Science 10

Science – Grade 10
Quarter 1 – Module 12: Different processes that occur along plate boundaries!
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

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Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
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 Science 10
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 10
Different processes that occur along plate
boundaries!
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 10 Module 12 on Different processes that occur along plate
boundaries!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:

Welcome to the Science 10 Module 12 on Different processes that occur along plate
boundaries!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This module helps the learners to analyze geoscience-related challenges to

face the impact of natural hazards, develop the ability, and improve learner's
geoscientific thinking skills. It is also about the effects of the different processes that
occur along the plate boundaries.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. explain the processes that occur along transform fault boundaries and
identify landforms associated with it;
2. differentiate the geologic processes along plate boundaries; and
3. understand and value the role of education in promoting disaster
preparedness.

PRETEST

Directions. Read the questions and encircle the letter of your answer.

1. What do you call the boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past
each other in opposite directions?
A. Subduction
B. Transform boundary
C. Continental-continental collisions
D. Continental-continental divergent boundary
2. What do you call the surface along which rocks break and slide past each
other?
A. Faults
B. Deformation
C. Volcanic mountains
D. Plate tectonic theory
3. Which of the following geologic events can occur at a transform boundary?
A. Earthquake
B. Rift formation
C. Volcanic eruption
D. Mountain formation
4. Mountain formation can result when ____________________________.
A. two oceanic plates spread apart.
B. two continental plates collide.
C. two oceanic plates collide.
D. none of the above.
5. How can we protect ourselves from earthquakes?
A. We can do anything.
B. We can build broader streets.
 C. We can build bridges using light materials.
D. We can build well designed and constructed houses.

RECAP
Directions: Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph. Choose from the words in
the box below.

Plates moving ____________ from each other. Marked by rifting, basaltic

volcanism, and uplift. Tension causes shallow-focus earthquakes along normal faults
along which the crust is stretched and thinned. In a continent, a ___________forms
as a central valley, found a ___________ridges and ______________ rift valleys (East
African Rift).After widening of the rift, eventually the plates separate and seawater
floods into the linear basin between the two ____________ continents. Eventually
opens into an ocean with a mid- ocean ridge in the center.
divergent rift valley mid-ocean continental away

LESSON

Transform Plate Boundaries are locations where two plates slide past each
other. The fracture zone that forms a transform plate boundary is thought as a
transform fault. Most of the transforming faults are found within the ocean basin
and connect offsets within the mid-ocean ridges. A smaller number connect mid-
ocean ridges and subduction zones. Most such faults are found in oceanic crust,
where they accommodate the lateral offset between segments of divergent
boundaries, forming a zigzag pattern. This is often results of oblique seafloor
spreading where the direction of motion is not perpendicular to the trend of the
general divergent boundary. A smaller number of such faults are found ashore,
although these are generally better-known, because the San Andreas Fault, a
transform boundary, extends 750 miles (1,207.01 km)s from the Californian-Mexican
border through the city where it runs along the coastline before doglegging dead set
sea near Eureka, California. A transform fault could be a special case of a geological
fault that also forms a plate boundary. A transform fault may occur within the
portion of a fracture zone that exists between different offset spreading centers or
that connects spreading centers to deep-sea trenches in subduction zones. The
spatial orientation of transform faults is usually parallel to plate motions; however,
this is often not always the case. Transform faults are the sole segments of fracture
zones that are seismically active. Oceanic ridges offset by transform faults and
fracture zones. The arrows show the direction of movement across the transform
faults. Transform boundaries represent the borders found within the fractured pieces
of the Earth’s crust where one tectonic plate slides past another to form an
earthquake fault zone. Linear valleys, small ponds, stream beds split in half, deep
trenches, and scarps and ridges often mark the placement of a transform boundary.

Figure 1: Transform plate

boundary

Tectonic Plates. The Earth’s crust is fractured into giant pieces, called tectonic
plates. These plates move atop the Earth's mantle, a fluid layer of molten rock. When
one plates move horizontally beside the opposite, a transform boundary is made. The
layer contains seven main plates: North American, Pacific, South American,
Eurasian, Australian, Antarctic, and African. Minor plates also exist, a number of
which are the Nazca, Philippines, and Arabian plates.
Fault Lines. One in all the first landforms that are produced by a transform
boundary could be a fault. Typically, called strike-slip faults, they build-up pressure
when friction prevents them from sliding until the pressure exceeds the force of the
friction and leads to an earthquake.
Oceanic Fracture Zones. Most transforming boundaries lie on the seafloor. These
oceanic fracture zones form large valleys or trenches that connect spreading oceanic
ridges. These features can extend anywhere from 100 miles (ca. 161 km)s to over
1,000 miles (ca. 1,609 km)s, reaching depths of up to 5 miles (8.05 km)s. The Clarion,
Molokai, and Pioneer fracture zones, located off the geographic area of California and
Mexico, are prime examples. While these zones are currently inactive, their scars
provide a graphic reminder of the facility transform boundaries pose to change the
Earth’s landscape.

Figure 2: Oceanic Ridge

Complex Transform boundary. The lake Rift represents the mixture of a rift with a
transform boundary. The rift itself, a continuation of the African Rift, forms the valley
through which the river flows. However, this rift is additionally the situation of a
transform boundary, where the Arabian Plate is sliding past the Sinai-Israeli Plate.
Understanding how the planet has
changed geologically can facilitate
your interpret the processes that
have shaped the landscape. The key
idea is that it can move in two ways;
horizontally (north, south, east, or
west), or vertically (higher into the
sky or lower into the Earth). All
movements will be explained by
understanding the action of geologic
processes. Figure 3: Tectonic Plates

Process 1: Convergent Boundary: Subduction Zones. When it involves colliding

tectonic plates. Subduction zones occur where a less massive (but more dense) plate
is being forced underneath another a far more massive (but less dense) plate, act as
a barrier to which have nowhere to travel but to subduct underneath during the
continuing collision. Subduction zones are well-known for his or her crumple zones
where land is deformed and pushed vertically into the sky on one side of a plate. On
the other side of the subduction zone, the land (often beneath an ocean) is dragged
down because the plate subducted beneath the continental plate. Thus, the method
of subduction not only creates mountains on one side, but also a deep ocean trench
on the opposite side. Together with the vertical movement of a solid crust, subduction
zones are known for volcanic activity. Heat and pressure created by the friction of
the plates melt rock into magma. As oceanic crust is subducted, the water and
greenhouse gas locked up in fossil organisms within the rock lower its temperature,
allowing it to exist as a liquid. This magma can eventually find its thanks to the
surface and erupts under immense pressure as a volcano.
Here are some characteristics you'll use to spot a subduction zone.
1. The presence of folded mountain ranges on one side of the plate boundary.
2. A deep ocean trench on one side of the plate boundary.
3. Presence of volcanoes along the plate boundary.
4. Presence of frequent, often large earthquakes.

Process 2: Convergent Boundary: Continental Collision. When two continental

plates collide, a remarkable process occurs that ends up in some magnificent
landscapes. During a continental collision, although massive, continental plates still
have a way lower density than the mantle below so neither plate is willing or able to
subduct (it is like trying to urge a cube to sink in water). What happens when
colliding plates cannot go down? They have to go up! Locations are experiencing a
continental collisions form the most important mountain ranges on earth. Mountains
formed during this way dwarf the folded mountains that form at subduction zones.
Here are a few characteristics you can use to identify a continental collision.
1. The colliding plates must both contain a continent at the location of impact
2. Presence of large mountain ranges.
3. Presence of frequent, often large, earthquakes.
Process 3: Volcanic Hotspots. The most important aspect of volcanic hotspots is
that they are the sole tectonic landscape feature that does not occur along a plate
boundary. Hotspots can occur anywhere else on Earth because their formation is
controlled far below the layer, even deeper than the motion of tectonic plates.
Remember from the review information that heat is produced within the core.
Sometimes, this heat can often find its way through the mantle with various results.
Some locations receive more of this heat than others. Especially hot locations are
termed hot spots. These are so incredibly hot that the magma within the mantle
easily pierces the tectonic plate and erupts sort of volcano at the surface. Tectonic
plates, however, are continuously on the move; what results are the appearance of a
line of both active and extinct volcanoes called volcanic arc islands. It is important
to recollect that hot spots. Rather, plates move hot spots, giving the looks that the
new spot has shifted. Hot spots are related to smaller but regular earthquake activity
because the crust adjusts to shifting magma.
Here are some characteristics you'll use to spot a volcanic hot spot.
1. The volcano is found far away from a plate boundary.
2. Volcano(s) occur during a line or arc.
3. There are less intense, but regularly occurring earthquakes.

Process 4: Divergent Boundary: Rift Valleys and Oceanic Ridges. Also referred to
as constructive boundaries, locations where plates are pulling apart are the sole
places on earth where new crust is being formed. There are two situations during
which these boundaries appear. First, in locations where continental plates are
pulling apart, deep valleys are formed because the land collapses into the Great
Depression formed by separation. These rift valleys are the youngest areas of
divergence. As a valley gets larger, it inevitably comes in grips with water (oceans,
seas, or groundwater). Initially, it appears as a narrow sea, but over numerous years
of continuous spreading, rift valleys can create oceans as large because of the
Atlantic. Second, somewhere in between vale and an enormous ocean, the method
alters slightly and therefore, the action that created a valley or depression now
creates an elevated ridge as new magma pushes upward filling within the cracks.
Both earthquakes and traditional volcanic activity occur less frequently at diverging
boundaries.
1. Plates are moving aloof from one another.
2. There's a presence of depression. Newly diverging plates form rift valleys.
3. There's the presence of an underwater ridge. Older diverging plates have created
a sea or ocean with a ridge at the placement of divergence.
4. There are lower earthquakes and volcanic activity.

Process 5: Transform Boundaries. Transform boundaries occur where mantles

convection causes two plates to easily slide past each other. Since there's no collision
or separation, the landforms created at these boundaries are unspectacular
compared to those created by other processes. These landscapes are limited to linear
scars or interesting features where stream beds, roads, or other features are
separated from one another as they cross the boundary. The foremost famous
transform boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California. Transform boundaries
are known for powerful earthquakes because the jagged edges of passing plates easily
lock in situ increase pressure until the land gives way in an exceedingly mass
movement. The energy released in these moments causes the earthquake. As a
general rule, the longer the time has passed between earthquakes, the more powerful
the following are because the mantle convection driving plate movement never stops
- while the plates may.
Here are some characteristics you'll use to spot a transform boundary.
1. Small linear scars or valleys.
2. Transform boundaries characteristically have few obvious features and are tough
to spot

ACTIVITIES

Module 12 Activity 1. Map Exploration

Directions: Complete the organizer using Geologic Processes along plate boundaries.
The Place/ The Pattern The Process The The Hazards
Feature What global How is land Landscape How does the
patterns do moving? Up? How do this process
you see? Down? Left? process and describe
What Right? Into each hazard influence
evidence other? Away from influence the hazards? How
suggests each other? landscape? do hazards
this pattern What is created influence
exists (or is as a result? processes?
right)?
Convergent
Boundaries
Divergent
Boundaries
Transform
Boundaries
Closure: Describe each geologic processes under each plate boundaries.
Module 12 Activity 2. Crossword Puzzle
Directions. Read the clues below and fill in the word grid with the correct answers.

ACROSS
1. A mountain peak on the ocean floor that does not reach the surface of the water.
2. The bottom or floor of the ocean.
3. The study of the structure of the Earth’s surface.
5. The bottom of the deep ocean below the continental shelf, usually deeper than
13,000 feet (4,000 meters).
7. The layer of the Earth between the crust and the core.
8. A mid-ocean chain of undersea mountains that circle the Earth like the seam of a
baseball.
11. Huge rock slabs.
DOWN
4. Plate movement when two plates move toward each other.
6. Hot molten rock deep below the Earth’s surface.
9. A crack in the Earth’s surface between two divergent plates.
10. Plate movement when two plates move away from each other.
12. A type of tough volcanic rock that makes up most of the ocean’s basins, mid-
ocean ridges, and plates.
Closure:
Based on the activity, explain the processes that occur along transform fault
boundaries and identify the landforms that are associated with it.

WRAP-UP

Directions. Complete the paragraphs below. Choose the best answer from the box
and write them on the blanks.
 Transform Plate Boundaries are locations where two plates_____ past one
another. The fracture zone that forms a transform plate boundary is known as
a_____, found in the ocean basin, and connect offsets in the mid-ocean ridges. The
major geologic events that occur at those boundaries will be_____, earthquake,
landslide, mass movement due to the effect of energy released by movement of plates,
the most famous transform boundary in the world is the_____. Linear valleys, small
ponds, stream beds split in half, deep trenches, and scarps and _____often mark the
location of a transform boundary Plate Tectonic Theory, the lithosphere is broken
into tectonic plates, which undergo some large scale motions. The boundary regions
between plates are aptly called_____. Based upon their motions to one another, these
plate boundaries are of three kinds: divergent, convergent, and transform. The
occurrence of earthquakes and volcanoes, the distribution of different_____, and the
rock cycle, mountain building, continental rifting and_____, can be concisely
explained by plate tectonic processes.

seafloor spreading slide transform fault rock types,

San Andreas fault plate boundaries faulting ridge

VALUING

Module 12 Activity 3. Conversation Cards

Directions: Study the pictures and answer the following questions on a separate
sheet of paper.

Figure 4:Signs of Different Natural Disasters

Conversation Cards
What are natural What normally are the What can be done to
disasters? Give an results of natural prevent natural disasters?
example. disasters?
Is there ever a natural What natural disasters Have you or any of your
disaster in our country? that may happen where friends or relatives ever
you live? experienced natural
disaster? What happened?
What was the last What is the worst natural How can we help the
natural disaster that disaster that you can victims of a natural
you saw on TV? Where remember? disaster?
did it happen? How did
it affect the people?
In your opinion, what How much warning time How will you prepare when
was the worst natural are usually given to the a natural disaster is about
disaster that have ever people before a disaster to happen in your area?
happened in our happens?
country? Why?
Guide Question:
Why should everyone prepare for various natural disasters and emergencies?
Closure:
Based on the discussion explain the importance of education in dealing with
disasters and emergencies.

POSTTEST
Directions. Read the questions and encircle the letter of your answer.

1. Which best describes the general motion along a transform boundary?

A. Slow and continuous slipping at an even rate.
B. Continuous slipping that increases in rate over time.
C. A slow build-up of stress followed by the sudden release as rocks break and
move.
D. A regular pattern of stop-start motion that repeats on the order of several
times per day.
2. Where are earthquakes mostly located?
A. Along plate boundaries
B. On continental crust
C. On oceanic crust
D. In the ocean
3. The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of what kind of boundary?
A. Plate boundary zone
B. Transform
C. Convergent
D. Divergent
4. An earthquake of magnitude 7 occurs along a major transform fault underwater,
but the tsunami risk is assessed as very low. Why?
A. The earthquake is not strong enough to cause a tsunami.
B. The earthquake does not last long enough to cause a tsunami.
C. The motion that occurs during the earthquake is primarily horizontal.
D. The motion that occurs during the earthquake sucks the water down rather
than pushing it up.
5. Michael lives in an area very close to an active fault. What should his earthquake
emergency survival kit contain?
 A. water, non-per
ishable food, whistle, flashlight with batteries
B. money, important legal documents, radio, backpack
C. food, medicine, identification, toiletries, clothes
D. water, toiletries, flashlight, cash

KEY TO CORRECTION
8. seafloor spreading 4. San Andreas fault
7. rock types 3. faulting
6. plate boundaries 2. transform fault
5. ridges 1. slide
Wrap- up

5. A 5. diverge 5. A
4. C 4. continental 4. B
3. B 3. mid-ocean 3. A
2. A 2. rift valley 2. D.
1. C 1. away 1. D
Activity 2 Posttest Recap Pretest:

References
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Instructional Materials Council Secretariat(DepEd-IMCS), REX Book Store, Inc,
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February 2020. Reid, H.F., (1910).
Moores E.M.; Twiss R.J. (2014). Tectonics. Waveland Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-4786-2660-2.
Kearey, K. A. (2007). Global Tectonics. Hoboken, NJ, USA:
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