9/10/2023

Etymology of Anthropology
Anthropological Self:
From the Greek
Seeing the self in the
lens of Anthropologists ➢`anthropos'-human beings',
➢`logos‘-study/science.

Presented by John Robert Y. Espiritu, RPm, MABS, ThM

Therefore, anthropologists see the self

Definition of Anthropology (Man) in terms of:

the history of the area in which they

Anthropology can be defined as the study of live,
human beings and their ancestors through time and the physical Development,
space and in relation to physical character, the organization of family life,
environmental and social relations, and culture
the general features of their
language,
Anthropology is a unique discipline because it ANTHROPOLOGY
their political and economic systems,
employs a holistic, or multifaceted approach to the their religion,
study of human beings. (Like Biology, Sociology,
Psychology and History) their diet, or
their styles of art and dress.

Main Facets of Anthropology Biological (physical) Anthropology

 Two Primary Focuses of Study:

Biological/Physical Anthropology
❖Human Paleontology
Human Paleontology
❖Look at the emergence of humans and their later
Human Variation evolution
Cultural Anthropology ❖Assume that man evolved through time
Archaeology ❖Try to prove human evolution through fossils
Linguistics ❖ Human Variation
Ethnology ❖ Investigate how and why human populations differ in
biological or physical characteristics

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Evolution and Variation What side are you?

BIBLICAL Account of
Man’s Progression Creation Stories

Pan Gu & Nü Wa (Chinese)

Odin & Ymir (Nordic)
Izanami & Izanagi (Japanese)
Gaia (Greek)
Menominee & Manabush
(Native American)
Malakas & Maganda (Filipino)

Darwin and Human

Evolution
Jean Lamarck posed the hypothesis about
our relation to apes before Darwin
Charles Darwin published “Descent of
Man” in 1871 based on his voyage to
Galapagos Island
Survival of the Fittest
“The strong will live and the weak shall
die”
Man came from lower forms and his
current status is the fruit of his drive for
survival

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Where’s the missing link?

Refuted Evidences
The Effects of Evolution Theory

BAND
Band – a small community bound by blood
ties
Not centralized, egalitarian (low inequality),
low division of labour (mostly gender-based),
Sociopolitical Typology: Decisions are made collectively.
Evolution of Society by Unity is based on customs and traditions
Elman Rogers Service
Hunter and Gatherer societies

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TRIBE TRIBE

Leaders are first among equals

Tribe – a group of bands united (Primus inter pares), they don’t
for a common purpose have the means to compel
tribesmen to obey.
In order to survive, humans tend Custom, tradition, ritual, religious
to form bigger groups. belief are the main tools to
maintain social order.
Also egalitarian: power is Agricultural societies (farming,
dispersed throughout the tribe. animal husbandry)

Chiefdom Chiefdom

Chiefdom – a transitional form on the way Authority is formalized (institutionalized)

from tribe to state.
A larger society with more developed
division of labour, higher productivity, which
means that there is surplus product to use
beyond mere subsistence.
Private property appears, inequality grows,
people are more and more divided by class.
Power emerges as something separate from
society.
in the office of the chief, which can be
filled by different people.
The chief has means of compelling
members of society (military force)
Develops in agricultural societies, which
increasingly rely on slave labour
(Slavery)

STATE STATE

State – a highly structured organization of power over

a more developed, more complex, class-divided First states appear in
society.
Egypt, Babylon, Assyria
The state is capable of performing massive tasks:
and Persia (Iran),
suppressing social revolts, waging wars, beginning around
organizing construction of fortresses, dams and
canals, minting money. 5,000 years ago.
The city is the seat of state power. The beginning of
It has the power to tax and to punish those who recorded history
break the law

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Cultural Anthropology
Study of Mankind in relation to his
culture.
Understanding sense of humanity
through gleaning to the concepts,
rationale and distinction of its culture.
9/10/2023
Archaeology
Archaeologist update existing knowledge
about history through artifacts while
historians try to learn from realities of the
pasts
❖Most studies deal with prehistory
❖Some specialize in historical archaeology
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Balangay Artifacts

Linguistics Examine the word “Bayani”

Study of Man’s Culture based on his language.
❖Historical Linguistics
❖Study of how languages change over time and how they
are related
❖Descriptive or Structural Linguistics
❖Study how contemporary languages may differ
❖Sociolinguistics
❖Study how language is used in social context
It is a basic understanding that it comes
from the word “Bayan” which means
homeland, and bayani are the ones’ that
sacrifice for it.
However, some suggest that it came from
the word “Bagani” which is the warrior
class during the pre-colonization era in
the Philippines.

Narinig mo na ba ang mga katagang ito? Ethnology

“Aakyat ako ng ligaw”

“Babagsak ka sa kangkungan”  Ethnology is
concerned with
“Wala kang budhi”
patterns of thought
“Makapal ang mukha mo” and behavior.
“Papagawa ko ng sibi si Junior sa gilid”
“Para ka namang nagtampo sa bigas niyan”

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Culture:
The ways we live our
lives that separates us
from other organisms.

Society: Creator of Culture Culture

• Society: the structure of

relationships within which culture is A society’s (group’s) system
created and shared through of shared, learned values and
regularized patterns of social norms; these are the society’s
interaction (group’s) design for living.

Culture Aspects of Culture

Values
Culture refers to the beliefs, values, behavior
and material objects that, together, form
a people's way of life. Customs
Aspects of
Culture determines how we view the world culture

around us Symbols

Language

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Values Filipino Value Structure by Dr. Virgilio Enriquez

It represent personal or socially

preferable modes of conduct or
states of existence that are
enduring.
Composed of abstract ideas
about the good, the right, the
desirable

HAKA- Traditional
Customs war dance of New
Types of Customs
Zealand Natives

Folkways: norms of little

These are social rules and guidelines moral significance
Guide us to do appropriate behavior dress code; table manners;
for specific situations within cultures timeliness
Sanctions are a central mechanism Mores: norms central to
functioning of social life
of social control by which society
encourages conformity to customs bring serious retribution:
thievery, adultery, alcohol

Number of Spouses: Customs Around the world Number of Spouses

Polygamy
7/10 world cultures permit or prefer
In 2005, it is estimated that 30,000 people
practice polygamy
Where women are seen as economic assets,
like in Africa, rates are high, while the converse
is true
Utah polygamist Tom Green with his
In the Solomon Islands, women farm and family of five wives and some of his
raise pigs so that they are acquired as wives 29 children

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Polyandry: Acceptable or Not? Symbols

YUSHU COUNTY, CHINA - JULY 18:
(L-R) La Wen, Cai Zhuo, Gama
Sangding and their child Gelai
Bajiu pose for a photo in their
house located at the downtown
area on July 18, 2007 in Yushu
La Wen Cai Zhuo Gelai Bajiu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture,
Qinghai Province, northwest
Gama Sangding
China.
These are verbal or nonverbal, written or
unwritten representations that conveys a
meaning that reflects the culture of a
certain group,
It can be in the form of clothing, homes,
gestures and the like
 There are Symbols that can imply a
certain level of Social status

god Horus –

The Flag that represents

symbol of
Pharaoh’s
The Pharaoh
supreme
power

The
Pharaoh’s
Tax collector enemy

Egyptian Enemy
Hieroglyphics soldiers
killed

Symbol of Prosperity Symbol of Success

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Symbol of True Love Symbol of Holiness

Symbol of Respect Language

A system of conventional spoken,

manual, or written symbols by
means of which human beings, as
members of a social group and
participants in its culture, express
themselves.
The key to cultural transmission,
the process by which one
generation passes culture to the
next.

Functions of a Language

 Communication
Expression of cultural
identity
Play
Imaginative expression
Emotional release

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