moment of resistance of the section is given by the folloWine
expr~ion : g
M •.., = 0.36 x.7'l (1 - 0.416 x.;J1 ) bd fc• 2
... (14.l!)
(d) If x,J d is greater than the limiting value, the section
is over-reinforced. The moment of resistance of such a section is
limited to Mw<lim) given by Eq. 14.11. It should be noted that in
the case of an over-reinforced section, not only tha! t~ere i§_w_astige
of excess steel, the concrete reaches its ultimate capacity before steel
yields resulting 1n aS\ldden failure. The code there[ore- recoinmeiufs
that such a section should b~ re_de~igne.d.
-- -
Variation of moment of resistance with p
Eq. 14.11 gives the variation moment of resistance Mu with
reinforcement ratio p = ( !; ). The equation can be rearranged in
the form
Mw = 0 _87 J; An( l _ £. As( )
bd 2
r bd . [ck bd

or M; = 0.87 fr p
bd
(1- f- p )
Jclc
(14.l0(a)]

Thus Mu increases with increase in the value of p. When p

reaches limiting value Pum. given by Eq. 14.9(or by table 14.3),
M"" also reaches the limiting or maximum value given by Eq. 14.11
which .can be rearranged in the form :
M-u ) = 0.36 Jclc
f' Xu max ( O 146 Xu max ) _ R ... (14.ll(a)]
( bd2 d . d - 11

lim

For mild steel bars h~ving fr= 250 NI mm 2 , we have 7

= 0.53 and p = 1.316 x 10-2 when [c1c = 15 N/mm 2• Hence
Mwlim = 0.36 X 15 X Q.53 (1 - 0.416 X 0.53)
2
.:: 2.231 bd N-mm.
For other values of p , M,. can be found from Eq. 14.10(0 )·
Fig. 14.7 shows the variation of ~ with p for mild steel bars
bd' '
. 2 l
(having J;, = 250 N/ mm and 15 concrete havingfc1c == 15 N/ t11J11 ·
SlN GL Y R E IN FO RC ED SECTIONS 681
2·6
2·4 Mu_lim
2·231
2·2 ---- - - - ------ ---- --- - - - .......-..-----
2·0
1· 8
I
N 1· 6 I
E I
E 1· 4 I.
N-z'
'O
.0
I• 2
,n
I
I
I
l·0 I
':J 0

~,~,
~ 0·8 -;1
0·6
"E I
0·4
0·2
~,
=I
I

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO 11 12 13 ~ 15 16
Px10 3

FIG. 14.7. VARIATION OF M;

WITI-I p FOR SINGLY
bd
REINFORCED SECTION.

Moment of resistance of balanced section

For a balanced design, the steel reinforcement reaches its yield
stress at the same instant when ultimate strain is reached in
concrete. The moment of resistance for such a beam is given by
Eq. 14.11.
M.,1un = 0.36[<, x,d_ ( 1 - 0.416x"d=) bd2 ••• (14.11 )

In the above expression, the yalue of Xud for mild steel,

Fe 415 steel and Fe 500 steel are respectively 0.53, 0.48 and 0.46.
Substituting these values, we get the following simplied expressio ns
for moment of resistance, for various types of steel
(a) For mild steel bars (Fe 250)
Mu,lim = 0.1487 [c1c bd =Ru bd2
2
... (1 4. 11(a) ]
where Ru = 0.1487 [ck.
(b) For Fe 415 Steel
2
Mu,lim = 0.1383 [clc bd = Rubd 2 ... (14.l l (b) l
where Ru = 0.1383 [c1c
~I
682 R E INFOR CED CO NC R ET E STRUCT1.JRE,s
I
(c) For Fe 500 steel
Mu,lim = 0.1339 [ ck bd2 = Rubd2 .•• [14~ll(c)]

where Ru = 0.1339 [ck.

Table 14.3 gives the values of Ru for various grades of concrete.
TABLE 14.3 VALUES OF Ru FOR BALANCED DESIGN

Reinforcement
Concrete Grade

Fe 250 Fe 415 Fe 500

(Ru = 0.1487 /ck) (Ru = 0.1383 /ck) (Ru = 0.339 /ck)

M 15 2.231 2.074 2.009

M 20 2.975 2.766 2.678

M 25 3.718 3.457 3.348

M 30 4.462 4.149 4.017

M 35 5.206 4.840 4.686

M 40 5.949 5.532 5.356

The readers are advised to compare these values of Ru with

1.5 R values of working stress method. It will be seen that Ru is
greater than 1.5 R, resulting in smaller concrete section. Table 14.2
gives the limiting percentage (p1im) of steel. It will thus be seen that
the balanced design gives smallest concrete section and maximum
area of reinforcement. ~ince the cost of steel is quite _high, an under-
rein forcement section, which gives larger concrete area and smal~ r_
., value of p, is aJ,,,ays desirable in the limit state design. This can
be achieved by (i) providing b or d or both greater than those re9uired
by balanced design, or (ii) using lesser values of~ than the limiting
• value or (iii) assuming lesser value of Ru than the limit!!!g_ va~~
given in Table 14.3.
14.8. DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAM SECTION
The design of a section consists of determination of (i) cross-
sectional dimensions b and d, and (ii) area of steel, so as to develop
a given moment. of resistance. Though the objective of a designe:
would be to design a balanced section so that the ultimate suesse
in both the materials are developed simultaneously, such a design
 SI NGLY RE IN FOR(' lm SIWTHJNS MO

may not he the mos t cconomka l. Ir has hcen stated in the previous
para that a balanced design gives smalles t conacrcscction a.nd maximum
area of reinforcement. Since the cos t of steel is very high in comparison
~o that o~ concrete, a halan, cd design may not be cconomicaJ. Also,
for prac t_1ca l considerations, somcrimcs, ir may be necessary to fix
some umform cross-sectional dimensions. fn such a case, the design
may result in a singly reinforced balanced section, under-reinforced
section or doubly reinforced section. However, if the section has
to be singly reinforced, an under-reinforced section is always more
desirable in the limit state design.
l.
Design to determine cross-sectional dimensions and rein~
forcement.
This is the most usual case of design in which the ultimate
moment of resistance (Mu) to be developed by the section is given,
and it is required to determine b, d and As,. The design is done
in the following steps.
Step 1. Determine the limiting depth of N.A. by Eq. 14.7
0.0035 ... (14.7)
Xu (max) - d
0.0055 + 0.87 [ylEs

Xu (max) _ 700 ... [ l4.7(b) J

or
d 1100 + 0.87 h
Step 2. Choose some suitable ratio of d and b. The value of
d/b in the range of 1.5 to 3 is usually taken.
Step 3. Find d from the relation ( Eq. 14.11 ).
M. = 0.36J;, Xu<;i) ( I - 0.416 Xu;=) bd 2
••• ( 14. 11 )

Mu = Ru bd
2
or ••• [1 4. l l(b) I

Step 4. Knowing b and d, determine area of rei nforcement fro m

the relation
Mu = 0.87/yAs, (d - 0.416 xu(1'UU) ) ...( 14. 18 (a)J
AJternativeJy, find p,,-,,,. from Eq. 14.9

... ( 14.9)

and As, = Ptim X bd

The values of p1,,,,. arc given in Ta ble 14.2.

684 REINFOR<'.:ED CONCRETE STRUcruRes

2. Design to determine area or reinforcement if b and d are

known.
In this case Mu , b and d are given. To start with, we have
to ascertain whether it will result in a singly reinforced section or
a doubly reinforced section. The design is done in the following
steps :
Step l. Determine the limiting moment of resistance from Eq.
14.11
2
· -- 0•-36 Jf'ck Xu (max)
M u lim d ( 1 - 0•416 Xu (max)
d ) bd

or Mulim = Ru bd2
Step 2. (a) If Mu = Muum, it will result in a balanced section,
and area of steel (or Pum) is found either from Eq. 14.9 or from
Table 14.2.
(b) If ~u > Mulim, , it will result in a doubly reinforced section
(see chapter 25).
(c) If Mu< Mulim, it will result 'in an under-reinforced section,
and the design is done in the following steps :
Step 3. If Mu < Mu lim , determine actual Xu from relationship :
Mu = 0.36[ckbXu (d - 0.416xu)
1
This will result in a quadratic equation in terms of xi. which
can be easily solved.
Step 4. Determine area of steel from the relation
Mu = 0.87 fyAs, (d - 0.416xu)

or An - Mu ... (14.12)
0.87 fy (d - 0.416xu)
Alternatively, find p from 14.8
p = 0.414t ~ ... (14.8(a)]

A.,, = p bd
Alternatively, steps 3 and 4 can be avoided and A can be
found from Eq. 14.10 applicable for under-reinforced ;ection.
Mu = 0.87 fyA.,, d ( 1 - A:r,
bd [c1c
.b..)
(14 10)
•·• ·
This gives a quadratic equation in terms of Ast, the solution
of which works out as under :

A s, = 0.5/ ck [ 1 - y1- 4.6 M.2" ] bt.'l ••. ( 14.13)

/r t 1rbd
 SINGLY REIN FORCED SECTIONS 685

Example 14.1. M.R. of singly reinforced section.

Find the M.R. of a singly rein[orced concrete beam section of
200 mm willth and 400 mm effective depth reinforced with 4 bars
of 20 mm <I> (mild steel). Use M 15 concret~. Use J.S. code method.
Redesign the beam if necessary.
Solution
A.,, = 41 (20)2 = 1256.6 mm 2
p =As, = 1256.6 = 0 0157
bd 200 x 400 .
For mild steel bars, h = 250 N/mm 2•
For M 15 concrete, [ck= 15 N/mm 2•
Hence the depth of N.A from Eq. 14.8
Xu = 2.417 p /y
d h1c
250
= 2.417 X 0.0157 X l5 = 0.6328 ... (i)

The limiting value of ~ is given by Eq. 14.7(b)

Xu max ___ ___ = 0.53

7oo
d 1100 + 0.87 X 250
Thus, the actual N.A depth is more than the limiting one.
Such a beam is over-reinforced, and hence is undesirable, since the
failure is sudden and without warning. The Code recommends that
* such a beam should be redesigned. However, the moment of
resistance of such a beam will be taken equal to the limiting moment
of resistance. The limiting moment of resistance of such a beam
can be found by use of Eq. 14.11.
M.1un = 0.36/"' x.d (1 - 0.416 x.d) bd 2

= 0.36 X 15 (0.53) (1 - 0.416 X 0.53) 200 (400) 2

. 6
= 71.4 x 10 N-mm = 71.4 kN-m
The corresponding reinforcement for the balanced failure con-
dition is given by Eq. 14.8.
Xu max = 2.417 pi
d ) ck
686 REI NFOR CED CON CRE'l1~STRt JCrtJl{P,s

or p ( Xu ma.t ) fu X 1
- d fy 2.417

- 0.51 X 15 = 0.01316
- 250 X 2.4 17

A s, = p bd = 0.01316 (200) 400 = 1052.5 mm 2 .

2
(Against 1256.6 mm at present).

Example 14.2. Moment of resistance of singly reinforced beam.

For the ·beam of Example 14.1, find the M.R. if the reinforcement
consists of 3-20 mm <t> bars.
Solution

·As, = 3 ~ (20) 2 = 942.48 mm 2

942 8 = 001178
P - 200 X.4400 .

.~ = 2.417 pt= 2.417 X 0.01178 ~i

= 0.4749
Xu max
d
= o.55, as before.

Hence d
X
is less than the limiting value and M.R. is given
by Eq. 14.10.

Mu = 0.87 fyAs, d ( 1 - h_ A st )
[ck bd

= 0.87 X 250 X 400 ( 1 - 250

942.48 X
15 ..01178 )
XO

= 65.9 x 6
10 N- mm = 65.9 k.N-m.
Example 14.3. Determination of a·ctual stresses.
For the beam of Erample 14. l, detem1ine the actual stress in
steel when the section is subjected to the limiting moment of
resistance.
Solution. Uive n As, = 1256.6 mm 2 and Mu = Mu llm· As founJ
earlier,
Xu,w-a X
d = 0.53 and -j = 0.6328.
S IN GL Y REIN FO R CED SECTIONS 687

It is very clear that if [ ~•] is taken = 0.6328, the stress

in concrete will exceed 0.45 [ck . However, at Mu = Mu(lim) , X11 will
be equal to Xu (mm:) and stress in concrete wilJ be equal to 0.45 le"-·
In such a circumstance, the stress [s in steel wilJ be less than J;,.
From the equilibrium of internal forces, we have
C=T
or 0.36 [ck b Xu = As, {s
,
or Js = 0.36[ck
A
st
bxu
'w ere Xu
h _x
- u max

or [s = 0.36 [ck bd (Xu ma·/d)

As,

_ 0.36 X 15 X 200 X 400 (0.53 )

- 1256.6

= 182.2 N/mm 2 (against a value of

J;, = 250 N/ mm
2
)

The corresponding strain in steel is

Es
= 0.0035 (d - Xu max)
Xu max

_ 0.(X:}35 ( 1 - Xu ,na·/d)
- Xuma-. /d

= 0.0035 (1 - 0.53) = 0 0011

0.53 . - .

Check. Lever arm jd = d - 0.416x,.~, = d ( 1 - Q.4 16 x,;t')

= 400 (1 - 0.416 x 0.53):::: 31 2 mm

Mu = Cjd = (0.36 [ck b Xu mar ) jd

= 0.36 X 15 X 200 (0.53 X 400) X31 2

= 71.4 x 10 N-mm.6

Also, Mu = T jd = As,iJd
= 1256.6xl82.2x3 12 = 7l.4x10° N-mm
 REINFORCED CONC Kh'Jl~STRlJCl'tJR.J..s

Each one of the.~c is equal to Mua~•

Example 14.4. Design of singly reinforced beam.
Design a balanced singly rein[orced concrete beam s~ction /or a,i
applied moment of 48 kN-m. The width of the beam lS limiled 10
150 mm. Use M J5 concrete and mild steel bars.
Also, detemtine the rein[orcement.
Solution.
Mo = 48 kN-m = 48 x 106 N-mm.
Since Yr = 1.5 for both dead and live loads,
6
M"o = 48 x 106 x 1.5 = 72 x 10 N-mm.
For balanced design, we h~ve, from Eq. 14.7 (b).
X., max 700 70()
= 0.53
d 1100 + 0.87 f, 1100 + 0.87 X 250
The moment of resistance for such a beam is given by Eq.
14.11.
M.Jimi, = 0.36Jc1/"7' ( 1 - 0.416 x.d) bd2
Equating Mulimil and Muo , we get
72 X 106 = 0.36 X 15 (0.53) (1 - 0.416 X 0.53) 150 d 2
From which d = 465 mm.
The reinforcement is given by ~- 14.8.
Xu.nuu · r
-d- = 2.417 Piim. :!L
fc1c
_ 0.53 X 15
Pum. - 250 X 2.417 = 0.01316
(This is same as given in Table 14.2 for !c1t = 15 and/~ = 250)
Ar, = 0.01]16 X 150 X 465 = 917.9 mm?
E~ample 14.5. Design of singly reinforced beam.
Fmd the rein[orcement for the b . . I!.
of the beam is kept equal 10 the - eam, of Example 14.4 if the dept·
one obtamed by working strE·ss metht.'!
Solution.
For M JS co ncrete, with mild stee l bars
k =:--!!!_ O ct,, )9 X S
m
-+-
(T<bcaJ/
=-
19 ; S +14-0 -
~ - 04l}J
·
J :2 I _ t~.404
-~ ..:: 0.865
 S lNGL Y R E INFO RCED SECT IONS
689

R = ½X s• X 0.865 X 0.404 = 0.874

d =~ =V 48 x ]06 ::::: 600 mm
Rb 0.865 x J50
The limiting ultimate moment for this beam is given by Eq.
14.11.

M.11m. = 0.36[c, ~ ( 1 - 0.416 x.d) bd2

Xu .mux
Taking d = 0.53 , we have
Mu.lim. = 0.36 X 15 X 0.53 X (1 - 0.416 X 0.53) bd 2
= 2.231 bd2 (see Fig. 14.7 and Table 14.3 also)
= 2.232 x 150 (600) 2 = 120.5 x 106 N-mm
MuD = Mo X YI= 48 X 10 X 1.5 = 72 X 10 N-mm
6 6

The reinforcement is given by Eq. 14.10.

M. = 0.87 f,A,,d (1 -t.ttf)

6
or 72 X 10 = 0.87 X 250 A,, X 600 ( 1 - ;~O X !SO~ 600 )
or As, = (1 - 185 x 10- A.,,) = 551.7 6

2 .
or Ast - 5402 Ast + 2980550 = 0

From which A.,, ::::: 624 mm 2 .

Alternatively, from Eq._ 14.13.

A st
= 0.5 X {ck [ l _ ,;-- _- 4.-6 M
1
- u ] bd
h /ck bd2

or st
= 0.5 X 15 [ l _ y' l _ 4.6 X 72 X 10
6
] lSO X 600
A 250 15 X 150 (600)2
A.,, = 624 mm
2
or
2
(Against 917.7 mm provided in the previous example).
Let us compare this with working stress method in which the
reinforcement is given by
6
MD 48 X 10
660 6
2
A st = Ost jd = 140 x 0.865 x 600 = · mm
Thus the reinforcement by working stress method is only about
6% more.
 H. h lNFORCED CO NCR ETJ:., STRU LTtJ REs

Example 14.6. llesl~n of singly reinforced beam.

A beam, simply supported over an effecti~e span of 7 m carries
a lire load of 15 kN /m. Design the beam, usmg M 15 concrete and
HYSD bars of grade Fe 4J5. Keep width equal to half the effective
3
depth. Assume unit weight of concrete as 2.4 kN l m
Solution. '
For the computation of dead load, let us assume that, the beam
has size 250 mm x 550 mm.
:. Self weight = 0.25 x 0.55 x 1 x 24000 = 3300 N/m.

Live lpad w1 = 15000 N/m

Total load w0 = 3300 + ·15000 = 18300 N/m

Using YI = 1.5.
Ultimate design load WuD = 18300 x 1.5
= 27450 N/m

M,o = 2745~ (7)' = 168130 N-m.

6
= 168.13 x 10 N-mm.

For M I S concrete, [ck= 15 N/mm2 and for HYSD bars of

Fe 415 grade, h = 415 N/mm 2• Hence the limiting depth of N.A
is [Eq. t4.7(b)).
Xu.max _ 700 _ 700 ~ 0.48.
d 1100 + 0.87 {y 1100 + 0.87 x 415
Let d = effective depth, so that b = 05 d
Also, from Eq. 14.11.
M u.lim = 0.36 X 15 X 0.48(1 - 0.416 X 0.48)(0.5 d)(d /= 1.0372 d'

Equating this to the design moment, we get

168. 13 = 1.0372 d 3
X 1()6
From which d = 641 mm
1
~
and b 2 d = 273 mm
The reinforcement is given by Eq. 14.9.
P tim = 0.4 14 f t X1w1al'
fy d
15
:: 0.414 X X 0.48 = 0J)()7 18
415
SINGLY R E IN FORCED SECTIO NS 691

A .r, = 0.00718 X 273 X 546 = 1070 mm 2

Example 14.7. Design of singly reinforced beam.
A reinforced concrete beam has width equal to 300 mm and total
de_pth equal to 800 1nm, with a cover of 40 mnt to the centre . of
remforce,nent. Design the beam if it is subjected to a total bending
nionient of 140 kN-nt. Use M 15 concrete and HYSD bars of grade
Fe 415. Compare the design with that obtained by working stress method.
Solution.
b= 300 mm ; d = 800 - 40 = 760 mm
Using YJ = 1.5 ; MuD = 140 x 1.5 = 210 kN-m
For M 15 grade concrete and HYSD bars,
Xu .max = 700 _ 700 = 0.48
d 1100 + 0.87 J;, 1100 + 0.87 x 415
Taking limiting moment is given by
2
Mu.Lim = 0.36 X 15 X 0.48 (1 - 0.416 X 0.48) X .bd
= 2.074 bd2 = 2.074 X 300 X (760) 2
106 N-mm > MuD•
:::::: 359 X
Hence compression reinforcement is not needed.

M. 0 = 0.87 f,A,,d (1 -t';;j)

or 210 X 10" = 0.87 X 415 X A,, (760) ( 1-~l; X A~,
300 760
)

or A st (1 - 121.3 X 10- 6 Ast) = 765.3

A s; - 8244As, + 6.31 x 10 = 0
6
or
From which A .r, = 853.8 mm 2•
Alternatively, From Eq. 14.13, we have,
Ast = 0.5 [ck
h
[1- V } - 4.6bdM; J bd
[ ck

= 0.5 x 15 [ l _ y l _ 4.6 x 210 x 106 ] 2

300 x 760
415 15 X 300 (760)
= 854 mm 2
Let us design the beam by working stress method. The n1oment
of resistance of the singly re inforced bea m is
M = Rbd
2

m O cnc 19 X 5
Now, k -
m Oct,c + Os,
= - -- - - = 0.2923
19 X 5 + 230
 ' 'l; D coNCRETE STRl WTup ,,
REl'Nf•Of~( , ., ·.S
692
0.2923 ::: 0.9026
1 == - 1 3 - 066
1 5 X 0.9026 X ().2923 - .
R =-X . ON
2 i::::: 114.3 x 10 -_mm. .
. M ::: o.66 x 300 (76~) . forccment 1s rcqutrc<.1 .
·· ress1on rem
Since M < MD ' comp 3 100 - 724 5 mm2
M 114. X - - ·
A ::: _-!-, = 230 X 0 9026 X 760
stl Os,]d 4~ - 114.3) 106 == 25.7 X l?() N-mm.
M2 = Mo - Mi == (l for compressive rcmforcement
Assuming a cover of 40 mm
also, 2
25.7 x 10° = 155.1. mm
As,2 = .230 (760 - 40) . . . by
l nee this is given
Compressive steel to ba a
m (d - n) As,2
Ase = (m _ 1) (n - de)
e • _ /al = o.2923 x 760 = 222 mm
where me = 1.5 X 19 = 28.5 ' n -
19 (760 - 222) X 155.2
Ase = (28.5 - 1) (222 - 40)
~ 317 mm 2 2
-A
: . T0 t al A SI - stl
+ A st 2
= 724.5 + 155.2 = 879.7 mm
2
Ase = 317 mm.
Total steel. = 879.7 + 317 = 1196.7 mm
2

(Against 853.8 mm2 required by limit state analysis)

PROBLEMS

t/ 1. A beam section 300 mm wide and 500 mm deep is reinforced with a

tension reinforcement of 3000 inm2 at an effective cover of 300 mm.
Det~rmine the ultimate moment of resistance of beam section. Use M
15 concrete and Fe 250 grade steel.
L/2· Solve problem 1 if the grade of concrete is M 20 and grade of steel
is Fe 415. .
3. Solve problem 1 for M 15-Fe 415 combination.
l / 4. Design a balanced singly reinforced concrete beam with a span of 5 m
to carry a dead load of 25 kN/m and a working live load of 20 kN/m.
Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.
/ 5. Redesign the beam of problem 2 if the cross-section of the beam is limited to
300 mm width and 600 mm effective depth: Use M 20 mix and Fe415
grade steel.

1.._ - -