Ikfy Izcks/: Izkjfehkd Ikfy Kku Ikb Øe

ECP
izkjfEHkd ikfy Kku ikB~;Øe

(Elementry Course of Pali)
ikfy izcks/
izFke% ikB% 05&19
f}rh;% ikB% 20&39
r`rh;% ikB% 40&89
prqFkZ% ikB% 90&102
i×Óe% ikB% 103&107
izk;ksfxd iz'u (Assignments) 108

leh{k.k
vkpk;Z czãnso ukjk;.k 'kekZ
ikB ys[ku
vkpk;Z la?klsu flag
vkpk;Z fot; oqQekj tSu
Mk- vo/s'k oqQekj pkScs
Mk- xqjpj.k flag usxh
Mk- fiz;lsu flag
lEiknu ,oa la;kstu

Mk- t;izdk'k ukjk;.k
lgk;rk
Mk- lfPpnkuUn frokjh
Mk- vt; oqQekj feJ
izdk'kue~
izks- jekdkUr ik.Ms;
funs'kd] eqDrLokè;k;ihBe~
jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
izFkeeqæ.ke~ µ 2014
ISBN : 978-93-82091-..-.
© jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkkue~] ubZ fnYyh

lokZf/dkj lqjf{krA ubZ fnYyh fLFkr jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku dh fyf[kr :i esa vuqefr
izkIr fd;s fcuk fdlh Hkh ekè;e ls bl ikB~; lkexzh ds fdlh Hkh va'k ds iqu%
izLrqfrdj.k dh vuqefr ugha gSA iz;Dq r dkxt & Agro-based environment Friendly.
VÄï.k
eSllZ vej fizafVax izsl] fnYyh & 110 009
i`"B foU;kl
jkthodqekj¯lg
jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
i=k ifjp;
izLrqr îzkjfEHkd ikfy Kku ikBÔØe* ik¡p ikBksa esa foHkDr gSA blds vUrxZr
izFke ikB esa ikfy Hkk"kk dk ifjp; rFkk bldk m‰o ,oa fodkl foosfpr gSA blesa
ikfy Hkk"kk esa xqfEiQr f=kfiVd lkfgR; dk ifjp; fn;k x;k gSA f}rh; ikB esa /Eein
ls p;fur 47 xkFkkvksa esa cq¼opuksa dks lkj:i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr
lhyoSHkoa] vflLVkpkjiQya] nkuekgkRE;a] iwTtLl lEekua rFkk lqxrs HkfÙk 'kh"kZdksa ds
ekè;e ls ikfy okÄ~e; ds oqQN izsjd&izlaxksa dks miLFkkfir fd;k x;kA r`rh; ikB esa
ikfy O;kdj.k dh ijEijk] mldh o.kZekyk] lfU/] lekl] dkjd o foHkfDr] 'kCn:i
vkSj /krq:i fn;s x;s gSaA prqFkZ ikB esa ikfy okD; jpuk dks fofo/ mnkgj.kksa ds }kjk
le>k;k x;k gSA i×pe ikB esa vuqokn dkS'ky rFkk ikfy x|ka'k le>us ds fodkl ds
fy, dqN vifBr ikfy x|ka'k vH;klkFkZ fn;s x;s gSaA
ikBÔ&lkexzh ds vUr esa izk;ksfxd iz'u (Assignments) ds Lo:i rFkk muds
fy, lgk;d xzUFkksa ds funsZ'k Hkh ns fn, x;s gSaA
w
çFke ikB (Unit-I) iBeks ikBks
1- ikfy Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk lkekU; ifjp;
ikB lajpuk
1-1 izLrkouk
1-2 mís';
1-3 ikfy Hkk"kk dk ifjp;
1-3-1 îkfy* 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk ds fo"k; esa fofHkUu er
1-3-2 ikfy Hkk"kk dk m‰o vkSj fodkl
cks/iz'u
1-4 f=kfiVd lkfgR; dk ifjp;
1-4-1 fou; fiVd
1-4-2 lqÙk fiVd
1-4-3 vfHk/Ee&fiVd
cks/iz'u
1-5 f=kfiVosQrjlkfgR;
1-5-1 vV~BdFkk lkfgR;
cks/iz'u
1-6 Vhdk lkfgR;
1-7 vU; lkfgR; lkexzh
cks/iz'u
1-8 /Ee&laxhfr;k¡
1-8-1 izFke /Ee&laxhfr
1-8-2 f}rh; /Ee&laxhfr
1-8-3 r`rh; /Ee&laxhfr
1-8-4 prqFkZ /Ee&laxhfr
1-8-5 iape /Ee&laxhfr
1-8-6 "k"B /Ee&laxhfr
cks/iz'u
1-9 lkjka'k
1-10 'kCnkoyh
1-11 lUnHkZ xzUFk
1-12 lgk;d xzUFk
1-13 cks/ iz'u ds mÙkj
1-14 vH;kl iz'u
1-1 izLrkouk
ikfy Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; ikB esa vkidk Lokxr gSA vki tkurs gSa fd îkfy*
Hkkjr dh iqjkru Hkk"kk gSA laLÑr dh rjg ;g Hkh ,d thoUr Hkk"kk gS vkSj laLÑr dh
gh rjg blesa iBu&ikBu vkSj /kfeZd dk;Z o ys[ku dh ijEijk fo|eku jgh gSA bl
ikB esa vki ikfy Hkk"kk ds m‰o vkSj fodkl rFkk ikfy lkfgR; ,oa ikfy O;kdj.k ds
ikfy izcks/ fo"k; esa i<saxsA Hkxoku~ cq¼ us blh Hkk"kk esa lEiw.kZ ekuo lekt dks dY;k.kdkjh mins'k
fn;k rFkk lq[k vkSj 'kkafr ls thus dk ekxZ cryk;k rFkk vfgalk dk vuqlj.k djus ds
fy, izsfjr fd;kA Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds opu dk laxzg frfiVd (f=kfiVd) Hkh blh Hkk"kk esa
izkIr gksrs gSaA
1-2 mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ls vkiµ
Ø ikfy Hkk"kk dk lkekU; ifjp; izkIr dj ldsaxsA
Ø ikfy Hkk"kk ds Lo:i ls voxr gks ik;saxsA
Ø ikfy Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks le>us esa l{ke gksaxsA
Ø ikfy lkfgR; dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsaxsA
Ø ikfy 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk ls voxr gks ldsaxsA
Ø ikfy /Ee laxhfr;ksa dk ifjp; izkIr dj ldsaxsA
1-3 ikfy Hkk"kk dk ifjp;
ikfy Hkk"kk Hkkjr dh izkphu Hkk"kkvksa esa ls ,d gSA bl fo"k; esa Hkk"kk&'kkL=kh
fo}kuksa ds chp nks izdkj dh jk; gSA ,d er ikfy Hkk"kk dks vk;ZHkk"kk ifjokj dh Hkk"kk
ekurk gS vkSj nwljs er ds vuqlkj ;g Hkk"kk izkphure tuHkk"kkvksa ls m‰wr gSA bl fo"k;
esa tks Hkh rF; ekU; gks] fdUrq bruk rks dgk gh tk ldrk gS fd ;g Hkk"kk ewyr%
mÙkjHkkjr dh Hkk"kk gS vkSj xkSre cq¼ ds mn~Hko ds igys ls vfLrRo esa jgh gksxhA cq¼
ds mins'kksa dh laokfgdk gksus ds dkj.k ckS¼ /eZ ds foLrkj ds lkFk gh ,f'k;k ds vusd
ns'kksa esa tk igq¡phA O;kdj.k vkSj lajpuk dh n`f"V ls ;g laLÑr dh vis{kk ljy gSA
ikfy Hkk"kk dk izkjafHkd uke êkx/h* FkkA bldk îkfy* uke rks cgqr ckn esa
j[kk x;kA oLrqr% îkfy* 'kCn dk izkjafHkd iz;ksx cq¼&opuksa ds ikB (Text) ds :i
esa gksrk FkkA cq¼&opuksa ds ikB ds :i esa iz;qDr ;g 'kCn iwjs cq¼&opu vkSj ml ij
fodflr mÙkjdkyhu lkfgR; ds fy, iz;qDr gksus yxkA ekx/h uke okyh Hkk"kk dk ikfy
uke okyh Hkk"kk cuus ds ihNs ;gh jkt+ (Hksn) gSA îkfy* Hkk"kk êx/* {ks=k dh jktHkk"kk
jgh] blhfy, bls êkx/h* Hkh dgk tkrk jgk gSA ikfyHkk"kk esa fuc¼ lkfgR; esa
cq¼opuksa ds lkFk&lkFk bZ-iw- 5oha 'krkCnh ls bZ- 5oha 'krkCnh rd ds Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud
fopkjksa] laLÑfr;ksa jktuSfrd ,oa HkkSxksfyd bfrgkl vkfn dh Kkujkf'k lfÂfgr gSA
1-3-1 îkfy* 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk ds fo"k; esa fofo/ er
îkfy* 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk ds fo"k; esa fo}kuksa ds fopkj i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ gSaA
ikfy lkfgR; vkSj ckS¼ fo|k ds fof'k"V fo}kuksa ds ikfy lEcU/h fopkj bl izdkj gSaµ
d- vkpk;Z cq¼?kks"k & vkpk;Z cq¼?kks"k us ^vV~BdFkkvksa* esa îkfy* 'kCn
dk iz;ksx ^cq¼&opu* ;k êwy&f=kfiVd ds ikB* ds vFkZ esa fd;k gSA ;Fkkµ ^bekfu
rko ikfy;a vV~BdFkk;aiu* (folqf¼eXx)A
blh izdkj nhioal] pwGoa'k vkfn esa îkfy* 'kCn dk iz;ksx ^cq¼&opu*
6
;k êwy&f=kfiVd* ds vFkZ esa fd;k x;k gSA
[k- e- e- fo/q'ks[kj HkV~Vkpk;Z & egkegksikè;k; fo/q'ks[kj HkV~Vkpk;Z us ikfy Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk
îkfy* 'kCn dk fodkl îafDr* 'kCn ls ekuk gSA îkfy* 'kCn dk Øfed fodkl fuEu lkekU; ifjp;
izdkj gSµ îafDr > ifUr > ifÙk> ifYy > ikfy*A
fHk{kq txnh'k d';i us bl er dk [k.Mu djrs gq, dgk fd îkfy*
'kCn îafDr* vFkZ esa frfiVdksa esa iz;qDr ugha gqvk gSA ;fn îkfy* 'kCn dk vFkZ îafDr*
gksrk rks ^vV~BdFkkvksa* esa mldk cgqopu esa iz;ksx feyrk« blds foijhr dFkkvksa esa
îkfy* dk ekSfyd Lo:i rd ugha feyrkA
x- fHkD[kq fl¼kFkZ & fHkD[kq fl¼kFkZ us îkfy* 'kCn dk ewy laLÑr
îkB* 'kCn ekuk gSA mudh vo/kj.kk gS fd osnikBh czkã.k tc ckS¼ gq, rks iwoZ ifjfpr
ôsn&ikB* ds fy, iz;qDr îkB* dk iz;ksx cq¼&opuksa ds fy, Hkh djus yxsA Øe'k%
ogh îkB* 'kCn îkG> ifG > ikfy* gks x;kA
mDr vo/kj.kk ds fy, vko';d gS fd îkG* 'kCn dk iz;ksx
ikfy&lkfgR; esa gks] fdUrq fHkD[kq th us bl fn'kk esa dksbZ m¼j.k ugha fn;k gSA
?k- fHkD[kq txnh'k d';i & fHkD[kq txnh'k d';i ds vuqlkj îkfy*
'kCn dk izkphure :i îfj;k;* 'kCn ds :i esa feyrk gSA frfiVdksa esa îfj;k;* 'kCn
dk vusd/k iz;ksx feyrk gSA ;Fkkµ^dks uke v;a HkUrs /Eeifj;k;ksfr*] ^Hkxork
vusdifj;k;su /Eeks idkflrh* vkfnA mDr LFkyksa esa îfj;k;* 'kCn dk vk'k;
^cq¼ksins'k* ls gSA bl rjg îfj;k;* 'kCn ls gh îkfy* 'kCn cuk gSA fHkD[kq txnh'k
d';i ds vuqlkj ifj;k; 'kCn dk ozQfed fodkl bl izdkj gqvk gS & ifj;k; >
ikfy;k; > ikfy;ko > ikfyA
bl rjg ckS¼ fo|k ds {ks=k esa îkfy* 'kCn ^cq¼&opu* ds vFkZ esa
iz;qDr gqvkA
Ä- MkW- eSDl~ osYlu~ & teZuh ds izfl¼ fo}ku~ MkW- eSDl~ osYlu~ us
îkVfy* ;k îkMfy* vFkkZr~ ikVfyiq=k dh Hkk"kk dk laf{kIr :i îkfy* ekuk gS] fdUrq
viuh vo/kj.kk ds iq"Vhdj.k esa Bksl izek.k ugha fn;k gSA
p- dks'k&xzUFkksa ds vuqlkj & ikfy Hkk"kk ds dks'k&xzUFk ^vfHkèkkuIinhfidk*
esa îkfy* 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk bl izdkj gSµ îkysfr jD[krhfr ikfy* vFkkZr~ tks ikyu
djrh gS] j{kk djrh gS] mls ikfy dgrs gSaA ;g O;qRifÙk êgkoal* dh fuEu vo/kj.kk
dks iq"V djrh gSµ ^tc fHkD[kqvksa us] tks lexz frfiVd vkSj mudh vV~BdFkk,¡ d.BLFk
dj ys x;s Fks] ,d=k gksdj turk ds dY;k.k ds fy, mUgsa ys[kc¼ fd;k FkkA*
vejdks'k ds Vhdkdkj jk; eqdqV ds vuqlkj îk j{k.ks* èkkrq ls
^ÍrU;f×t* lw=kkuqlkj ^ckgqydkr~* ^vkfy* izR;; djds ikfy 'kCn cuk gSA vejdks'k ds
nwljs Vhdkdkj Hkkuwth nhf{kr us îkfy* 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk fuEu izdkj ls crykbZ gSµ
îky j{k.ks* /krq ls ^vp b%* lw=kkuqlkj ^b* izR;; gksdj îkfy* 'kCn cuk gSA ikf.kuh;
lw=k ^jktnUrkfn"kq ije~* (2-2-31) esa of.kZr jktnUrkfnx.k esa ^xksikfy/kuiwykle* ls
îkfy* 'kCn dk laLÑr Hkk"kk esa O;ogkj izkphu dky ls O;oâr gSA
1-3-2 ikfy Hkk"kk dk m‰o vkSj fodkl
ikfy Hkk"kk dk mn~Hko {ks=k (Home Land) dkSu lk Fkk] fo}kuksa us bl
fo"k; esa dbZ fl¼kUrksa dh mn~Hkkouk dh gS] muesa ls eq[; gSaµ izkphu êx/ {ks=k*] izkphu 7
© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

ikfy izcks/ ^dksly* {ks=k] eè;izns'k dk lk¡ph&fofn'kk {ks=k] eè;izns'k dk Hkjgqr {ks=k] xqtjkr dk
fxjukj {ks=k rFkk izkphu mRdy izns'k vkfn LFkyksa dks ikfy dk mn~Hko LFky ekuk tk
ldrk gSA
rFkkxr (Hkxoku cq¼) dh lE;d lEcksf/ gh ikfy lkfgR; dk vk/
kj gSA Hkxoku~ cq¼ us mins'kksa ds ekè;e ds :i esa yksd&Hkk"kk dks Lohdkj fd;kA cq¼
ds lHkh mins'k ekSf[kd FksA cq¼ ds le; esa mins'kksa dk ys[ku ugha gqvk FkkA ml le;
/keksZains'kksa dks Le`fr esa j[kus dh fo'ks"k ijEijk FkhA cq¼&opuksa dks /kj.k djus okys
vusd fHk{kq FksA cq¼ tc&tc cksyrs] rhoz Le`fr ds /kuh fHk{kq mUgsa d.BLFk dj ysrs FksA
,sls fHk{kqvksa ds fy, fou;/kj] /kEe/kj] lqÙkfUrd] ekr`dkèkkj vkfn fo'ks"k.k çkIr gksrs
gSaA
lEcksf/ izkfIr ds i'pkr~ Hkxoku~ cq¼ us 45 o"kZ ds yEcs le; esa tks
dqN Hkh /eZ izoZru fd;k] mldk okÄe; bruk fo'kky vkSj cgqvk;keh Fkk fd LFkwy ;k
lw{e :Ik ls foHkktu fd;s fcuk mlds vkfn vUr dks le>uk dfBu FkkA vr% Hkxoku~
cq¼ ds ifjfuokZ.k ds ckn vusd laxhfr;ka vk;ksftr dh x;h FkhA cq¼ us vius
thoudky esa tks dqN Hkh lkspk ;k dgk og lHkh f=kfiVd esa laxzghr gSA f=kfiVd dk
vFkZ ia- jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u ds er esa ^rhu fiVkfj;k¡* gSaA vr% ckn esa ;g laxzg ^f=kfiVd*
ds uke ls tkuk x;kA f=kfiVd esa Hkxoku~ cq¼ }kjk fn;s x;s mins'kksa dk oxhZdj.k rhu
Hkkxksa esa fd;kA bu rhu fiVdksa ds uke gSa % (1) lqÙkfiVd] (2) fou;fiVd (3)
vfHkèkEefiVdA buesa ls izFke fou;fiVd esa ik¡p xzUFk gSaA blesa fHk{kq vkSj fHk{kq.kh la?k
ds fy, ikyuh; vkpkj fu;eksa dk ladyu fd;k x;k gSA ftl Hkkx esa fo}kuksa vkSj lk/
kj.k lekt ds fy, mins'k laxzghr gSa mls lqÙkfiVd uke fn;k x;kA lqÙkfiVd ikfy
okÄe; dk lcls fo'kky xzUFk gSA ftl Hkkx esa fo}kuksa vkSj lkèkdksa }kjk le>us ;ksX;
xaHkhj nk'kZfud fl}kUrksa dks fu:fir fd;k x;k gS mls vfHk/EefiVd dgk x;k gSA
dqN fo}kuksa us cq¼&opu dks dbZ Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA mu
foHkktu dh fo/kvksa esa fiVdksa ds :i esa foHkktu loZizfl¼ gSA og foHkktu bl izdkj
gSµ
f=kfiVd
fou;fiVd lqÙkfiVd vfHk/EefiVd
fHkD[kqfoHkax nh?kfudk; /Eelaxf.k
fHkD[kquhfoHkax efT>efudk; foHkax
egkoXxks la;qÙkfudk; /krqdFkk
iqXxyi××kfr
pqYyoXxks vaxqÙkjfudk; dFkk oRFkq
ifjokj [kqídfudk; ;ed
iV~Bku
cks/iz'u
1- ikfy dk izkjafHkd uke D;k Fkk vkSj D;ksa\
8 2- cq¼ ds opuksa dks Lej.k dj j[kus okys D;k dgykrs Fks\
3- fHk{kq txnh'k d';i ds vuqlkj ikfy dh O;qRifÙk D;k gS\ ikfy Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk
lkekU; ifjp;
4- frfiVdksa ds vUrxZr fdrus fiVd 'kkfey gSa\
5- frfiVd dk D;k vFkZ gS\
1-4 f=kfiVd lkfgR; dk ifjp;
vki tku pqds gSa fd Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds opuksa dk laxzg f=kfiVd lkfgR; esa
fuc¼ gSA f=kfiVd lkfgR; esa eq[; :i ls fou; fiVd] lqÙk fiVd] vfHkèkEe fiVd
vkrs gSaA budk laf{kIr ifjp; vki ;gk¡ tkusaxsA
1-4-1 fou; fiVd
fou; fiVd ds vUrxZr ik¡p xzUFk vkrs gSaA buesa fHkD[kqvksa vkSj
fHkD[kqf.k;ksa ds }kjk ikyuh; fu;e o vuq'kklu dh ckrsa laxzfgr gSaA fou; fiVd ds
vUrxZr fuEuksDr xzUFk gSa &
lqÙk foHkax ds vUrxZr 1- ikjkftd o 2-ikfpfÙk;
[kU/d ds vUrxZr 3- egkoXx o 4- pwGoXx rFkk 5- ifjokjA
ckS¼ fHkD[kq&fHkD[kqf.k;ksa ds }kjk ikyu fd;s tkus okys fu;eksa vkSj
vuq'kklu dh ckrsa fou; fiVd esa izkIr gksrh gSaA bl n`f"V ls ;g ckS¼ fHkD[kqvksa ds fy,
,d lafo/ku gSA cq¼ us bls fuCck.k (fuokZ.k) izkfIr ds fy, ,dk;u ekxZ ekuk gSA bls
/Ee vkSj fou; dk ,d lefUor :i dgk tk ldrk gSA izkjEHk esa fou; dh vf/d
vko';drk eglwl ugha dh xbZA ijUrq la?k ds fodkl ds lkFk LoPNUnoknh fHkD[kqvksa
ds vkpj.k dks la;fer djus ds fy, fou; dk ;Fkkjhfr fu/kZj.k fd;k tkus yxkA cq¼
ds egkifjfuCck.k (egkifjfuokZ.k) ds ckn rks ;gh fou; fHkD[kqvksa dk nk;kn cu x;kA
fou; fiVd ek=k fou; dk laxzg ughaA mlesa rRdkyhu Hkkjrh;
laLÑfr ds vusd euksjatd igyw Hkh miyC/ gksrs gSaA fou; ds fodkl ds lkFk
lkèkq&thou dh foÑr fLFkfr dk ifjp; rks feyrk gh gS] lkFk gh blesa ckS¼srj
lEiznk;ksa ds fou; fu;e] vkHkw"k.k] ds'k] da?kh] niZ.k] oL=k] fogkj fuekZ.k] fofo/ jax]
mikug vkfn dk Hkh lqUnj o.kZu fn;k x;k gSA bl izdkj fou; fiVd tgk¡ ckS¼ laLÑfr
dk mn~?kkVu djrk gS ogha rRlEcfU/r Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds vusd vè;k;ksa dks Hkh izLrqr
djrk gSA
1-4-2 lqÙk fiVd
lqÙk fiVd esa Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds }kjk mifn"V ln~opu laxzfgr gSaA bldk
fo"k; Hkxoku~ ds mins'kksa dk laxzg djuk gSA lqÙk fiVd esa fo}kuksa vkSj lkekU; turk ds
fy, iznÙk mins'k laxzfgr gSa] blh dkj.k bldk uke lqÙk fiVd gSA blesa izkIr o.kZu ds
vuqlkj] Hkxoku~ cq¼ cgq=k Lo;a mins'k nsrs gSa] dnkfpr~ os lkfjiq=k] ekSn~xY;k;u ;k
vkuUn tSls vius ofj"B f'k";ksa dks /Eeksins'k nsus dk vkns'k nsrs gSa vkSj dgha dgha os
f'k";ksa ds }kjk mifn"V fo"k; dk vuqeksnu Hkh djrs gq, feyrs gSaA bl izdkj cq¼Ro
izkfIr ls ysdj fuokZ.k&izkfIr rd ds 45 o"kks± ds Hkze.k dky dh thoup;kZ dk fp=k.k
lqÙk fiVd esa feyrk gSA blh o.kZu ozQe esa Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr vkSj rRdkyhu bfrgkl Hkh 9

ikfy izcks/ blesa i;kZIr ek=kk esa izkIr gksrk gSA lokZfLroknh lqÙk fiVd esa ^fudk;* ds LFkku ij
^vkxe* 'kCn dk iz;ksx feyrk gSA
lqÙk fiVd esa x| vkSj i| nksuksa feyrs gSaA izk;% izR;sd lqÙk ;g Li"V
djrk tkrk gS fd Hkxoku~ cq¼ iznÙk /Eeksins'k dgk¡ vkSj fdlds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA
mins'k lekIr gksus ds ckn Jksrk vFkok iz'udrkZ vius ÑrKrkiw.kZ mn~xkj O;Dr djrk
gS vkSj lkFk gh Hkxoku~ cq¼ dh 'kj.k esa vkSj muds /eZ rFkk la?k dh 'kj.k esa tkus dk
Hkh ladYi djrk gSA lqÙk fiVd ik¡p Hkkxksa ;k lqÙkksa esa foHkDr gSµ nh?k fudk;] efT>e
fudk;] la;qÙk fudk;] vaxqÙkj fudk; vkSj [kqíd fudk;A
mi;qZDr [kqíd fudk; ds vUrxZr v/ksfyf[kr NksVs&cM+s xzUFk 'kkfey
gSaµ
1- [kqídikB 2- /Eein 3- mnku 4- bfroqÙkd
5- lqÙkfuikr 6- foekuoRFkq 7- isroRFkq 8- FksjxkFkk
9- FksjhxkFkk 10- vinku 11- cq¼oal 12- pfj;kfiVd
13- tkrd 14- egkfuísl 15- pwGfuísl 16- ifVlfEHknkeXx
czãns'k dh ijaijk ds vuqlkj (17) usfÙkidj.k] (18) isVdksinsl
vkSj (19) fefyUni×g ;s rhu xzUFk Hkh vius oSf'k"VÔ o egÙkk ds dkj.k frfiVd ds
vfHkUu vax ekus tkus yxs gSaA bUgsa vuqfiVd Hkh dgrs gSaA
1-4-3 vfHk/Ee&fiVd
vfHk/Ee fiVd nksuksa fiVdksa dh vis{kk ckn dh gSA blesa vkè;kfRed
rÙoksa o xw<+ n'kZu dh ppkZ feyrh gSA blds vUrxZr v/ksfyf[kr xzUFk vkrs gSa&
1- /Eelõf.k] 2- foHkõ] 3- /krqdFkk] 4- iqXxyi××kfr] 5- dFkkoRFkq
6- ;ed] 7- iV~BkuA
vfHk/Ee fiVd tulk/kj.k ds fy, ugha] vfirq ,d fof'k"V cqf¼oknh
oxZ ds fy, laxzká gSA ijEijkuqlkj vfHk/Ee ds izeq[k Kkrk lkfjiq=k FksA 'kk;n blhfy,
mUgsa iz/ku f'k"; ds :i esa Hkh Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA /eZ vkSj fou; dk laxk;u rks
izFke&f}rh; laxhfr esa gks pqdk Fkk ijUrq vfHk/Ee r`rh; laxhfr dk gh ifj.kke gS] ;g
lqfuf'pr gSA
vfHk/Ee lkr xzUFkksa dk leqnk; gSµ /Eelaxf.k] foHkax] /krqdFkk]
iqXxyiq×tfr] dFkkoRFkq] ;ed vkSj iV~BkuA
cks/iz'u
6- fou; fiVd esa fdrus xzUFk gSa\
7- czãns'k dh ijEijk ds vuqlkj dkSu ls rhu xzUFk lqÙk fiVd ds [kqíd fudk;
ds vax ekus tkrs gSa\
10
8- ^dFkkoRFkq* xzUFk fdl fiVd ds vUrxZr 'kkfey gS\
9- lqÙkfiVd ds vUrxZr fdrus fudk; gSa\ ikfy Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk
lkekU; ifjp;
10- ckS¼ fHkD[kq&fHkD[kqf.k;ksa ds }kjk ikyu fd;s tkus okys fu;eksa vkSj vuq'kklu dh
ckrsa fdl fiVd esa izkIr gksrh gSa\
11- lqÙkfiVd esa D;k laxzfgr gSa\
12- lqÙkfiVd fdrus Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gS\
13- vfHk/Ee fiVd fdl oxZ ds fy, laxzká gS\
1-4 f=kfiVosQrjlkfgR;
ewy frfiVd (f=kfiVd) lkfgR; ds vfrfjDr ikfy Hkk"kk esa frfiVdksa dh
vV~BdFkk,¡ (vFkZdFkk,¡) rFkk mu ij Vhdk,¡ Hkh ckS¼kpk;ks± ds }kjk iz.khr dh xbZA bu
vV~BdFkkvksa vkSj Vhdkvksa ds vykok fofHkÂ dky[k.Mksa vkSj fo'o ds fofHkÂ ns'kksa esa
fofo/ izdkj dk egÙoiw.kZ ckS¼ /Ee fo"k;d lkfgR; ikfy Hkk"kk esa jpk x;kA bl
frfiVdsrj lkfgR; dk la{ksir% ifjp; vki vkxs i<s+axsA
1-4-1 vV~BdFkk lkfgR;
vV~BdFkk (vFkZdFkk) dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS & vFkZ dh dFkk vFkok vFkZ
dh O;k[;kA frfiVdksa esa vkbZ gqbZ ?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k djuk rFkk mudk vFkZ crkuk
vV~BdFkkvksa dk izeq[k dk;Z gSA Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds }kjk mifn"V ln~opuksa dk vFkZ djuk]
mudk lUnHkZ nsuk rFkk cq¼Hkkf"kr opuksa dks Li"V djuk vV~BdFkkvksa dk izeq[k mís';
gSA blds vykok ;FkklEHko dky] LFkku vkSj lEcfU/r ,sfrgkfld ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
Li"Vhdj.k Hkh vV~BdFkkvksa esa izkIr gksrk gSA ;s vV~BdFkk,¡ rF;ksa dh ,sfrgkfld&i`"BHkwfe
dks Hkh fu:fir djrh gSA buesa 'kCn] vFkZ vkSj lEc¼ ?kVuk dh n`f"V ls Hkh fopkj izkIr
gksrs gSaA vV~BdFkk ds fy, ^vRFko..kuk* rFkk ^vRFklo..kuk* 'kCnksa dk Hkh iz;ksx feyrk
gSA ikfy lkfgR; ds egku~ vV~BdFkkdkjksa esa vkpk;Z cq¼nÙk] vkpk;Z cq¼?kks"k vkSj vkpk;Z
/Eeiky dk uke vR;Ur lEeku ds lkFk fy;k tkrk gSA frfiVdksa ds vUrxZr vkus okys
lHkh xzUFkksa ij vV~BdFkk,¡ (vFkZdFkk,¡) miyC/ gksrh gSaA
1-5 Vhdk lkfgR;
Vhdk dk vFkZ gksrk gS fufnZ"V xzUFk esa vk;s gq, dfBu vkSj fo"ke 'kCnksa dh
O;k[;k djukA Vhdk esa fn;s x;s lw=k dh Li"V vkSj ljy O;k[;k nh tkrh gSA bl n`f"V
ls frfiVd&vV~BdFkkvksa dh Vhdkvksa dk egÙoiw.kZ vkSj fof'k"V LFkku gSA
Jhyadk ds ijkozQe ckgq izFke (1156&1186 bZ-) dk 'kklu&dky ikfy lkfgR;
ds mÙkjdkyhu fodkl ds bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA mlds
'kklu&dky esa Jhyadk esa ,d lHkk vk;ksftr dh xbZA bl lHkk dk la;kstu fou; ds
egku~ vkpk;Z ds :i esa izfrf"Br o fo[;kr mnqEcfxfj fogkj ds izfl¼ flagyh LFkfoj
egkdLli us fd;k FkkA blh le; ls vV~BdFkkvksa ij Vhdk vkSj vU; egÙoiw.kZ ikfy
lkfgR; iz.k;u dh ijEijk vkt rd lkrR; ls pyh vk jgh gSA frfiVd ds xzUFkksa dh
lHkh vV~BdFkkvksa ij Vhdk,¡ miyC/ gksrh gSaA
11

ikfy izcks/ 1-6 vU; lkfgR; lkexzh
mi;qZDr ikfy lkfgR; ds vfrfjDr ikfy okÄ~e; esa oal lkfgR;] dkO;]
O;kdj.k ds xzUFk] dks'k xzUFk] NUn%'kkL=k ds xzUFk vkSj vfHkys[kkfn Hkh izpqjr;k izkIr gksrs
gSaA ikfyHkk"kk esa fo'kky oa'klkfgR; fodflr gqvkA fdUrq og dkyifjf/ esa ugha j[kk tk
ldrk D;ksafd oa'k lkfgR; vkt rd fy[ks tk jgs gSaA budh jpuk pkSFkh&ik¡poha lfn;ksa
ls izkjaHk gqbZ tc lcls igys nhioal izdk'k esa vk;kA oal lkfgR; ds vUrxZr vkus okys
izeq[k oalxzUFk ;s gSa &
1- nhioal] 2- egkoal] 3- pwYyoal] 4- cq¼?kkslqIifÙk] 5- l¼Eelaxg]
6- egkcksf/oal] 7- Fkwioal] 8- vÙkuxyqfogkjoal] ù- nkBkoal] 10- ftudkyekfyuh]
11- Ndsl/krqoal] 12- uGkV/krqoal] 13- lUnsl&dFkk] 14- xU/oal] 15- laxhfr&oal]
16- lkluoal vkSj 17- lkluoalnhiA
uSfrd vkn'kZokn] mPp èkkfeZd Hkkouk vkSj bfro`ÙkkRed fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk
ikfy esa vusd dkO; jps x;sA laLÑr&Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; ds vuqdj.k ij vk/kfjr
dkO;ys[ku] dFkk&ys[ku vkfn izeq[k gSaA le; ds lkFk ikfy esa dbZ [kaMdkO; Hkh izdk'k
esa vk;s] muesa izeq[k gSa& 1- nkBkoal] 2- lkluoal 3- vukxroal] 4- rsydVkgxkFkk] 5-
ftukyadkj] 6- ftupfjr] 7- iTte/q] 8- yksdIinhilkj] 9- jlokfguh] 10- cq¼kyadkj]
11- lgLloRFkqIidj.k vkSj 12- jktkf/jktfoykfluhA
buds vfrfjDr O;kdj.k esa dPpk;u&O;kdj.k] eksXxYyku&O;kdj.k vkSj vXxoal
iz.khr líuhfr O;kdj.k izfl¼ xzUFk gSaA dks'k xzUFkksa esa eksXxYyku o`Qr vfHkèkkuIinhfidk
vkSj l¼EefdfÙk (l¼eZdhfrZ) jfpr ,dD[kjdksl (,dk{kj&dks'k) nks gh izfl¼ gSaA
buds vykok ôqÙkksn;* vkfn NUn%'kkL=k ds xzUFk vkSj lqcksèkkyadkj tSls dkO;'kkL=k ds
xzUFk Hkh ikfy esa miyC/ gksrs gSaA ikfyHkk"kk esa fo'kky f'kykys[kh; lkfgR; feyrk gSA
lezkV~ v'kksd ds vfHkys[kksa ls izkjaHk djds vkt rd vfHkys[k] f'kykys[k] fHkfÙkys[k
vkfn ds :i esa izdk'k esa vkrs jgs gSa fo'ks"kdj Jhyadk] E;k¡ekj (oekZ)] FkkbZySaM vkfn
ns'kksa esaA Hkkjr ds lUnHkZ esa dqN ckS¼ laLFkkuksa esa ikfy esa fHkfÙkys[k feyrs gS]a muesa uo
ukyUnkegkfogkj dk fHkfÙkys[k mYys[kuh; gSA
buds vykok LiqQV :i esa Hkh ikfy jpuk;sa izdk'k esa vkbZ gSa] muesa chloha lnh
bZloha ds izkjEHk esa fy[kh gqbZ fefyUni×gksa dh Vhdk (E;kaekj esa fy[kh xbZ)] vfHk/
EeRFklaxgks ij vkpk;Z /EekuUn dkslkach }kjk fyf[kr uouhr Vhdk] vkpk;Z Hkjrflag
mikè;k; }kjk fyf[kr egkcq¼oRFkq] vkpk;Z la?klsu }kjk fyf[kr lsry iqIiaQtfy vkfn
eq[; gSaA
cks/iz'u
14- vV~BdFkk ds i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dks crkb,A
15- vV~BdFkkvksa ij Vhdk fy[kokus dk dk;Z fdlds 'kklu dky esa izkjEHk gqvk\
16- Vhdk iz.k;u gsrq vk;ksftr lHkk dk la;kstu fdlus fd;k\
17- cq¼?kkslqIifÙk vkSj egkoal fdl izdkj ds lkfgR; ds vUrxZr fxus tkrs gSa\
12 18- ikfy ds O;kdj.k xzUFkksa ds uke crkb,\
1-8 /Ee&laxhfr;k¡ ikfy Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk
lkekU; ifjp;
cq¼opuksa dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, fofHkÂ ckS¼ laxhfr;k¡ vk;ksftr dh xb±A bu
ckS¼ laxhfr;ksa esa cq¼Hkkf"kr izR;sd iafDr dk laxk;u fd;k x;kA bu cq¼ opuksa dks
ladfyr djus gsrq N% ,sfrgkfld èkEe&laxhfr;ksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA bUgsa /
Ee&laxhfr blfy, dgk x;k D;ksafd buesa /Ee ds ewy&ikB dh izR;sd iafDr dk ikB
,d Js"B Fksj ;k T;s"B fHkD[kq ds }kjk fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk mlds ckn lHkk esa mifLFkr
vU; fHkD[kqx.k mldk laxk;u djrs FksA laxk;u dks izkekf.kd rHkh ekuk tkrk Fkk] tc
lHkh mifLFkr fHkD[kqx.k ,der ls mls LohÑr djrs FksA lHkh fHkD[kqvksa dh Loho`Qfr ls
gh og ikB izkekf.kd rkSj ls vaxho`Qr gks tkrk FkkA
bu laxhfr;ksa ds vk;kstu dk eq[; mís'; cq¼&opuksa dks vius 'kq¼ :i esa
lqjf{kr j[kuk Fkk ftlls fd fdUgha vKkuh yksxksa }kjk blesa viuh vksj ls dqN tksM+dj
bls nwf"kr u dj fn;k tk;A bu laxhfr;ksa dh vko';drk blfy, Hkh iM+h D;ksafd rhljh
laxhfr rd Hkh cq¼&opu fy[ks ugha tk lds Fks] dsoy Le`frc¼ fd;s tkrs jgsA
la?k&fo"k;d vuq'kklu dks 'kq¼ :i esa cuk;s j[kus rFkk mlesa fdlh izdkj ds fookn ds
[kMs+ gksus ij ;s laxhfr;k¡ ,d eap dk Hkh dk;Z djrh FkhaA vc rd vk;ksftr gqbZ N%
laxhfr;ksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k bl izdkj gS%µ
1-8-1 izFke /Ee&laxhfr
jktxhj (jktx`g) esa jktk vtkrlÙkq (vtkr'k=kq) ds laj{k.k esa Hkxoku~
cq¼ ds egkifjfuokZ.k ds rhu ekg ds i'pkr~ 544 bZ- iw- esa izFke /Ee&laxhfr laiÂ gqbZA
blh èkEe laxhfr esa izFke ckj leLr cq¼opuksa dks ,df=kr fd;k x;kA bl laxhfr dh
vè;{krk egkdLli Fksj us dh] mikfy us fou; dk ikB fd;k rFkk vkuUn us /Ee dkA
blesa 500 fo}ku~ fHkD[kqvksa (vjgrksa) us Hkkx fy;kA ;g laxhfr lkr eghuksa rd pyhA
bl izdkj fou; vkSj /Ee dk laxzg fd;k x;kA nh?kfudk; vV~BdFkk dh funku dFkk
ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ^èkEe* 'kCn dk iz;ksx ^lqÙk rFkk vfHkèkEe* ds fy, fd;k x;kA
1-8-2 f}rh; /Ee&laxhfr
igyh laxhfr ds 100 o"kZ ckn oslkyh (oS'kkyh) ds okGqdkjke esa jktk
dkGklksd ds laj{k.k esa f}rh; /Ee&laxhfr vk;ksftr gqbZA fou; ds fu;eksa dks ysdj
,d cM+k fookn mB [kM+k gqvk Fkk] ftldk fu.kZ; djus ds fy, bl laxhfr dk vk;kstu
gqvkA blesa 700 vjgrksa o fHkD[kqvksa us Hkkx fy;k rFkk bldh vè;{krk jsor Fksj us dhA
blesa cq¼&opu dk iqu% laxk;u fd;k x;kA bls lIr'kfrdk ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk
gS D;ksafd blesa 700 fHkD[kqvksa us Hkkx fy;k FkkA
1-8-3 r`rh; /Ee&laxhfr
r`rh; /Ee&laxhfr 326 bZ- iw- esa ikVfyiqÙk (ikVfyiq=k) ds vlksdkjke
uked fogkj esa jktk /Eeklksd (lezkV~ v'kksd) ds laj{k.k esa gqbZA Fksj eksXxfyiqÙk frLl
us bldh vè;{krk dh rFkk 1000 LFkfoj fHkD[kqvksa us blesa Hkkx fy;kA ;g laxhfr ukS
ekl rd pyhA bl laxhfr ds nkSjku Fksj eksXxfyiqÙk frLl us feF;k&erksa dk [kaMu djrs
gq, iqu% 'kq¼ /Ee ds Lo:i dk izfriknu dj ^dFkkoRFkq* uked xzaFk dk ladyu 13

ikfy izcks/ fd;kA ;g xzaFk frfiVd ijaijk ds varxZr vfHkèkEe&fiVd dk ,d vfHkÂ vax ekuk
tkus yxkA cq¼&opu ds laxk;u ds i'pkr~ lezkV~ v'kksd us lqnwj ns'kksa esa /Ee izpkj gsrq
ukS èkEenwrksa dh ifj"knsa (Vhesa) HksthA bu Fksjksa us /Ee ds îfVifÙk* i{k ij cy nsrs gq,
/Ee dks fo'oO;kih cuk;kA bl /Ee laxhfr dk bl n`f"V ls fo'ks"k egÙo gSA
1-8-4 prqFkZ /Ee&laxhfr
Jhyadk esa 29 o"kZ bZ- iw- esa] jktk oV~Vxkeuh ds le; esa prqFkZ /
Ee&laxhfr vk;ksftr dh xbZA blesa 500 fo}ku~ Fksjksa us Hkkx fy;k rFkk bldh vè;{krk
egkFksj /Ee jfD[kr (èkeZjf{kr) us dhA blesa lkjs frfiVd dk laxk;u fd;k x;k mls
izFke ckj fyfic¼ dj fy;k x;kA Jhyadk esa jktk oV~Vxkfeuh ds 'kklu&dky esa
lEiw.kZ frfiVd ds ys[ku dh ;g ?kVuk bfrgkl esa vfoLej.kh; gks xbZA
1-8-5 iape /Ee&laxhfr
iape /Ee&laxhfr lu~ 1871 esa czãns'k ds ekaMys 'kgj esa jktk fea Mksa
fea ds laj{k.k esa cqykbZ x;hA blesa 2400 fo}ku~ fHkD[kqvksa us Hkkx fy;kA bl laxhfr dh
vè;{krk ozQe'k% J¼s; egkFksj tkxjkfHkoal] egkFksj ufjanfHkèkt rFkk egkFksj lqeaxy
lkeh us dhA bl nkSjku frfiVd dk laxk;u vkSj mls laxejej dh ifV~V;ksa ij fy[kus
dk dk;Z ik¡p ekl rd pyrk jgkA
1-8-6 "k"B /Ee&laxhfr
ebZ] 1954 esa czãns'k ds iz/kuea=kh mQ uw }kjk jaxwu esa "k"B /Ee&laxhfr
vk;ksftr dh xbZA J¼s; vfHk/t egkjV~Bxq# Hknar jsor us bldh vè;{krk dh rFkk
blesa 2500 fo}ku~ fHk{kqvksa us Hkkx fy;kA ;s fHkD[kqx.k czãns'k] Jhyadk] FkkbZySaM]
daiwfp;k] Hkkjr vkfn ns'kksa ls ogk¡ igq¡psA mUgksaus frfiVd rFkk bldh vV~BdFkkvksa]
Vhdkvksa vkfn dks iqu% tkapk vkSj buds izkekf.kd laLdj.k dk ezae fyfi esa eqnz.k
djok;kA bl laxhfr dk lekiu lu~ 1956 dh oS'kk[k iwf.kZek ds fnu Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds
egkifjfuCck.k (egkifjfuokZ.k) ds 2500 o"kZ iwjs gksus ij gqvkA
bu N% ,sfrgkfld laxhfr;ksa esa igyh rhu Hkkjr esa] prqFkZ Jhyadk esa
rFkk iape o "k"B czãns'k esa gqbZA ;s laxhfr;k¡ fu'p; gh cq¼opuksa o /Ee dks 'kq¼ :i
ls lqjf{kr j[kus esa liQy gqbZA bu N% laxhfr;ksa ds dkj.k gh Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds 2500 o"kZ
ckn Hkh /Ee vius 'kq¼ :i esa thfor gS vkSj fujarj fodflr ,oa izlkfjr gks jgk gSA
cks/iz'u
19- Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds egkifjfuCck.k ds i'pkr~ /Ee dks thfor j[kus ds fy, D;k
mik; fd;k x;k\
20- izFke /Ee&laxhfr fdlds laj{k.k esa lEiÂ gqbZ\
21- lIr'kfrdk fdl laxhfr dks dgrs gS\
22- r`rh; /Ee&laxhfr esa fdl xzUFk dk uwrur;k laxk;u gqvk\
14 23- prqFkZ /Ee&laxhfr dgk¡ vkSj fdlds 'kklu dky esa lEiÂ gqbZ\
24- frfiVd dk izFke ckj ys[ku fdl laxhfr esa gqvk\ ikfy Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk
lkekU; ifjp;
25- vHkh rd fdruh laxhfr;k¡ lEiÂ gks pqdh gSa\
1-9 lkjka'k
îkfy* dk vFkZ gS&iafDr] ikB ;k ifYyA ex/ dh jktHkk"kk gksus ds dkj.k ;g
êkxèkh* dgykbZA cq¼ us vius mins'k blh Hkk"kk esa fn;s tks ckn esa laxhfr;ksa ds ekè;e
ls rhu Hkkxksas esa ladfyr fd;s x;s vkSj ^frfiVd* dgs x;sA ^frfiVd* ;kuh rhu fiVkjhA
;s rhu gSa& fou;fiVd] lqÙkfiVd vkSj vfHk/EefiVdA buds Hkh vusd Hkkx gSaA ;Fkk
fou;fiVd ds&egkoXx&pqYyoXx& fHkD[kqfoHkax&fHkD[kquh foHkax vkSj ifjokj] ;s ik¡p
Hkkx gSaA lqÙkfiVd ds] nh?k&efT>e&la;qÙk&vaxqÙkj&[kqíd] ;s ik¡p fudk; gSaA blh izdkj
vfHk/EefiVd Hkh /Eelaxf.k&foHkax& èkkrqdFkk&iqXxyi×tfr& dFkkoRFkq&;ed&iV~Bku]
bu lkr Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gSA
ikfy&lkfgR; dk foHkktu dbZ izdkj ls fd;k x;k gSA ize[q kr% fiVd&vuqfiVd&
oal&vV~BdFkk&O;kdj.k&dkO; o dFkk rFkk fHkfÙkys[k o f'kykys[k vkfnA dqy feykdj
lkr izdkj ds Hksn feyrs gSaA rsydVkgxkFkk& egkoal&lkluoal vkfn [k.MdkO; izfl¼
gSaA cq¼ ds izèkku f'k";ksa us ckS¼ /Ee o la?k dks fpjdky rd thfor j[kus ds fy, ,d
laxhfr cqykus dk fu'p; fd;kA ckn esa ckS¼ laxhfr;ksa esa cq¼Hkkf"kr izR;sd iafDr dk
laxk;u fd;k x;kA bu cq¼ opuksa dks ladfyr djus gsrq N% ,sfrgkfld èkEe&laxhfr;ksa
dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA
1-11 'kCnkoyh
1- ekx/h ¾ ex/izns'k dh Hkk"kk dk ukeA
2- ifYy ¾ iafDr] ikfyA
3- Hkjgqr ¾ ckS¼ Lrqi LFky fo'ks"k] (e-iz-)A
4- fxjukj ¾ xqtjkr dk ,d uxjA
5- mRdy ¾ mM+hlk dk izkphu ukeA
6- dks'ky ¾ dk'kh dk izkphu ukeA
7- fofn'kk ¾ eè; izns'k dh lkaLÑfrd dsUnzA
8- frfiVd ¾ rhu fiVkfj;ksa dk laxzg (fou;fiVd]
vfHkèkEefiVd] lqÙkfiVd)A
9- ljlfU/ ¾ Loj laf/A
10- vuqfiVd ¾ NksVh fiVkjhA
11- vV~BdFkk ¾ vFkZdFkkA
12- líuhfr ¾ izkphu ikfy O;kdj.k xzUFkA
13- f'kykys[k ¾ izLrj ij fy[kok;k x;k ys[kA
14- fHkfÙkys[k ¾ [kEHks ij mRdh.kZ ys[kA 15

ikfy izcks/ 15- /Ee laxhfr ¾ /eZ dh cSBdA
16- laxk;u ¾ xk;k] ikB fd;kA
17- /Eeklksd ¾ lezkV v'kksdA
18- ifj;fÙk ¾ fl¼kUrA
19- foiLluk ¾ foi';uk] è;ku i¼frA
20- fou; ¾ vuq'kkluA
21- fHkDlq ¾ fHk{kqA
1-11 lUnHkZ xzUFk

1- ikfy lkfgR; dk bfrgkl & Hkjrflag mikè;k;] fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu iz;kxA
2- ikfy lkfgR; dk bfrgkl& fHk{kq /eZjf{kr] ckS¼ vkdj xzUFkekyk okjk.klhA
1-12 lgk;d xzUFk
1- ikfy lkfgR; dk bfrgkl& jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] mÙkj izn's k fgUnh laLFkku y[kumQA
2- ikfy lkfgR; dk bfrgkl& dkseypUn tSu] Hkkjrh; cqd dkjiksj's ku] okjk.klhA
3- ikfy egkO;kdj.k& fHk{kq txnh'k dk';i] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fnYyhA
4- ikfy O;kdj.k& (ckykorkj) }kfjdknkl 'kkL=kh] ckS¼ Hkkjrh; izdk'ku] okjk.klhA
5- dPpk;u O;kdj.k & lEiw.kkZuUn laLÑr fo'o fo|ky;] okjk.klhA
1- ikfy dk izkjafHkd uke ekx/h Fkk] D;ksafd ;g ex/ {ks=k dh jktHkk"kk FkhA
2- cq¼ ds opuksa dks Lej.k dj j[kus okys fou;/kj] /kEe/kj lqÙkfUrd rFkk
ekr`dk/kj vkfn dgykrs FksA
3- fHk{kq txnh'k d';i ds vuqlkj ikfy dh O;qRifr& ifj;k;>ikfy;k;>
ikfy;ko>ikfyA
4- frfiVdksa ds vUrxZr rhu fiVd 'kkfey gSaA
5- frfiVd dk vFkZ gSµ rhu fiVd ;k rhu fiVkjh vFkok rhu] fiVkfj;ksa dk
laxgz A
6- fou; fiVd esa ik¡p xzUFk gSaA
7- czãns'k dh ijaijk ds vuqlkj usfÙkidj.k] isVdksinsl vkSj fefyUni×g] ;s rhu
xzUFk Hkh vius oSf'k"VÔ o egÙkk ds dkj.k frfiVd ds vfHkUu vax ekus tkus
yxs gSaA
8- ^dFkkoRFkq* xzUFk vfHk/Ee fiVd ds vUrxZr 'kkfey gSA
16 9- lqÙk fiVd ds vUrxZr ik¡p fudk; gSaA
10- ckS¼ fHkD[kq&fHkD[kqf.k;ksa ds }kjk ikyu fd;s tkus okys fu;eksa vkSj vuq'kklu dh ikfy Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk
lkekU; ifjp;
ckrsa fou; fiVd esa izkIr gksrh gSA
11- lqÙk fiVd esa Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds }kjk mifn"V ln~opu laxzfgr gSaA
12- lqÙkfiVd ik¡p Hkkxksa ;k lqÙkksa esa foHkDr gSµ nh?k fudk;] efT>e fudk;] la;qÙk
fudk;] vaxqÙkj fudk; vkSj [kqíd fudk;A
13- vfHk/Ee fiVd ,d fof'k"V cqf¼oknh oxZ ds fy, laxzká gSA
14- vV~BdFkk ds i;kZ;okph 'kCn gSa & ^vRFko..kuk* rFkk ^vRFklo..kuk*A
15- vV~BdFkkvksa ij Vhdk fy[kokus dk dk;Z Jhyadk ds ijkozQe ckgq izFke
(1156&1186 bZ-) ds 'kklu dky esa izkjEHk gqvkA
16- Vhdk iz.k;u gsrq vk;ksftr lHkk dk la;kstu mnqEcfxfj fogkj ds izfl¼ flagyh
LFkfoj egkdLli us fd;k\
17- cq¼?kkslqIifÙk vkSj egkoal oal lkfgR; ds vUrxZr fxus tkrs gSa\
18- ikfy ds O;kdj.k xzUFkksa ds uke bl rjg gSa & dPpk;u&O;kdj.k]
eksXxYyku&O;kdj.k vkSj vXxoal iz.khr líuhfr O;kdj.kA
19- Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds egkifjfuCck.k ds i'pkr~ /Ee dks thfor j[kus ds fy,
laxhfr;ksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA
20- izFke /Ee&laxhfr jktk vtkrlÙkq (vtkr'k=kq) ds laj{k.k esa lEiÂ gqbZA
21- lIr'kfrdk f}rh; ckS¼ laxhfr dks dgrs gSaA
22- r`rh; /Ee&laxhfr esa ^dFkkoRFkq* dk uwrur;k laxk;u gqvkA
23- Jhyadk esa 29 o"kZ bZ- iw- esa] jktk oV~Vxkfeuh ds le; esa prqFkZ èkEe&laxhfr
vk;ksftr dh xbZA
24- frfiVd dk izFke ckj ys[ku prqFkZ laxhfr esa gqvkA
25- vHkh rd N% laxhfr;k¡ lEiÂ gks pqdh gSaA
1-14 vH;kl iz'u
1- nks ikfy [k.M&dkO;ksa ds uke fy[ksaA
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2- oallkfgR; ds nks izfl¼ xzUFkksa ds uke fy[ksaA

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3- fou;fiVd esa dkSu&dkSu ls xzUFk gSa\ foLrkj iwoZd fy[ksaA

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ikfy izcks/ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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4- lqÙkfiVd ds Hkkxksa ds uke fy[ksaA

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5- vfHk/EefiVd dk ifjp; nsaA

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6- ikfy Vhdk lkfgR; dk laf{kIr ifjp; nsaA

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7- îkfy* 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk ds fo"k; esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\

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8- ikfy Hkk"kk dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl dSls gqvk\

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9- /Ee&laxhfr;ksa ds fo"k; esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\

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10- frfiVdksa dh vV~BdFkkvksa ds ckjs esa lfoLrj crkb,A

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18
11- fou; fiVd dh fo"k; oLrq dk foospu djsaA ikfy Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk
lkekU; ifjp;
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12- fiVdsrj lkfgR; dk laf{kIr ifjp; nsaA

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19

f}rh; ikB (Unit-II) nqfr;ks ikBks
2- fofo/ ikfy ikB
ikB lajpuk
2-1 izLrkouk
2-2 mís';
2-3 /Eein dk ifjp;
2-3-1 /Eein&ewyikB (ladfyr xkFkk;sa)
fgUnh vFkZ
cks/iz'u
2-3-2 /Eein&ewyikB
fgUnh vFkZ
cks/iz'u
2-3-3 /Eein&ewyikB
fgUnh vFkZ
cks/iz'u
2-3-4 lhyoSHkoa&ewyikB
fgUnh vFkZ
cks/iz'u
2-3-5 vflLVkpkjiQya&ewyikB
fgUnh vFkZ
cks/iz'u
2-3-6 nkuekgkRE;a&ewyikB
fgUnh vFkZ
cks/iz'u
2-3-7 iwTtLl lEekua&ewyikB
fgUnh vFkZ
cks/iz'u
2-3-8 lqxrs HkfÙk&ewyikB
fgUnh vFkZ
cks/iz'u
2-4 lkjka'k
2-5 'kCnkoyh
2-6 lUnHkZ xzUFk
2-7 lgk;d xzUFk
2-9 vH;kl iz'u
2-1 izLrkouk
iwoZ ikB esa vkius ckS¼ ijEijk ds frfiVdksa ds ckjs esa i<+kA frfiVd ikfy Hkk"kk
esa fy[ks cq¼opu gSaA bl ikB esa vki /Eein esa of.kZr Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds lkjxfHkZr mins'k
ds ckjs esa i<saxsA lkFk gh ikfy ds fofo/ ikBksa esa of.kZr 'khy oSHko] vf'k"Vkpj.k ds
nq"ifj.kke] nku ds ekgkRE;] iwT;ksa dk lEeku] lqxr dh HkfDr buds fo"k; esa izsjd&
izlaxksa dks tkusaxsA lhyoSHkoa ikB bfroqÙkd ds lq[kiRFkuklqÙk ([kqíd fudk;) ls fy;k
x;k gSA blesa iz'kalk Hkksx ,oa ej.kksijkUr LoxZizkfIr gsrq 'khy (vPNs vkpj.k) dh j{kk
dk mins'k fn;k x;k gSA vf'k"VkpkjiQya ikB tkrdV~VdFkk ls fy;k x;k gSA ckS¼ /eZ
esa yTtk ,oa ladksp ls jfgr izk.kh dh D;k n'kk gksrh gSµ ;g lUns'k bl ikB esa fn[kk;k
x;k gSA nkuekgkRE; dh xkFkk,¡ lksefiz; }kjk jfpr l¼Eeksik;u (12&13 oha 'krkCnh) ls
m¼`r gSA bl ikB esa nku dk ekgkRE; crk;k x;k gSA iwTtLl lEekua ikB dh xkFkk,¡
flagyh fHk{kq èkEefdfÙk egkFksj (egkLFkfoj /eZdhfrZ) }kjk jfpr nkBkoa'k (13oha
'krkCnh) ls m¼`r gSA nkBkoa'k esa cq¼ dh nUr/krq lEcU/h dFkk miof.kZr gSA lqxrs HkfÙk
ikB fdlh cjeh fHk{kq }kjk jfpr Ndsl/krqoa'k ls m¼`r gSA bl x|ka'k esa Hkxoku~ cq¼
}kjk N% fHk{kqvksa dks flj ds N% ds'k nsus dk o.kZu gS] dkykUrj esa bUgh ds'kksa ds mQij
Lrwi cuk;s x;sA
2-2 mís';
bl ikB ds i<+us ls vki Hkxoku~ cq¼ }kjk izfrikfnrµ
Ø /eZ vkSj vkpkj dk thou ij D;k iM+rk gS] blls voxr gksaxsA
Ø eS=kh vkSj d#.kk ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA
Ø lnkpkj vkSj nku ds ekgkRE; ls ifjfpr gks ik;saxsA
Ø vk;ZlR; vkSj v"Vakfxd ekxZ vkfn dk Kku izkIr dj ldsaxsA
2-3 /Eein dk ifjp;
^/Eein* esa nks 'kCn vUrHkwZr gSaµ ,d ^/Ee* ,oa nwljk în*A ^/Ee* 'kCn
laLÑr Hkk"kk ds ^/eZ* 'kCn dk ifjofrZr :i gSA ;|fi ckS¼ lkfgR; esa èkeZ ds vusd
vFkZ O;oâr gq, gSa ijUrq ;gk¡ bldk ljy vFkZ ^lnkpkj* vFkkZr~ lTtuksa ds ikyuh; ,oa
fuR; dj.kh; drZO; gSA în* 'kCn dk vFkZ ekxZ gSA bl rjg ^èkEein* dk vFkZ ^/eZ
dk ekxZ* gSA ijUrq blh xzUFk esa în* 'kCn ,d vU; vFkZ esa Hkh iz;qDr gqvk gS] og vFkZ
gS opu ;k ok.khA bl ^/Eein* xzUFk esa Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds lnkpkj lEcU/h mins'k opu
;k ok.kh loZ=k m¼`r gS] vr% bldk vFkZ èkeZopu ;k /eZok.kh Hkh gSA /Eein Hkxoku~
cq¼ ds mins'kksa dk lkj ekuk tkrk gSA
/Eein esa of.kZr fo"k;oLrq /kfeZd n`f"V ls rks egÙoiw.kZ gS gh] ^lnkpkj* dh
n`f"V ls Hkh lHkh ds fy, vuqdj.kh; gSA bldk egÙo lkoZHkkSfed gSA bu f'k{kkvksa ds
vuqikyu ls O;fDr lq[kh jg ldrk gSA bu xkFkkvksa ds i<+us ls vuqie 'kkafr dh izkfIr
gksrh gSA ewyr% /Eein esa 423 xkFkk,¡ gSaA izLrqr ikB esa ek=k 47 xkFkkvksa dk gh ladyu
fd;k x;k gSA ikB~;Øe esa fu/kZfjr xkFkkvksa dh fo"k; oLrq fofo/ n`f"V ls egÙoiw.kZ gSA
2-3-1 /Eein&ewy ikB (ladfyr xkFkk;sa)
1- euksiCq cÄõek /Eek] eukslVs B~ k eukse;k]
eulk p inqV~Bsu] Hkklfr ok djksfr okA
rrks ua nqD[keUosfr] pDda o ogrks inaAA (1@1)
2- u fg osjsu osjkfu] lEeUrh/ oqQnkpuaA
vosjsu p lEefUr] ,l /Eeks luUruksAA (1@5)
ikfy izcks/ 3- ;Fkkxkja nqPNUua] oqVBh lefrfoT>frA
,oa vHkkfora fpÙka] jkxks lefrfoT>frAA (1@13)
4- ;Fkk vxkja lqPNUua] oqfV~B u lefrfoT>frA
,oa lqHkkfora fpÙka] jkxks u lefrfoT>frAA (1@14)
5- vIieknks verina] ieknks ePpquks inaA
vIieÙkk u eh;fUr] ;s ieÙkk ;Fkk erkAA (2@1)
6- iekna vIieknsu] ;nk uqnfr if.MrksA
i××kkiklknek#Õg] vlksdks lksfdfua itaAA
iCcrV~Bks o HkwEeV~Bs] /hjks ckys vosD[kfrAA (2@8)
7- iQUnua piya fpÙk] nqjD[ka nqfUuokj;aA
mtqa djksfr es/koh] mlqdkjks o rstuaAA (3@1)
8- vuofV~BrfpÙkLl] l¼Eea vfotkurksA
ifjIyoilknLl] i××kk u ifjiwjfrAA (3@6)
9- vuoLlqrfpÙkLl] vuUokgrpsrlksA
iq××kikiighuLl] ufRFk tkxjrks Hk;aAA (3@7)
10- u ra ekrk firk df;jk] v××ks okfi p ×kkrdkA
lEekif.kfgra fpÙka] lsÕ;lks ua rrks djsAA (3@11)
11- ;Fkkfi Hkejks iqIiaQ] o..kxU/a vgsB;aA
iysfr jleknk;] ,oa xkes equh pjsAA (4@6)
12- u ijsla foyksekfu] u ijsla drkdraA
vÙkuks o vosD[ksÕ;] drkfu vdrkfu pAA (4@7)
13- ;Fkkfi #fpja iqIiaQ] o..koUra lxU/daA
,oa lqHkkflrk okpk] liQyk gksfr oqQCcrksAA (4@9)
14- pUnua rxja okfi] mIiya vFk ofLldhA
,rsla xU/tkrkua] lhyxU/ks vuqÙkjksAA (4@12)
15- iqÙk efRFk /uefRFk] bfr okyks fog××kfrA
vÙkk fg vÙkuks ufRFk] drks iqÙkk oqQrks /uaAA (5@3)
16- /Eeihrh lq[ka lsfr] foIilUusu psrlkA
vfj;Iiosfnrs /Ees] lnk jefr if.MrksAA (6@4)
fgUnh vFkZ
1- euq"; nwf"kr eu ls tks dqN Hkh cksyrk gS ;k djrk gS] bu n'k
(rhu eudeZ] pkj okDdeZ rFkk rhu dk;ZdeZ) vdq'ky deks± ls mRiUu nq%[k ml euq";
dk mlh rjg ihNk djrk gS] tSls cSyxkM+h dk ifg;k xkM+h esa tqrs gq, cSyksa ds iSjksa dk
vuqxeu djrk jgrk gSA (1@1)
2- oSj ls oSj dHkh 'kkUr ugha gksrkA voSj ls gh oSj 'kkUr gksrk gSA
22 ;g lukru /eZ gSA (1@5)
3- ftl izdkj o"kkZ dk ty vPNh rjg ls u Nk;s gq, edku esa fofo/ ikfy ikB
izos'k djrk gS mlh izdkj jkxkfn (fodkj)] /eZp;kZ jfgr fpÙk esa vklkuh ls izos'k dj
ldrk gSA (1@13)
4- ftl izdkj o"kkZ dk ty vPNh rjg ls Nk;s edku esa izos'k
ugha dj ldrk_ mlh izdkj jkxkfn (fodkj)] /eZp;kZ }kjk ifj'kksf/r fpÙk esa izos'k ugha
dj ldrsA (1@14)
5- vizekn (lk/uk esa =kqfV dk vHkko) ve`r dk ekxZ gS] izekn
e`R;q dk ekxZ gSA izekn u djus okys (oLrqr% ckj ckj tUe ysus osQ fy,) ejrs ugha vkSj
tks izekn djus okys gSa] os e`r leku gSaA (2@1)
6- tc if.Mr vizekn (Hkwyjfgr lk/uk ;k p;kZ) ls izekn
(xyfr;ksa ;k nks"kksa) dks nwj dj nsrk gS] rc og izKk ds egy ij p<+dj] 'kksdjfgr
gksdj] 'kksd;qDr iztk dks bl izdkj ns[krk gS] ftl izdkj ioZr ij cSBk gqvk (dksbZ O;fDr)
Hkwfe ij cSBs gq, dks] ;k tSls dksbZ /S;Z'kkyh euq"; fdlh ew[kZ dks ns[krk gSA (2@8)
7- cqf¼eku~ iq#"k vius fujUrj fopfyr jgus okys] papy ,oa
dfBukbZ ls l¡Hkkys tk ldus vkSj jksosQ tk ldus okys fpÙk dks mlh izdkj lh/k vkSj
ljy j[krs gSa_ tSls dksbZ ck.k cukus okyk vius cuk;s gq, ck.k dks lhèkk (rh{.k&rst)
djrk gSA (3@1)
8- ftl (lk/d) dk fpÙk ,d LFkku ij fLFkj ugha gS] tks l¼eZ
dh xEHkhjrk dks ugha tkurk vkSj ftlds eu dh 'kkfUr fou"V gks x;h gS] mldh izKk
ifjiw.kZ ugha dgha tk ldrhA (3@6)
9- ftldk fpÙk ey&jfgr gS] ftldk eu vuUokgr (ck/
kjfgr) gS vkSj tks iq.; rFkk iki ls foghu gS] ,ssls ltx jgus okys euq"; (;ksxh) dks
Hk; ugha gksrkA (3@7)
10- euq"; dk ekrk&firk rFkk lEcfU/tu ftruk fgr ugha dj
ldrs mlls vf/d mldk fgr lRekxZ ls izo`Ùk fpÙk djrk gSA (3@11)
11- ftl izdkj Hkzej] iwQy ds lkSUn;Z vkSj xa/ dh gkfu u djrk
gqvk mlds jl dks ysdj Hkkx tkrk gS] mlh izdkj eqfu (fHk{kq) xzke esa fopj.k djsA
(4@6)
12- euq"; nwljksa ds nks"kksa] Ñr (vPNs deks±) vkSj vÑr (cqjs
deks±) dks u ns[ksA mls dsoy vius Ñr vkSj vÑr dks ns[kuk pkfg,A (4@7)
13- ftl izdkj lqUnj vkSj jax;qDr iwQy] xa/;qDr gksus ls vf/d
ykHkizn gksrk gS] mlh izdkj lqHkkf"kr ok.kh rHkh ykHkizn gksrh gS ;fn rnuqlkj vkpj.k
fd;k tk;A (4@9)
14- pUnu gks ;k rxj] dey gks ;k tqgh] bu lcdh lqxU/ksa ls]
'khy (lnkpkj) dh xU/ mRÑ"V gksrh gSA (4@12)
15- ^;s esjs iq=k gSa] ;g esjk /u gS* ,slk fopkj dj ew[kZ iq#"k bl
lalkj esa nq%[k gh ikrk gSA tc vkRek gh viuk ugha gS rks ;s iq=k rFkk ;g /u fdlh ds
oSQls vkSj dgk¡ ls gks ldrk gSA (5@3) 23

ikfy izcks/ 16- /eZ&jl dk iku djus okyk izlUufpÙk gks lq[k ls lksrk gSA blfy,
cqf¼eku~ euq";] vk;Z (Hkxoku cq¼) ds }kjk izfrikfnr /eZ esa lnk je.k djrk gSA (6@4)
cks/iz'u
1- /Eein esa oSj 'kkUr djus ds fy, D;k mik; cryk, x, gSa\
2- izekn ,oa vizekn dk D;k iQy gS\ nksuksa esa D;k vUrj gS\
3- fpÙk dk LoHkko D;k gS\
4- dSls euq"; (;ksxh) dks Hk; ugha gksrk\
5- lqHkkf"krok.kh dc lkFkZd gksrh gS\
6- dkSu lh xa/ mRÑ"V crk;h x;h gS\
2-3-2 /Eein&ewyikB
17- mnda fg u;fUr usfÙkdk] mlqdkjk ue;fUr rstuaA
nk: ue;fUr rPNdk] vÙkkua ne;fUr if.MrkAA (6@5)
18- lsyks ;Fkk ,d?kuks] okrsu u lehjfrA
,oa fuUnkilalklq] u lfe×tfUr if.MrkAA (6@6)
19- ;sla lacksf/;axslq] lEek fpÙka lqHkkforaA
vknkuifVfuLlXxs] vuqiknk; ;s jrkA
[kh.kklok tqrheUrks] rs yksds ifjfuCcqrkAA (6@14)
20- lUra rLl eua gksfr] lUrk okpk p dEe pA
lEen××kk foeqÙkLl] milUrLl rkfnuksAA (7@7)
21- lgLlefi ps okpk] vuRFkinlafgrkA
,da vRFkina lsÕ;ks] ;a lqRok milEefrAA (8@1)
22- vfHkoknulhfyLl] fuPpa oqM~<kipkf;uksA
pÙkkjks /Eek oM~<fUr] vk;q o..kks lq[ka cyaAA (8@10)
23- dks uq gklks fdekuUnks] fuPpa iTtfyrs lfrA
vU/dkjsu vksu¼k] inhia u xosLlFkAA (11@1)
24- xgdkjd! fnV~Bksfl] iqu xsga u dkgflA
lCck rs iQklqdk HkXxk] xgowQVa fola[kraA
fola[kkjxra fpÙka] r.gkua [k;eT>xkAA (11@9)
25 vÙkk fg vÙkuks ukFkks] dks fg ukFkks ijks fl;kA
vÙkuk fg lqnUrsu] ukFka yHkfr nqYyHkaAA (12@4)
26- lqdjkfu vlk/wfu] vÙkuks vfgrrkfu pA
;a os fgra p lk/qa p] ra os ijenqDdjaAA (12@6)
27- vÙkuk fg dra ikia] vÙkuk lfÄïfyLlfrA
vÙkuk vdra ikia] vÙkuk o folqT>frA
24 lqf¼ vlqf¼ iPpÙka] uk××kv××ka folks/;sA (12@9)
28- ;Fkk cqCcqyoaQ iLls] ;Fkk iLls ejhfpoaQA fofo/ ikfy ikB
,oa yksoaQ vosD[kUra] ePpqjktk u iLlfrAA (13@4)
29- lCcikiLl vdj.ka] oqQlyLl milEinkA
lfpÙkifj;ksniua] ,ra cq¼ku lkluaAA (14@15)
30- nqD[ka nqD[kleqIikna] nqD[kLl p vfrDdeaA
vfj;×pV~BfÄõoaQ eXxa] nqD[kwilexkfeuaAA (14@13)
31- ,ra [kks lj.ka [ksea] ,ra lj.keqÙkeaA
,ra lj.kekxEe] lCcnqD[kk ieqPpfrAA (14@14)
32- ufRFk jkxleks vfXx] ufRFk nkslleks dfyA
ufRFk [kU/lek nqD[kk] ufRFk lfUrija lq[kaAA (15@6)
fgUnh vFkZ
17- tSls ugjksa ds fuekZrk ugjksa ls ty ys tkrs gSa] ck.k cukus okys
ck.k dks uez (lh/k) djrs gSa] c<+bZ dk"B (ydM+h) dks Bhd (ljy) cukrs gSa_ mlh
rjg if.Mr iq#"k vkRela;e esa gh rRij jgrs gSaA (6@5)
18- ftl izdkj Bksl ioZr gok ls ugha dk¡irk] mlh izdkj if.Mr
yksx fuUnk vkSj iz'kalk ls fopfyr ugha gksrsA (6@6)
19- ftudk fpÙk lEcksf/ osQ vaxksa esa vPNh rjg je x;k gS] tks
lkalkfjd&ykHk osQ xzg.k djus esa vuklDr gksdj ifjxzg ds ifjR;kx esa jr gSa] ftuds
fpÙk ds eSy fou"V gks x, gSa vkSj tks rstLoh cu pqosQ gSa] ,sls lk/d lalkj esa fuokZ.k
dks izkIr djrs gSaA (6@14)
20 tks euq"; ;FkkFkZ Kku dh izkfIr ls foeqDr vkSj mi'kkUr gks
x;k gS] ,sls euq"; dk eu 'kkUr gks tkrk gS] mldh ok.kh 'kkUr gks tkrh gS vkSj mlosQ
dkf;d deZ Hkh 'kkUr gks tkrs gSaA (7@7)
21- fujFkZd inksa ls ;qDr gtkjksa opuksa dh vis{kk ,d lkFkZd in
gh Js;Ldj gksrk gS_ ftls lqudj ftKklq dks 'kkfUr feyrh gSA (8@1)
22- tks xq.kh Js"Btuksa dk vfHkoknu djrk jgrk gS] fuR; o`¼&tuksa
(cM+k)as dh lsok djrk gS] mldh pkj oLrq,¡ c<+rh gS&a vk;q] o.kZ] lq[k vkSj cyA (8@10)
23- tc fujUrj vkx gh ty jgh gS] rks ;g galh D;k vkSj vkuUn
D;k\ vU/dkj ls f?kjs gq, rqe yksx dgha dksbZ nhid D;ksa ugha [kkstrs\ (11@1)
24- gs x`g fuekZrk! eSaus rqEgsa igpku fy;k gSA rqe vc fiQj ?kj u
cuk ldksxsA rqEgkjh cukbZ lc dfM+;k¡ VwV xbZ gSa rFkk ?kj dk f'k[kj fxj x;k gSA esjk fpÙk
laLdkjjfgr gks x;k gSA lHkh izdkj dh r`".kkvksa dk fouk'k gks x;k gSA (11@9)
25- euq"; viuk Lokeh (m¼kjd) Lo;a gS] nwljk dkSu Lokeh gks
ldrk gS\ Lo;a dks Hkyh izdkj ls neu dj ysus ij euq"; nqyZHk Lokeh (fuokZ.k) dks
izkIr dj ysrk gSA (12@4)
26- lk/kj.k tu ds fy, ,sls dk;Z djuk ljy gS] tks mlds fy,
25

ikfy izcks/ vfgr djrs gSa] ijUrq tks dk;Z fgrdkjd vkSj dq'ky gSa mudks iw.kZ djuk gh vR;fèkd
dfBu gSA (12@6)
27- euq"; vius }kjk fd;s x;s iki ls vius vki dks efyu djrk
gS] og Lo;a u fd;s x;s iki ls 'kq¼ jgrk gSA 'kqf¼ vkSj v'kqf¼ izR;sd euq"; osQ futh
deZ ij fuHkZj gSA dksbZ euq"; fdlh nwljs dks 'kq¼ ugha dj ldrkA (12@9)
28- ;fn lk/d lalkj dks ikuh ds cqycqys dh rjg fouk'kh ,oa
ejhfpdk dh rjg (HkzekRed) le> ikrk gS] rks ,sls lk/d ij ;ejkt dh n`f"V ugha
tkrhA (13@4)
29- lc izdkj osQ ikiksa dk u djuk] vPNs dk;ks± dh lEifÙk
tqVkuk rFkk vius fpÙk dks 'kq¼ cukuk ;g cq¼ksa dk mins'k gSA (14@15)
30- nq%[k] nq%[k dh mRifÙk] nq%[k dk fouk'k rFkk nq%[k osQ fouk'k
dh vksj ys tkus okyk vk;ks± dk v"Vkafxd ekxZµokLro esa ;gh dY;k.kdkjh vkSj mÙke
'kj.k gS rFkk bl 'kj.k esa vkdj O;fDr lc nq%[kksa ls eqDr gks tkrk gSA
31- jkx ds leku dksbZ nkgd vfXu ugha gSA }s"k ds leku dksbZ
vijk/ (dgy) ugha gSA :i] osnuk vkfn LdU/ksa ds leku dksbZ nq%[k ugha gSA 'kkfUr ds
leku dksbZ lq[k ugha gSA
32- laxzg dh izo`fÙk ije jksx gS] laLdkj ije nq%[k gSA bls ;FkkFkZ
:Ik ls tkudj fuokZ.k ije lq[k gSµ,slk ekuksA
cks/iz'u
7- if.Mr fdlls fopfyr ugha gksrs \
8- lnkpkjh O;fDr dks fdldh izkfIr gksrh gS\
9- o`¼ ,oa xq.khtuksa dks vfHkuUnu okys dks D;k ykHk izkIr gksrk gS\
10- ;FkkFkZ Kku dSlk gksrk gS\
2-3-3 /Eein&ewyikB
33- ft?kPNk ijek jksxk] la[kkjk ijek nq[kkA
,ra ×kRok ;FkkHkwra] fuCckua ijea lq[kaAA (15@7)
34- ;ks os mIifrra dks/a] jFka HkUra o /kj;sA
rega lkjfFka czwfe] jfLeXxkgks brjks tuksAA (17@2)
35- vDdks/su ftus dks/a] vlk/qa lk/quk ftusA
ftus dnfj;a nkusu] lPpsukyhdokfnuaAA (17@3)
35- lks djksfg nhieÙkuks] f[kIia ok;e if.Mrks HkoA
fu¼Ureyks vuax.kks] fnCca vfj;HkwfeesfgflAA (18@2)
36- ;fEg lPp×p /Eeks p] vfgalk l××keks neksA
l os oUreyks /hjks] Fksjks fr ioqPpfrAA (19@6)
37- ;ks/ iq××ka p ikia p] ckgsRok czãpfj;okA
26 la[kk; yksds pjfr] l os fHkD[kw fr oqPpfrAA (19@12)
38- eXxkuV~Bafxdks lsV~Bks] lPpkua prqjks inkA fofo/ ikfy ikB
fojkxks lsV~Bks /Eekua] f}inkua p pD[kqekAA (20@1)
39- lCcs la[kkjk vfuPpk fr] ;nk i××kk; iLlfrA
vFk fufCcUnfr nqD[ks] ,l eXxks folqf¼;kAA (20@5)
40- lCcs lÄ~[kkjk nqD[kk fr] ;nk i××kk; iLlfrA
41- lCcs /Eek vuÙkk fr] ;nk i××kk; iLlfrA
42- oua fNUnFk ek #D[ka] ourks tk;rh Hk;aA
NsRok oua p ouFka p] fuCcuk gksFk fHkD[koksAA (20@11)
43- ijnqD[kwi/kusu] vÙkuks lq[kfePNfrA
osjlalXxlalV~Bks] osjk lks u ifjeqPpfrAA (21@2)
44- ra oks onkfe Hkía oks] ;koUrsRFk lekxrkA
r.gk; ewya [k.kFk] mlhjRFkks o ohj.kaAA
ek oks uya o lksrks o] ekjks Hkf×t iquIiquaAA 24@4)
45- /Eekjkeks /Eejrks] /Eea vuqfofpUr;aA
/Eea vuqLlja fHkD[kq] l¼Eek u ifjgk;frAA (25@5)
46- ;Ll dk;su okpk;] eulk ufRFk nqDdraA
laoqra rhfg Bkusfg] rega czwfe czkã.kaAA (26@9)
47- xEHkhji××ka es/k¯o] eXxkeXxLl dksfonaA
mÙkeRFkeuqIira] rega czwfe czkã.kaAA (26@21)
fgUnh vFkZ
33- tks vius fpÙk esa mRiÂ Øks/ dks HkzkUr gq, jFk ds leku jksd
ysrk gS] mls eSa lkjFkh dgrk gw¡A nwljs tu rks yxke idM+us okys gSaA
34- vØks/ ({kek) ls Øks/ dks] lk/qrk ls vlk/q dks] nku ls
Ñi.k dks rFkk lR;Hkk"k.k ls >wB cksyus okys dks thrsA
35- rqe vius vkidks ,d }hi cuk yks] lk/uk dk 'kh?kz gh iz;kl
djosQ if.Mr cu tkvksA /qys gq, ey okys vkSj fu"iki gq, rqe] fnO; vk;Z&Hkwfe rd
igq¡p ikvksxsA (18@2)
36- ftlesa lR;] /eZ] vfgalk] la;e rFkk ne gSa] ogh eSy ls
jfgr] /S;Z'kkyh rFkk LFkfoj dgk tkrk gSA (19@6)
37- tks ;gk¡ iq.; vkSj iki dk ifjR;kx djds czãpkjh jgrk gqvk
Kku ekxZ ls yksd esa fopjrk gS mls gh fHk{kq dgk tkrk gSA (19@12)
38- ekxks± esa v"Vkafxd ekxZ Js’ gS] lR;ksa esa pkj vk;Z lR; Js"B gSa]
/eks± esa oSjkX; Js’ gS vkSj euq";ksa esa us=k/kjh (Kkuoku~) Js’ gSA (20@1)
27

ikfy izcks/ 39- ¶lc laLdkj vfuR; gSa¸&bl rjg tc izKk ls dksbZ lk/d
ns[krk gS] rc og nq%[kksa ls fojfDr dks izkIr gksrk gSA ;gh fo'kqf¼ dk ekxZ gSA (20@5)
40- tc dksbZ lk/d izKk }kjk lHkh laLdkj nq%[ke; gS ,slk
lk{kkRdkj dj ysrk gS] rc mldks nq%[kksa ls fojfDr gks tkrh gSA ;gh fpÙkfo'kqf¼ dk
okLrfod ekxZ gSA (20@6)
41- ^^lHkh /eZ vukRe gSa**µtc izKk ls dksbZ lk/d ,slk ns[krk
gS] rc og nq%[kksa ls fojfDr dks izkIr gksrk gS] ;gh fo'kqf¼ dk ekxZ gSA (20@7)
42- ou dks (oklukvksa ds ou dks) dkVks] (osQoy) o`{k dks ughaA
ou ls Hk; mRiUu gksrk gSA ou rFkk >kM+h dks dkVdj gs fHk{kqvks! rqe oujfgr
(oklukjfgr) gks tkvksA (20@11)
43- nwljksa dh nq%[kizkfIr dk dkj.k cudj tks euq"; vius lq[k
dh bPNk djrk gS] ,slk oSj ls lEi`Dr iq#"k dHkh oSj ls eqDr ugha gks ikrkA
44- eSa rqe ls dgrk g¡w&ftrus rqe lc ;gk¡ vk, gks] rqEgkjk
dY;k.k gksA rqe r`".kk dh tM+ dks bl izdkj [kksn Mkyks] ftl izdkj [kl dks pkgus
okyk ohj.k ?kkl dks [kksn Mkyrk gSA ekj rqEgsa bl izdkj u"V u dj ns] ftl izdkj ty
izokg e`.kky dks u"V dj nsrk gSA
45- tks fHk{kq /eZ esa je.k djus okyk gS] /eZ&fpUru esa jr jgrk
gS rFkk èkeZ dk vuqlj.k djrk gS] og lPps /eZ ls P;qr ugha gksrkA
46- ftlosQ 'kjhj] ok.kh vkSj eu ls nq"Ñr (iki) ugha gksrs vkSj
tks rhuksa LFkkuksa vFkkZr~ dk;] oko~Q vkSj eu ij la;r gS] mls eSa czkã.k dgrk gw¡A
47- tks xEHkhj izKkoku~ gS] es/koh gS] ekxZ ,oa vekxZ dk Kkrk gS]
rFkk ftlus fuokZ.k dks izkIr dj fy;k gS] mldks eSa ^czkã.k* dgrk gw¡A
cks/iz'u
11- dSlk lk/d fuokZ.k izkIr djrk gS\
12- cq¼ksins'k D;k gS\
13- pkj vk;ZlR; D;k gSa\
14- v"Vkafxd ekxZ D;k gS\
15- LFkfoj dkSu gS\
16- fHk{kq dkSu gS\
17- fo'kqf¼ dk D;k ekxZ gS\
18- lR;/eZ ls dkSu P;wr ugha gksrk\
19- czká.k dkSu gS\
20- lEi`Dr euq"; fdlls eqDr ugha gksrk\
28
2-3-4 lhyoSHkoa&ewyikB fofo/ ikfy ikB
¶rhf.kekfu] fHkD[kos] lq[kkfu iRFk;ekuks lhya jD[ksÕ; if.MrksA

drekfu rhf.k\ ilalk es vkxPNrw fr lhya jD[ksÕ; if.Mrks] HkksX+kk es vIiTtUrw fr
lhya jD[skÕ; if.Mrks] dk;Ll Hksnk ija ej.kk lqxfra lXxa yksda miifTtLlkeh fr
lhya jD[ksÕ; if.MrksA bekfu [kks] fHkD[kos] rhf.k lq[kkfu iRFk;ekuks lhya jD[ksÕ;
if.Mrks¸frA ,reRFka Hkxok vokspA rRFksra bfr oqPpfrµ
lhya jD[ksÕ; es?kkoh] iRFk;kuks r;ks lq[ksA
ilala foÙkykHk p] isPp lXxs ieksnuaAA1AA
vdjksUrks fi ps ikia] djksUreqilsofrA
lfï;ks gksfr ikifLae] vo..ks pLl :gfrAA2AA
;kfnla dq#rs feÙka] ;kfnla pwilsofrA
l os rkfnldks gksfr] lgoklks fg rkfnlksAA3AA
iwfrePNa dqlXxsu ;ks ujks miuÕgfrA
dqlk fi iwfra ok;fUr] ,oa ckywilsoukAA4AA
rxja p iyklsu] ;ks ujks miuÕgfrA
iÙkk fi lqjfHk ok;fUr] ,oa /h:ilsoukAA5AA
rLek iÙkiqVLlso] ×kRok lEikdeÙkuksA
vlUrs uqilsosÕ;] lUrs lsosI; if.MrksA
vlUrks fuj;a usfUr ikisfUr lwXxfra¸frAA6AA
fgUnh vFkZ
gs fHk{kqvksa! if.Mr bu rhu lq[kksa dks pkgrk gqvk 'khy dh j{kk djsA
dkSu ls rhu\ esjh iz'kalk gksµbl izdkj (pkgrk gqvk) if.Mr 'khy dh j{kk djs] esjs
Hkksx mRiUu gksµbl izdkj (pkgrk gqvk) if.Mr 'khy dh j{kk djs] (rFkk) ejus ds ckn
mÙke xfr LoxZ yksd esa mRiUu gksmQ¡xkµbl izdkj (pkgrk gqvk) if.Mr 'khy dh j{kk
djsA gs fHk{kqvksa! bu rhu lq[kksa dks pkgrk gqvk if.Mr 'khy dh j{kk djsA bl vFkZ
(vfHkizk;) dks Hkxoku~ us dgk gSA bls bl izdkj dgk tk jgk gSµ
cqf¼eku~ O;fDr iz'kalk] /u&/kHk rFkk ejdj LoxZ esa vkuUn (µbu
rhu) lq[kksa dks pkgrk gqvk 'khy dh j{kk djsAA1AA
;fn iki dks u djrk gqvk Hkh (euq";) (iki) djus okys euq"; dk
vuqlj.k djrk gS rks og iki esa 'kfïr gksrk gS rFkk mldk vi;'k gksrk gSAA2AA
(euq";) ftl izdkj ds fe=k dks djrk gS rFkk ftl izdkj (ds
O;fDr) dk vuqlj.k djrk gS] og fu'p; ls oSlk gh gksrk gS (D;ksafd mldk) oSlk
lgokl gSAA3AA
tks euq"; dq'k ds vxz Hkkx ls nqxZU/ ;qDr eNyh ysrk gS rks (ml
O;fDr ds) dq'k Hkh nqxZU/ NksM+us yxkrs gSa blh izdkj ew[kks± dh laxfr gksrh gSAA4AA
tks euq"; rxj (lqxfU/r dk"Bfo'ks"k) dks iÙks ls idM+rk gS] (os) iÙks
Hkh lqxU/ dks NksM+rs yxrs gSaA blh izdkj /hj O;fDr;ksa dh laxfr gksrh gSAA5AA 29

ikfy izcks/ blfy, iÙkksa ds nksus dh rjg vius lEikd (ifjikd) dks tkudj if.Mr [kksVs
O;fDr;ksa dh laxfr u djs] Hkys iq#"kksa dh laxfr djsA [kksVs O;fDr ujd esa ys tkrs gSa
rFkk Hkys O;fDr vPNks xfr izkIr djkrs gSaAA6AA
cks/iz'u
21- if.Mr yksx dkSu&dkSu ls rhu izdkj ds lq[k pkgrs gSa\
22- ew[kks± dh laxfr dSlh gksrh gS\
23- /hj O;fDr;ksa dh laxfr dSlh gksrh gS\
2-3-5 vf'k"VkpkjiQya&ewyikB
vrhrs iBedIis prqIink lhga jktkua vdalq] HkPNk vkuUnePNs
ldq.kk lqo..kgalA rL; ru lqn..kjktgalLl /hrk gliksfrdk vfHk:ik vgkslh*fr
lks rL;k oja vnkflA lk vruks fpÙk#fpra lkfeda okjsflA galjktk rLlk oja
nRok fgeoUrs lCcldq.ks lfUuikrkisflA ukukizdkj galeksjkn;ks ldq.kx.kk lekxURok
,dfLe egUrs iklk.krys lfUuifralqA galjktk ^vÙkuks fpÙk#fpra lkfeda vkxURok
x.grw*fr /hrja iodkslkisflA lk lq.kla/ vkyksdsUrh ef.ko..kXxho fp=kisD[kq.ka
eksja fnLok ^v;a esa lkfedks gksrw*fr vkjkspsflA ldq.kla?kk eksja miladfeRok
vkgalqµ^lEe eksj! v;a jkt/hrk ,Ùkdkua ldq.kkua eT>s lkfeda jkspsUrh rf; #fpa
mIiknslh*frA eksjks ^vTtkfi rko esa cya u iLllh*fr vfrrqfV~B;k fgjksÙkIia
fHkfUnRok rko egrks ldq.kla?kL; eT>s iD[ks ilkfjRok ufPprqa vkjfHkA uPpUrks
vIifVPNUuks vgksflA lqo..kgaljktk yfTtrks ^beLl uso vT>rleqV~Bkuk fgfj
vfRFk] u cfg¼kleqVB~ kua vksÙkIiaA uPpUrks ukLl fHkUufgjksÙkIiLl ee /hrja nLlkeh*fr
ldq.kla?keT>s bea xkFka vkgµ
^#na euq××ka #fpjk p fiV~Bks osGfq j;o..kwifuHkk p xhokA O;keeÙkkfu
p isD[kq.kkfu uPpsu rs /hrja uks nnkeh*frAA
galjktk rfLae ;so ifjleT>s vÙkuks HkkfXkusÕ;galiksrdL; /hrja
vnkflA eksjks galiksfrda vyfHkRok yfTtRok rrkso mM~MsRok iykf;A galjktkfi
vÙkuks oluV~Bkueso xrksA
fgUnh vFkZ
vrhr esa izFke dYi esa i'kqvksa us flag dks jktk cuk;k] eNfy;ksa us
vkuUneNyh dks (vkSj) if{k;ksa us lqo.kZ&gal dksA ml lqo.kZ&jktgal dh iq=kh ^galiksfrdk*
vR;Ur lqUnjh FkhA (blfy,) ml (gal) us ml (viuh iq=kh) dks oj fn;kA mlus viuh
bPNkuqlkj ifr ds fy, oj ekaxkA gaejkt us mlsoj nsdj fgeky; ij lc if{k;ksa dks
,df=kr djk;kA ukuk izdkj ds gal&e;wj vkfn i{khx.k pkjksa vksj ls vkdj ,d cMs+
iRFkj ij bdV~Bs gks x;sA galjkt us viuh bPNkuqlkj ifr dks vkdj xzg.k djs* bl
izdkj (dgyok dj) yM+dh dks cqyok;kA mlus if{k;ksa ds la?k dks ns[krs gq, ef.k ds
leku xnZu (vkSj) jax&fojaxs ia[kksa okys e;wj dks ns[kdj ^;g esjk ifr gks* bl izdkj
(dgdj) ilUn fd;kA if{k;ksa ds la?k u e;wj ds ikl tkdj dgkµ^lkSE; e;wj! bl
jktdU;k us brus if{k;ksa ds chp esa ifr ilUn djrh gqbZ rq> esa bPNk mRiUu dh gSA
e;wj us ^vkt Hkh esjs cy dks ugha ns[krs gks* bl izdkj (dgdj) vfrg"kZ ls yTtk dks
30
R;kx (mlus) Hkkjh i{kh la?k ds chp esa ia[k iQSykdj ukpuk 'kq: fd;kA ukprs gq, fofo/ ikfy ikB
(og) uaxk gks x;kA lqo.kZ galjkt us yfTtr gksdj ^bls u rks vius Hkhrj mRiUu gksus
okyh yTtk gS] (vkSj) u ckgj ls mRiUu gksus okyk ladkspA yTtk vkSj ladksp ls ghu
bls (eSa) viuh dU;k ugha nw¡xk* bl izdkj (dgrs gq,) i{kh la?k ds chp ;g xkFkk
dghµ
ok.kh euksK gS] ihB lqUnj gS] xnZu cSnw;Z ef.k ds o.kZ tSlh gS rFkk pkj
gkFk yEcs ia[k gSa fdUrq ukpus ls rq>s viuh dU;k ugha nw¡xkA
galjkt us mlh ifj"kn~ ds chp vius Hkkat galiksrd dks iq=kh ns nhA
e;wj galiksfrdk dks u ik yfTtr gks ogk¡ ls mM+dj Hkkx x;kA galjkt Hkh vius okl
LFkku dks gh pyk x;kA
cks/iz'u
24- lqo.kZ jktgal dh iq=kh dk D;k uke Fkk\
25- galiq=kh us fdls viuk oj ds :i esa ilUn fd;k\
26- i'kqvksa us fdls viuk jktk cuk;k\
2-3-6 nkuekgkRE;a&ewyikB
fiz;ks nkuifr gksfr fxEgkdkys o vEcqnksA
Hkq×tfUr ra cgw lÙkk iQy#D[ka o v.MtkAA1AA
fdfrlí×p iIiksfr fryksdefgra fgraA
nk;dks lljktk o ufjaUnzksfjUneks fo;AA2AA
ukFkHkwrks vukFkkua lcsla ihfro¼uksA
lr×p lq[klaoklks lrra gksfr nk;dksAA3AA
lsB~Bks fr lEerks gksfr nqV~Bsfg p v|afl;ksA
bV~Bnks fr eqnk yksdks igB~bks ra mfnD[frAA4AA
;a ;a fnla nkuifr fjÙkgRFkks o xPNfrA
lkfHklÄ~[kkfjdk rLl lqyHkk gksfUr iPp;kAA5AA
lCckuRFkkogs vRFks vfRFkdkua nna vgaA
vkfulalksnf/IiÙkks liQya thfora eeAA6AA
bPpsoa ljekuks lks vÙkuks pkxlEinaA
vfrgB~Bks mnXxks o lnk thofr nk;dksAA7AA
;a fg nkuifr nhua ;kpda leqikxraA
y¼RFka iLlrh gRFka rrks fda foiqya iQyaAA8AA
nhuLl nkueklTt rqB~Ba bB~BRFkflf¼;kA
lqiqQYydeyksHkkla nLluh;rja eq[kaAA9AA
nkrk fnLokuqHkofr y¼klk/kj.ka lq[kaA
vya nkuiQya ,ra uks ps fi ijyksfd;aAA10AA
31

ikfy izcks/ lfUnfV~Bda nkuiQya vuUr ,oekfndaA
ijyksdiQya rLl dks leRFkksoxkfgrqaAA11AA
fgUnh vFkZ
nkuifr xzh"edky esa es?k dh rjg fiz; gksrk gSA iQy&o`{k dks v.Ms ls
iSnk gksus okys izkf.k;ksa dh rjg mldk cgqr yksx mi;ksx (;k Hkksx) djrs gSaAA1AA
nk;d 'k'kjkt rFkk 'k=kqvksa dk neu djus okys jktk dh rjg dhfrZ'kCn
dks rFkk rhuksa yksdksa esa iwts x;s fgr dks izkIr djrk gSAA2AA
nk;d vukFkksa ds fy, ukFk ds :i esa gksrk gS] lc dh izhfr c<+kus
okyk gksrk gS rFkk ges'kk lkS (xqus) lq[k dk lgokl gksrk gSAA3AA
(nk;d) Js"B ekuk tkrk gS] nq"Vksa }kjk viekfur ugha gksrk gSA yksd
mldks ^b"V dks nsus okyk gS* bl izdkj vkuUn&,oa [kq'kh ls ns[krk gSAA4AA
nkuifr ftl&ftl fn'kk esa [kkyh gkFk gh tkrk gS] mlds fy, dk;Z dks
iw.kZ djus okys dkj.k vklkuh ls fey tkrs gSaAA5AA
lHkh izdkj ds vuFkksZ ls ifjiw.kZ /u dks pkgus okyksa dks nsrk gw¡ eSus
iz'kalk :ih leqnz dks izkIr dj fy;k gS (vkSj vc) esjk thou liQy gSAA6AA
bl izdkj vius R;kx dh lEink dks Lej.k djrk gqvk og vR;Ur
izlUu ,oa euksgj nk;d viuk lkjk thou O;rhr djrk gSAA7AA
nkuifr ikl esa vk;s gq, nhu ;kpd dks gkFk esa /u fy, gq, ns[krk gS]
rks mlls cM+k iQy vkSj D;k gSAA8AA
nku dks izkIr dj b"VkFkZ flf¼ ls rq"V] iwQys ;k lqfodflr dey dh
rjg ped ls ;qDr vf/d n'kZuh; nhu ds eq[k dks ns[kdj nkrk ftl vlk/kj.k lq[k
dk vuqHko djrk gS] ;gha nku dk i;kZIr iQy gS] ;fn ikjykSfdd iQy u Hkh gksA bR;kfn
izdkj ls blh tUe esa nku ds vuUr iQy gSaA (rks fiQj) ml (nku) ds ijyksd iQy dks
le>us ds fy;s dkSu leFkZ gSAA9&11AA
cks/iz'u
27- nkuifr fdl rjg fiz; gksrk gS\
28- nk;d dks yksx fdl rjg ns[krk gS\
29- nk;d viuk thou dSls O;rhr djrk gS\
2-3-7 iwT;L; lEekua&ewyikB
ujifr xqglhoksa ra eqfuUnLl /krqa
ldiqjeqiusRok lk/q lEeku;UrksA
lqxfrxeueXxs ikf.kuks ;kst;Urks
lqpfjrefHk:ia lf×puUrks fogkflAA1AA
vxf.krefgeLlqTtsfuj××kks ruwtks
iqfjeo;fl ;sokj¼l¼kfHk;ksxksaA
32
nlcyruq/krqa iwftrqa rLl j××kks fofo/ ikfy ikB
iqjojeqi;krks nUrukeks dqekjksAA2AA
xq.ktfurilkna ra dfyõkf/ukFka
fuf[kyxq.kfuoklks lks dqekjks dfjRokA
fofo/egfo/kua lk/q lEikn;Urks
vofl lqxr/krqa vUoga oUnekuksAA3AA
vHkfo p xqglhoLlkouhlLl /hrk
fodpdqoy;D[kh galdUrkfHk;krkA
onuftrjkstk gkfj/fEeYyHkkjk
dqpHkjuferõh gseekykfHk/kukAA4AA
vf[kyxq.kfu/kua cU/qHkkokuq:ia
lqfoeydqytkra ra dqekja fofnRokA
ujifr xqglhoks vÙkuks /hrja ra
vnfn lcgqekua jktiqÙkLl rLlAA5AA
euqtifr dqekja /krqD[kkf/dkjs
ipqjifjtua ra lCcFkk ;kstf;RokA
xoefgllgLlknhfg lEih.kf;Rok
ldfoHkolfjD[ks bLljÙks BisflAA6AA
fgUnh vFkZ
jktk xqglho equhUnz (cq¼) dh ml ('kjhj&) /krq dks vius uxj esa
ykdj Bhd ls (mldk) lEeku djrk gqvk] izkf.k;ksa dks lqxfr&xeu esa dkj.kHkwr ekxZ
esa yxkrk gqvk rFkk lqUnj lqpfj=k ls (iq.; dks) bdV~Bk djrk gqvk jgus yxkAA1AA
vlhfer efgek okys mTtSuh ds jktk dk nUrdqekj uked iq=k] ftlus
FkksM+h gh mez esa n`<+ J¼k dks izkIr dj fy;k Fkk] n'kcy (cq¼) dh 'kjhj&/krq dks iwtus
ds fy, ml jktk ds uxj esa vk;kAA2AA
lEiw.kZ xq.kksa dk fuoklHkwr og dqekj dfyõ ds ml jktk dks vius
xq.kksa ls izlUu djds ukuk mÙke fo/kuksa dks Bhd ls djrk gqvk] izfrfnu lqxfr dh
('kjhj&) /krq dks iwtrk gqvk jgus yxkAA3AA
xqglho jktk dh fodflr uhydey tSlh vk¡[kksa okyh] gal ds leku
lUnqj pky okyh] dey dks Hkh ekr djus okys eq[k okyh] lqUnj ckyksa ds twM+k okyh]
Hkkjh dqpksa ls >qds gq, 'kjhj okyh gseekyk uke dh dU;k FkhAA4AA
lEiw.kZ xq.kksa ds fu/ku:i rFkk cU/q ds LoHkko ds vuq:i ml dqekj
dks vR;Ur foey dqy esa mRiUu tkudj ml jkt&iq=k ds fy, jktk xqglho us viuh
dU;k dks vR;Ur lEeku ds lkFk ns fn;kAA5AA
jktk us iw.kZ:i ls /krq dh j{kk ds vf/dkj esa izpqj ifjtu ;qDr ml
dqekj dks fu;qDr dj gtkjksa xk;&HkSal vkfn ls (nsdj) izlUu dj vius foHko ds
vuq:i izHkqRo esa yxk fn;kAA6AA
33

ikfy izcks/ cks/iz'u
30- nUrdqekj dkSu Fkk\
31- jktk x`gklho dh iq=kh dk D;k uke Fkk\
32- nUrdqekj dk fookg fdlls gqvk\
2-3-8 lqxrs HkfÙk&ewyikB
,dfLae fdj le;s vEgkda Hkxok jktxgs fogjfr osGqous
dyUndfuokisA r=kkfi [kks Hkxok prqUua ifjlkua /Eea nslfs r vkfndY;k.ka HkT>sdY;k.ka
ifj;kselkudY;k.ka lRFka lC;×tua dsoyifjiw..kaA rsu [kks iu le;su vuq#¼ks
lksfHkrks inqeqÙkjks xq.klkxjks ×kk.kif.Mrks jsorks fr N [kh.kklok ,dPNUnk gqRok
;su Hkxok rsuqilïfealq] milïfeRok HkxoUra vfHkoknsRok ,deUra fulhfnlqA
,deUra fuflÂk[kks rs [kh.kklok fHkD[kw HkxoUra ,rnokspqaµu fg HkUrs Hkxork
lefralikjfe;ks iwjUs rsu ,dnsllÙk fgrRFka iwfjrk] vFk [kks lCclÙkfgrRFka dÙkqdkesu
iqfjrkA ;s dsfp HkUrs lÙkk vklÂV~Bk rsla ro nLlusu mHk;RFk fl¼k ;s p××ks lÙkk
nwjV~Bk gksfUr rsla vRFkk; Hkxorks ljhjifVc¼a iwtuh;oRFkqa BisrCcaA egkleqíLl
iu HkUrs vfonwjs ,dfLae iPpUrnsls cgqtuk olfUrA rsla vuqdEik; iwtuh;a nkrqa
oV~BfrA vFk [kks Hkxok rsla opua lqRok egkd#.kk; leqLlkfgrfpÙkks gqRok
tuinnklhua fgrdj.kRFka nfD[k.ksu gRFksu lhla ijkelfr] lhla ijkeflRok
gseo..kjalhfg fotksrekuk N dslk Hkxorks gRFks yfXaxlqA vFk [kks Hkxok rsla NUua
vjgUrkua vnkflA rsfi [kks rV~BekugV~Bk vÙkuks fljlk o lEifVfPaNlqA rnk
vk;Lek vkuUnks HkxoUra iqfPNµ ^fda] HkUrs] rfLae tuins lÙkkua vUrjk;ks Hkxorks
/krq;ks fuLlk; HkfoLlrh*fr\ û iLlkfe] vkuUn] rfLae tujns ifjgkfua] oqfM~<eso
iLlkeh*fr vkgA êe ifjfuCckurks fg] vkuUn] i×poLllgLlfu ee lklua
ifrfV~Bra HkfoLlfr bes N dsl/krq;ks i×plrkf/df}lgLloLlkfu jfD[krk
HkfoLlfUrA
fgUnh vFkZ
,d le; gekjs Hkxoku~ jktx`g esa os.kqou ds dyUndfuoki esa fogkj
dj jgs FksA ogk¡ Hkh Hkxoku~ us pkjksa ifj"knksa ds fy, vkfndY;k.k ls ;qDr] eè;dY;k.k
ls ;qDr] vUrdY;k.k ls ;qDr] lkFkZ] lqLi"V] ,dne ifjiw.kZ /eZ dk mins'k fn;kA ml
le; vuq#¼] 'kksfHkr] iÁksÙkj] xq.klkxj] Kkuif.Mr rFkh jsorµ;s N% {kh.kkÏo ,d&lh
bPNkokys gksdj tgk¡ Hkxoku~ Fks] ogk¡ x;s] tkdj Hkxoku~ dks ueLdkj dj ,d vksj cSB
x;sA ,d vksj cSBs gq, mu {kh.kkÏo fHk{kqvksa us Hkxoku~ ls ,slk dgk&HkUrs! leLr rhl
ikjferkvksa dks iw.kZ djus okys Hkxoku~ ds }kjk (os) u dsoy dqN gh izkf.k;ksa ds fgr
ds fy, iw.kZ dh xbZ gSa] vfirq leLr izkf.k;ksa ds fgr dks djus dh bPNk ls iw.kZ dh xbZ
gSaA HkUrs! tks dksbZ izk.kh (vkids) ikl fLFkj gSa muds nksuksa Hko vkids n'kZu ls gh fl¼
gSa fdUrq tks vU; izk.kh nwj gSa muds fy, Hkxoku~ ds 'kjhj esa yxh gqbZ iwtuh; oLrq j[kuk
pkfg;sA HkUrs! egkleqnz ds ikl ,d lhekUr ns'k esa cgqr ls euq"; jgrs gSaA muij Ñik
(djus) ds fy, iwtuh; oLrq nsuk vPNk gSA rc Hkxoku~ us muds dFku dks lqudj
egkd#.kk ls mRlkfgr fpÙk okys gksdj ns'kokfl;ksa dk fgr djus ds fy, nkfgus gkFk ls
flj dks Nqvk] flj dks Nwdj (Nwus ls) Lo.kZ o.kZ dh fdj.kksa tSls pedrs gq, N cky
34 Hkxoku~ ds gkFk esa yx x;sA rc Hkxoku~ us (os cky) mu N% vgZrksa dks fn;sA mUgksaus Hkh
lUrq"V ,oa izlUu eu ls vius flj >qdk dj Lohdj fd,A rc vk;q"eku~ vkuUn us fofo/ ikfy ikB
Hkxoku~ ls iwNkµHkUrs! D;k mu tuin ds thoksa dk Hkxoku~ dh /krq dks ysdj vUrjk;
(ck/k) gksxk\ ^vkuUn! ml tuin ds izkf.k;ksa dh gkfu dks ugha ns[krk gw¡] o`f¼ dks gh
ns[krk gw¡* bl izdkj (Hkxoku~ us) dgkA ^vkuUn esjs ifjfuokZ.k ls ik¡p gtkj o"kZ (rd)
esjk 'kklu LFkkfir jgsxkA ;s N% ds'k&/krq;sa iPphl lkS o"kZ rd jf{kr jgsaxh*A
cks/iz'u
33- Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds ikl fdrus {kh.kklzo vk;s\
34- {kh.klzo ds dgus ij Hkxoku~ us egkleqnz ds ikl jgus okys euq"; ds fy, D;k
fd;k\
35- Hkxoku~ ds vuqlkj N% ds'k /krq,¡ fdrus le; rd jf{kr jgsaxh\
2-4 lkjka'k
/Eein esa eq[; :i ls lHkh uSfrd ckrksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k gSA mlds
vuqlkj pyus ij euq"; vius thou ds vafre y{; (eks{k) dks izkIr dj ldrk gSA
blesa egÙoiw.kZ cq¼ksins'kksas dks izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA v"Vkafxd ekxZ dY;k.kdkjh ,oa
i×pLdU/ksa dks nq%[k dk dkj.k crk;k x;k gSA ftlds vUnj lR; vkSj vfgalk vkSj la;e
gS] /eZ ,oa ne gS] ogh LFkfoj gSA iq.;&iki dk R;kx djus okyk gh fHk{kq gSA bl izdkj
ek=k dqN gh xkFkkvksa esa ckS¼ èkeZ] n'kZu ,oa fl¼kUrksa dks vius esa lekfgr djus okyk
/Eein xzaFk dh efgek xhrk] dqjku ,oa ckbZfcy ds leku gh bldh egÙkk dks izfrikfnr
fd;k x;k gSA 'khy oSHkoe~ ikB esa iz'kalk] Hkksx ,oa ej.ksijkUr LoxZizkfIr gsrq 'khy
(vPNs vkpkj.k) dh j{kk dk mins'k fn;k x;k gSA yTt ,oa ladksp ls jfgr izk.kh dh
D;k n'kk gksrh gSµvf'k"VkpkjiQye~ ikB ds ekè;e ls crk;k x;k gSA lkFk gh ikB esa
Hkxoku~ cq¼ }kjk N% fHk{kqvksa dks flj ds N% ds'k nus dk o.kZu gS] ftlls Lrwiksa dk
fuekZ.k djk;k x;kA
2-5 'kCnkoyh
1- osj ¾ O;fDr vius Øks/ dks tc vkpj.k dh rjg
lqjf{kr j[k ysrk gS mls oSj dgrs gSaA
2- lukru ¾ lkoZdkfydA
3- vIiekn ¾ vukyL;A
4- iq××k ¾ vPNs deksZa dk lap;A
5- iki ¾ cqjs deZA
6- fHk{kq ¾ x``gR;kxh] ckS¼ la?k esa milaink izkIrA
7- lqHkkflr ¾ Li"V ,oa lqUnj opuA
8- lacksf/; ¾ cks/& fof'k"V KkuA
9- xgdkjd ¾ ?kj vFkkZr~ r`".kk dk ewyA
10- cq¼ ¾ fof'k"V&cksf/ izkIrA
11- Fksj ¾ 10 o"kZ milEink izkIr fHk{kqA
35

ikfy izcks/ 12- fuCck.k ¾ ckS¼/eZ dk ije y{;] 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS
r`".kk ls jfgrA
13- lhya ¾ 'khy] vkpj.kA
14- lqxfra ¾ mÙke xfr (LoxZ dh izkfIr)A
15- ieksnua ¾ vkuUnA
16- vo..ks ¾ vi;'kA
17- jfD[krk ¾ jf{krA
18- ldq.kk ¾ if{k;ksaA
19- lkfeda ¾ ifrA
20- fodpdqoy;D[kh¾ fodflr uhy dey tSlh vk¡[kksa okyhA
21- bLljÙks ¾ izHkqRo esa] bZ'ojRo esaA
22- ifjlkua ¾ ifj"knA
23- fulhfnlq ¾ cSB x;sA
24- fuLlk; ¾ ck/kA
2-6 lUnHkZ xzUFk
1- /Eein (p;fur xkFkk,a)& izks- jk/koYyHk f=kikBh] jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkku] ubZ
fnYyhA
2- ikfy izosf'kdk& MkW- dkseypUnz tSu] rkjk cqd ,tsUlh] okjk.klhA
2-7 lgk;d xzUFk
1- /Eein& dUNsnhyky xqIr] pkS[kEck izdk'ku] fnYyhA
2- /Eein& lR;izdk'k 'kekZ] lkfgR; Hk.Mkj] esjBA
3- /Eein& fHk{kq/eZjf{kr] ckS¼ vkdj xzUFkekyk] okjk.klhA
4- ikfy lkfgR; dk bfrgkl& jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] mÙkj izn's k fgUnh laLFkku y[kumQA
5- ikfy&izkÑr&laxzg& izHkqukFk f}osnh] pkS[kEck vksfj;UVkfy;k] okjk.klhA
1 /Eein esa voSj ls oSj 'kkUr djus dk mik; crk;k x;k gSa
2- izekn dk iQy e`R;q ,oa vizekn dk iQy ve`r crk;k x;k gSA izekn dk vFkZ
vkyL; ,oa vizekn dk vFkZ&fØ;k'khy vFkkZr~ ijkØeh gksuk gSA
3- fpÙk dk LoHkko papyrk gSA
4- ftldk fpÙk fueZy] eu ck/kjfgr vkSj tks iki&iq.; ls jfgr gS ml euq";
(;ksxh) dks Hk; ugha gksrkA
5- lqHkkf"kr ok.kh dk;Z :i esa ifj.kr djus ij lkFkZd gksrh gSaA
6- 'khy (lnkpkj) dh lqxU/ loZJs"B gksrh gSA
36 7- if.Mr yksx fuUnk vkSj iz'kalk ls fopfyr ugha gksrsA
8- lnkpkjh O;fDr lnk izlÂ jgrk gSA fofo/ ikfy ikB
9- o`¼ ,oa xq.khtuksa dk vfHkuUnu djus okyk pkj oLrqvksa dh izkfIr djrk gS&
vk;q] o.kZ] lq[k vkSj cyA
10- ;FkkFkZ Kku dh izkfIr ls tc O;fDr mi'kkUr gks tkrk gS] mldh eu] ok.kh vkSj
dkf;d deZ 'kkUr gks tkrs gSa rks og ;FkkFkZKku dgykrk gSA
11- ftudk fpÙk lEcksf/ ds vaxksa esa vPNh rjg je x;k gS] tks lkalkfjd ykHk ds
xzg.k djus esa vuklDr gksdj] ifjxzg ds ifjR;kx esa jr gSa] ftuds fpÙk ds
eSy fou"V gks x, gSa vkSj tks rstLoh cu pqds gSa] ,sls lk/d lalkj esa fuokZ.k
dks izkIr djrs gSaA
12- fdlh izdkj ds iki u djuk] vPNs dk;Z gsrq lEifÙk laxzg] ,oa fpÙk dh
fueZyrk gh cq¼ksins'k gSA
13- nq%[k vk;ZlR;] nq%[kleqnk; vk;ZlR;] nq%[kfujks/ vk;ZlR; rFkk nq%[kfujksèkxkehekxZ
vk;ZlR;A
14- lE;d~ n`f"V] lE;d~ ladYi] lE;d~ ok.kh] lE;d~ deZ] lE;d~ vkthfodk]
lE;d~ O;k;ke] lE;d~ Le`fr vkSj lE;d~ lekf/A
15- ftlesa lR;] /eZ] vfgalk] la;e gS] ey ls jfgr gS] /S;Z'kkyh gS ogh LFkfoj gSA
16- tks iq.; vkSj iki dk ifjR;kx djds] czãpkjh jgrk gqvk] Kku ekxZ ls yksd esa
fopjrk gS mls fHk{kq dgk x;k gSA
17- nq%[kksa ls fojfDr dks izkIr djuk gh fo'kqf¼ dk ekxZ gSA
18- /eZ esa je.k djus okyk] /eZ&fpUru esa layXu jgus okyk ,oa /eZ dk vuqlj.k
djus okyk fHk{kq dHkh lPps /eZ ls P;qr ugha gksrkA
19- tks 'kjhj&ok.kh&dk; ls nq"Ñr ugha djrs rFkk la;r gSa mls czkã.k dgk x;k gSA
20- nwljs dh nq%[kizkfIr dk dkj.k cudj tks euq"; vius lq[k dh bPNk djrk gS]
oSlk lEi`Dr iq#"k eqDr ugha gksrkA
21- if.Mr rhu izdkj ds lq[k pkgrs gSaµ
1- esjh iz'kalk gksA
2- esjs Hkksx mRiUu gksA
3- ejus ds ckn mÙke xfr (LoxZyksd) esa mRiUu gksmQ¡A
22- ew[kks± dh laxfr eNyh dh rjg nqxZU/ ;qDr gksrh gSA
23- /hj O;fDr;ksa dh laxfr lqxU/ ;qDr rxj dk"B ds leku gksrh gS] tks viuh
lqxU/ ls nwljksa dks Hkh lqxfU/r dj nsrk gSA
24- lqo.kZ jktgal dh iw=kh dk uke ^galiksfrdk* FkkA
25- galiq=kh us e;wj dks vius oj ds fy, ilUn fd;kA
26- i'kqvksa us flag dks viuk jktk cuk;kA
27- nkuifr xzh"e dky esa es?k dh rjg fiz; gksrk gSA
28- nk;d dks yksd ^b"V dks nsus okyk gS*] bl izdkj vkuUn ,oa [kq'kh ls ns[krk gSA 37

ikfy izcks/ 29- R;kx dks lEink ds Lej.k djrk gqvk vR;Ur izlUu ,oa euksgj nk;d viuk
lkjk thou O;rhr djrk gSA
30- nUrdqekj mTtSuh ds jktk dk iq=k FkkA
31- jktk x`gklho dh iq=kh dk uke gseekyk FkkA
32- nUrdqekj dk fookg gseekyk ls gqvkA
33- Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds ikl N% {kh.kklzo vk;s] os Fksµ vuq#¼] 'kksfer] iÁksÙkj]
xq.klkxj] Kkuif.Mr rFkk jsorA
34- egkleqnz ds ikl jgus okys euq"; ds dY;k.k ds fy, Hkxoku~ us /krq ds :i
esa N% cky fn;sA
35- Hkxoku~ ds vuqlkj os N% ds'k /krq,¡ muds ifjfuokZ.k ds ckn iPphl lkS o"kZ
rd jf{kr jgsxhA
2-9 vH;kl iz'u
1- /Eein ls D;k lEe>rs gSa\ la{ksi esa foospu dhft,A
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2- /Eein esa izfrikfnr Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds mins'kksa dk lkj fy[ksaA

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3- /Eein ds vk/kj ij vk;ZlR; dh O;k[;k dhft,A

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4- v"Vkafxd ekxZ dk Lo:i foosfpr djsa\

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38
5- ifBr ikB ds vk/kj ij vizeknh O;fDr dk y{k.k fy[ksaA fofo/ ikfy ikB
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6- 'khy (vPNs vkpj.k) dh j{kk D;ksa vko';d gS\ 'khy oSHkoe~ ikB ds vk/kj
ij foospu djsaA
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7- yTtk vkSj ladksp ls jfgr izk.kh dh D;k n'kk gksrh gS\

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8- nku dh efgek dk foospu djsaA

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9- nUrdqekj dk fookg fdlls gqvk vkSj D;ksa\

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10- Hkxoku~ cq¼ us ds'k /krq;sa fdUgsa iznku fd;k vkSj D;ksa\
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w
39

r`rh; ikB (Unit-III) rfr;ks ikBks
3- ikfy O;kdj.k
ikB lajpuk
3-1 izLrkouk
3-2 mís';
3-3 ikfy O;kdj.k rFkk mldh ijEijk
3-3-1 ikfy O;kdj.k dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡
3-3-2 ikfy&laLÑr dk ijLij lEcU/
cks/ iz'u
3-4 ikfy o.kZekyk
3-4-1 Loj
3-4-2 O;×tu
cks/ iz'u
3-5 lfU/
3-5-1 Loj lfU/
3-5-2 O;atu lfU/
3-5-3 fuXxghr lfU/
cks/ iz'u
3-6 lekl
3-6-1 vla[; (vO;;hHkko) lekl
3-6-2 rIiqfjl (rRiq#"k) lekl
3-6-3 dEe/kj; (deZ/kj;) lekl
3-6-4 f}xq lekl
3-6-5 }Un (}U}) lekl
3-6-6 cgqozhfg (cgqczhfg) lekl
cks/ iz'u
3-7 dkjd
3-7-1 iBek foHkfÙk
3-7-2 nqfr;k foHkfÙk
3-7-3 rfr;k foHkfÙk
3-7-4 prqRFkh foHkfÙk
3-7-5 iapeh foHkfÙk
3-7-6 NV~Bh foHkfÙk
3-7-7 lÙkeh foHkfÙk
3-7-8 vkyiu (lEcks/u) foHkfÙk
cks/ iz'u
3-8 'kCn:i
cks/ iz'u
3-9 /krq:i
3-9-1 x.k
3-9-2 ydkj
3-9-3 in
cks/ iz'u
3-10 la[;kokpd 'kCn
cks/ iz'u
3-11 vla[; (vO;;)
cks/ iz'u
3-12 lkjka'k
3-13 'kCnkoyh
3-14 lUnHkZ xzUFk
3-15 lgk;d xzUFk
3-17 vH;kl iz'u
3-1 izLrkouk
iwoZ ikB esa vkius ikfy /Eein esa of.kZr cq¼ ds mins'kksa ds ckjs esa i<+kA blds
vUrxZr pkj vk;ZlR; rFkk v"Vkafxd ekxZ ds ckjs esa Hkh tkukA bl ikB esa vki ikfy
O;kdj.k dk lkekU; ifjp; izkIr djsaxs tks ikfy Hkk"kk dks tkuus ds fy, vR;ko';d
gSA vki tkurs gSa fd O;kdj.k fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk vk/kj gksrk gSA
3-2 mís';
Ø ikfy&o.kZekyk ds Lo:i ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxsA
Ø ikfy ds dkjd rFkk foHkfDr ds lEcU/ esa Kku izkIr djsaxsA
Ø blds lfU/ izfØ;k ls voxr gksaxsA
Ø ikfy Hkk"kk esa lekl ds egRo dks le>us esa leFkZ gksaxsA
Ø blds 'kCn:i :i /krq:i vkfn fo"k;ksa dks vPNh rjg tku ldsaxsA
Ø ikfy vO;; rFkk la[;kokpd inksa dk Kku izkIr djsaxsA
3-3 ikfy O;kdj.k rFkk mldh ijEijk
Hkk"kkvksa ds lkÄõksikÄõ Kku ds fy, rÙkr~ Hkk"kk ds O;kdj.k 'kkL=kksa dh egrh
Hkwfedk gksrh gSA O;kdj.k ds fcuk Hkk"kk iaxq gks tkrh gSA ftl rjg ,Unz] pkUnz] ikf.kuh;]
lkjLor vkfn laLÑr Hkk"kk ds lok±x O;kdj.k gSa] mlh rjg ikfy Hkk"kk dk viuk ,d
le`¼ O;kdj.k gSA ikfy O;kdj.k dh ijEijk esa eksXxyku O;kdj.k] dPpk;u O;kdj.k]
,oa ln~nuhfr O;kdj.k izeq[k gSaA ikfy] ljy rFkk izkphu dky esa cksypky dh Hkk"kk gksus
ds dkj.k mlds O;kdj.k esa mruh fofoèkrk ugha gS ftruh laLÑr O;kdj.k esaA ikfy
Hkk"kk esa 43 o.kZ gksrs gSaA fdUrq dPpk;u&O;kdj.k ds ys[kd us 41 o.kZ gh ekuk gSA
mUgksaus ,W vkSj vks W dks o.kZ ugha ekuk gSA eksXxYyku&O;kdj.k ds ys[kd rFkk ihNs ds
vkpk;ks± us bUgsa Hkh o.kZ ekuk gS] D;ksafd la;qDrk{kj ds iwoZ vkus okys , vkSj vks ÉLo gksrs
gSaA bu o.kks± esa 10 Loj vkSj 33 O;atu gSaA ikfy es rhu fyõ gksrs gSaµ (1) iqfYyõ]
(2) L=khfyõ] (3) uiqaldfyõA nks opu gksrs gSaµ,dopu] vusdopuA
ikfy izcks/ 3-3-1 ikfy O;kdj.k dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡
ikfy esa 'kCn ds ik¡p Hksn gksrs gSaµ laKk] loZuke] fØ;k] fo'ks"k.k]
vO;;A laKk dks ikfy esa ûke* dgrs gSaA bl Hkk"kk dh dqN viuh ekSfyd fo'ks"krk,a
Hkh gSa tks bl izdkj gS%&
(1) f}opu ds LFkku ij cgqopu dk iz;ksx] tSls& iq#"kkS ¾ iqfjlk]
eqfuH;ke~ ¾ eqfufHk] equhfg!
(2) r`rh;k ,oa i×peh foHkfDr;ksa ds cgqopuksa esa leurk] tSls&
iq#"kS%] iq#"ksH;% ¾ iqfjlsfHk] iqfjlsfgA
(3) prqFkhZ ,oa "k"Bh foHkfDr;ksa ds cgqopuksa ds :iksa esa lekurk]
tSls& iq#"ksH;%] iq#"kk.kke~ ¾iqfjlkuaA
(4) loZuke 'kCn&:iksa dk laKk 'kCn&:iksa ij izHkko] tSls&
iq#"kkr~¾iqfjlLek] iq#"ks¾iqfjlfLeaA
(5) vdkjkUr 'kCn&:iksa ij vU; 'kCn&:iksa dk izHkko] tSls eqfu%
¾ eqfuLlA
(6) O;×tukUr 'kCn&:iksa ds vfUre O;×tu dk yksi] fdUrq
LojkUr 'kCn :iksa esa yqIr O;×tu dk fiQj ls vfLrRo] tSls&
Hkxoku~¾ Hkxok] Hkofr¾HkxofrA
(7) 'kCn&:iksa ij laLÑr ,oa izkÑr ds 'kCn&:iksa dk fefJr
izHkko] tSls&
xPNu~ (la-)] xPNrks (izk-) ¾xPNa] xPNrks (ikfy)] fxfjfHk% (la-)]
fxjhfg (izk-) ¾ fxfjfHk] fxjhfg (ikfy)] iq#"kk; (la-)] iqfjlLl (izk-) ¾iqfjlk;]
iqfjlLl (ikfy)A
3-3-2 ikfy vkSj laLÑr dk ijLij lEcU/
oSfnd Hkk"kk esa 64 v{kj gksrs gSa vkSj laLÑr esa 50A ikfy esa ½ ugha
gksrk] mlds LFkku esa dgha v] b ;k m gks tkrs gSaA tSlsµ x`ga ¾ xga] u`R;a ¾ uPpa (;gk¡
^v* gks x;k gS)A ½.ka ¾ b.ka] ½f"k¾bfl (;gk¡ ^b* gks x;k gS)A ½rq ¾ mrq] ½"kHk ¾
mlHk (;gk¡ ^m* gks x;k gS)A
y`] ,s] vkS ikfy esa ugha gksrsA
,s ds LFkku esa , gks tkrk gSA tSlsµ ,sjko.k¾,jko.k] oSekfud¾osekfud]
oS;kdj.k¾osÕ;kdj.kA dgha&dgha ,s dk b rFkk bZ Hkh gks tkrs gSaA tSlsµ xzSos;a ¾ xhosÕ;a]
lSU/o¾flU/oA
vkS ds LFkku esa vks gks tkrk gSA tSlsµ vkSnfjd¾vksnfjd]
nkSokfjd¾nksokfjdA dgha&dgha m Hkh gks tkrk gSA tSlsµekSfDrd¾eqfÙkda] vkS¼R;¾m¼PpA
ikfyHkk"kk esa ^'k* vkSj ^"k* ugha gksrs] dsoy ^l* gh gksrk gSA lEizfr
^G* fgUnh rFkk laLÑr esa O;oâr ugha gS] fdUrq ejkBh esa bldk vc Hkh izpyu gSA
42
ikfy esa O;atu gyUr ugha gksrs vkSj u rks in ds vUr esa fLFkr
fuXxghr e~ gksrk gSA ikfy esa folxZ vkSj jsiQ Hkh ugha gksrsA jsiQ dk dgha&dgha yksi gks ikfy O;kdj.k
tkrk gS vkSj dgha&dgha og ^j* gks tkrk gSA tSlsµ deZ¾dEe] loZ¾lCc] rfgZ¾rjfg]
egkgZ¾egkjgks] vk;Z¾vfj;] lw;Z¾lqfj;] Øhr¾dhr] Hkk;kZ¾Hkfj;k] i;kZnku¾ifj;knku]
iszr¾isr] lexz¾leXx] bUnz¾bUnksA
cks/&iz'u
1- dPpk;u&O;kdj.k ds ys[kd us ikfy esa fdrus o.kZ ekuk gS\
2- ikfy esa folxZ ds LFkku ij D;k gksrk gS\
3- ikfy esa 'kCn ds fdrus Hksn gksrs gSa\
3-4 ikfy o.kZekyk
laLÑr dh rjg gh ikfy Hkk"kk esa Hkh O;ofLFkr Øe esa o.kZekyk gksrh gS]
bldh o.kZekyk esa dsoy 43 o.kZ gSA o.kZ nks izdkj ds gksrs gSµ Loj vkSj O;×tuA
3-4-1 Loj
v] vk] b] bZ] m] Å] ,W] ,] vksW] vksA
blesa nks&nks Loj lo.kZ dgs tkrs gSaA tSlsµ v] vkµ ,d lo.kZ gSA b]
bZµ ,d lo.kZ gSA m] Åµ ,d lo.kZ gSA ,W] ,µ ,d lo.kZ gSA vks W] vksµ ,d lo.kZ
gSA lo.kks± esa iwoZ o.kZ ßLo gSA tSlsµ v] b] m] ,W] vks WA mues nwljs o.kZ nh?kZ gSaA tSlsµ
vk] bZ] Å] ,] vksA
3-4-2 O;×tu
d [k x ?k Ä
p N t > ×k
V B M < .k
r Fk n / u
i iQ c Hk e
; j y o
l g G va
ik¡p&ik¡p o.kks± ds ik¡p oxZ gSAa tSlµ
s doxZ] poxZ] VoxZ] roxZ] ioxZA
^va* dks fuXxghr dgrs gSaA fuXxghr dk rkRi;Z gS vuqLokjA
cks/&iz'u
4- ikfy&Hkk"kk esa dqy fdrus o.kZ gksrs gSa\
5- ikfy&Hkk"kk esa fdrus Loj gksrs gSa\
6- ikfy&Hkk"kk esa fdrus O;×tu gksrs gSa\
7- ^va* vFkkZr~ vuqLokj dks ikfy esa D;k dgk tkrk gS\
43

ikfy izcks/
3-5 lfU/
^lfU/* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS esyA nks 'kCnksa ds esy dks lfU/ dgrs gSaA bl izdj.k
esa izFke in ds vUr vkSj f}rh; in ds izkjEHk esa gksus okys Loj&O;atuksa ds ifjorZu dk
vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ikfy Hkk"kk esa ;g èofu&ifjorZu laLÑr ds leku ,d fuf'pr
fn'kk esa ugha pyrk] cfYd vusd fodYi fy;s jgrk gS] blhfy, ikfy ds lfU/&fu;eksa
esa lqfuf'pr O;oLFkk dk vHkko gSA
ikfy ds nksuksa izeq[k oS;kdj.kksa&eksXxYyku vkSj dPpk;u us lfUèk;ksa dk foHkkx
ugha fd;k gSA fHk{kq txnh'k dk';i us vè;srkvksa dh lqfo/k dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, vius
îkfy egkO;kdj.k* esa lfU/;ksa dk foHkkx izLrqr fd;k gSA ;|fi ikfy esa fuXxghr
(vuqLokj) dks O;atuks ds vUrxZr ekuk tkrk gS rFkkfi lfU/&izdj.k esa mls Loj&O;atuksa
ls i`Fkd~ egÙo fn;k x;k gSA bl izdkj lfU/;ksa ds rhu Hksn fd;s x;s gSa& LojlfU/]
O;atulfU/ vkSj fuXxghrlfU/A
3-5-1 lj lfU/ (LojlfU/)
tc izFke 'kCn dk vfUre vkSj nwljs 'kCn dk vkfn o.kZ Loj gks rks mu
nksuksa 'kCnksa dh lfU/ ^Loj lfUèk* dgykrh gSA bl lfU/ ds dbZ izdkj gSaA ;gka budk
laf{kIr lksnkgj.k foospu fd;k tk jgk gSA
1- ljks yksiks ljs& ;fn Loj o.kZ ls ijs vleku Loj gks rks
dHkh&dHkh iwoZ Loj dk yksi gks tkrk gSA ;Fkk&&
;Ll + bfUnz;kf.k = ;Ll~ + bfUnz;kf.k = ;fLlfUnz;kf.k
r=k + bes = r=k~ + bes = rf=kes
l¼k + bfUnz;a = l¼~ + bfUnz;a = lf¼fUnz;a
rFkk + ,o = rFk~ + ,o = rFkso
fHkD[kquks + vksoknks = fHkD[kqu~ + vksoknks = fHkD[kquksoknks
lesrq + vk;Lek = lesr~ + vk;Lek = lesrk;Lek
egk + vks?kks = eg~ + vks?kks = egks?kks
vTt + vikslFkks = vTt~ + vikslFkkss = vTtqikslFkks
vfHkHkw + vk;rua = vfHkHk~ + vk;ru = vfHkHkk;rua
,lks + vkoqlks = ,l~ + vkoqlks = ,lkoqlks
mnf/ + mQfe;ks = mn/~ + mQfe;ks = mn/wfe;ks
vlUrks + ,RFk = vlUr~ + ,RFk = vlUrsRFk
2- ijks Do fp& ;fn Loj o.kZ ls ijs vleku Loj gks rks dHkh&dHkh
ij Loj dk yksi gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&&
pÙkkjks + bes = pÙkkjks + es = pÙkkjkses
44
;rks + vga = ;rks + ga = ;rksga ikfy O;kdj.k
vkdkls + bo = vkdkls + o = vkdklso

olyks + bfr = olyks + fr = olyksfr
lks + vfi = lks + fi = lksfi
Nk;k + bo = Nk;k + o = Nk;ko
rs + vga = rs + ga = rsga
3- u }s ok& ;fn Loj o.kZ ls ijs vleku Loj gks rks dHkh&dHkh iwoZ
;k ij nksuksa esa ls fdlh Loj dk yksi ugha gksrkA dHkh&dHkh iwoZor~ oSdfYid fLFkfr Hkh
cuh jgrh gSA ;Fkk&
yrk + bo = yrkbo] yrko vkSj yrso Hkh curk gSA iwoZ Loj dk yksi
gks (fUk;e 1 ds vuqlkj) vkSj ijs b rFkk m gks rks dHkh b dk , rFkk m dk vks gks tkrk
gSA ;Fkk&
okr + bZfjr = okr~ bZfjr = okrsfjr
rLl + bna = rLl~ + bna = rLlsna
eq[k + mnda = eq[k~ + mnda = eq[kksnda
oke + m# = oke~ + m# = okeks#
pUn + mn;a = pUn~ + mn;a = pUnksn;a
5- ;ok ljs& ;fn b rFkk m ls ijs vleku Loj gks rks dHkh&dHkh
mudk Øe'k% ; vkSj o gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&&
fo + vdkfl = O;~ + vdkfl = O;kdkfl
vfXx + vkxkja = vXX;~ + vkxkja = vXX;kxkja
lq + vkxra = Lo~ + vkxra = Lokxra
oRFkq + ,o = oRFo~ + ,o = oRFoso
viokn & dHkh&dHkh ;g fu;e izHkkoh ugha gksrk gSA tSls&
xPNkfe + vga = xPNkega
dHkh&dHkh ; ds LFkku ij b;~ vkSj o ds LFkku ij bo~ gksrk gSA tSls&
iapeh + vRFks = iapfe;RFks
ifj + ,luk = ifj;sluk
iqFkq + vklus = iqFkqoklus
6- , vks ua& ;fn , vkSj vks ls ijs vleku Loj gks rks dHkh&dHkh
mldk Øe'k% ; vkSj ok gks tkrk gSA tSls &&
rs + vga = R;kga] fodYi ls rsga Hkh 45

ikfy izcks/ lks + vga = Lokga] fodYi ls lksga Hkh
lks + vLl = LoLl
es + v;a = E;k;a] fodYi ls es;a Hkh
7- xksLlkoÄ~& ;fn ^xks* 'kCn ls ijs dksbZ Loj vkos rks ^xks* dks ^xo*
vkns'k gks tkrk gSA ;Fkk&
xks + vLla = xo + vLla = xokLla
8- nh?kZ& ;fn Loj ls ijs vleku Loj gksus ds dkj.k iwoZ Loj dk yksi
gks tkrk gS (fu;e 1 ds vuqlkj) rks ijLoj fodYi ls nh?kZ gks tkrk gSA eksXxyku us
bl lfU/ dk foospu ugha fd;kA mnkgj.k izLrqr gSµ
nqD[kks + v;a = nqD[k~ + v;a = nqD[kk;a
lps + vga = lp~ + vga = lpkga
rnk + milEefÙk = rn~ + milEefÙk = rnwilEefÙk
9- iqCcks p& ;fn Loj ls ijs vleku Loj gksus ds dkj.k ijLoj dk
yksi gksrk gS (fu;e 2 ds vuqlkj) rks iwoZ Loj dks nh?kZ gks tkrk gS ;fn og ÉLo gksA
bldk foospu Hkh eksXxYyku us ugha fd;k gSA
nso + bfr = nso + fr = nsokfr
fo + vfrekusfr = fo + frekusfr = ohfrekusfr
fdalq + b/f;Ùk = fdalq + /f;Ùk = fdalw/f;Ùk
yksdLl + bfr = yksdLl + fr = yksdLlkfr
10- ;fn v] b vkSj m ls ijs leku Loj vk, nksuksa feydj nh?kZ gks tkrs
gSA ;g laLÑr O;kdj.k dk fu;e gSA ikfy O;kdj.k esa bl fu;e dk mYys[k ugha
feyrk fdUrq Hkk"kk bldk ikyu djrh gSA tSls&
×kk.k + vkyksdsu = ×kk.kkyksdsu
nsfe + bfr = nsehfr
cq¼ + vuqLlfr = cq¼kuqLlfr
lEefUr + b/ = lEeUrh/
3-5-2 O;atu lfU/
tc iwoZ 'kCn ds vfUre ;k ij 'kCn ds vkfn esa ls de ls de ,d
O;atu gks rks ,sls 'kCnksa dh lfU/ O;atu lfU/ dgykrh gSA ikfy esa O;atu lfU/ ds
fu;e laLÑr O;kdj.k dh vis{kk cgqr de gSaA ;gka dqN izeq[k fu;eksa dk lksnkgj.k
laf{kIr foospu fd;k tk jgk gS&
1- O;×tus nh?kjLlk& ;fn iwoZ Loj ls ijs O;atu gks rks izk;% iwoZ Loj
esa ÉLo dks nh?kZ gks tkrk gSA ;Fkk&
46
eqfu + pjs = equhpjs ikfy O;kdj.k
lEe + /Ee = lEek/Ee

[kfUr + ijea = [kUrhijea
tk;fr + lksdks = tk;rhlksdks
ekyk + Hkkjh = ekyHkkjh
Hkksoknh + uke = Hkksokfnuke
;FkkHkkoh + xq.ksu = ;FkkHkkfoxq.ksu
2- ljEgk }s& ;fn Loj ls ijs O;atu gks rks dHkh&dHkh ml Loj dk
f}Ro gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&&
i + xgks = iXxgks] nq + dra = nqDdra
;Fkk + dea = ;FkkDdea] b/ + ieknks = b/Iieknks
3- prqRFknqfr;sLosla rfr; iBek& ;fn fdlh Hkh oxZ dk prqFkZ rFkk
f}rh; o.kZ Loj ds ckn vk, rks prqFkZ rFkk f}rh; o.kZ vius oxZ ds Øe'k% r`rh; ,oa
izFke o.kZ esa cny tkrk gSA ;Fkk&fu + ?kkslks esa f}Ro gksdj fu??kkslks gksuk pkfg, Fkk
ysfdu bl fu;e ls izFke ?k vius gh oxZ ds r`rh; oxZ x esa cny x;k vkSj ^fuX?kkslks*
'kCn fu"iUu gks x;kA
v + [kfUr = v[[kfUr = vD[kfUr
fu + Bkua = fuB~Bkua = fuV~Bkua
v + iQqVa = vÝiQqVa = vIiQqVa
lsr + NÙka = lsrN~NÙka = lsrPNÙka
;l + Fksjks = ;lFFksjks = ;lRFksjks
egk + /uks = egkè/uks = egk¼uks
4- ,vksue o..ks& ;fn , vkSj vks ds ckn dksbZ Hkh o.kZ gks rks , vkSj
vks dk dgha&dgha ^v* gks tkrk gSA tSls&&
lks + lhyok = l lhyok] ,lks + vRFkks = ,l vRFkks
,lks + /Eeks = ,l /Eeks] ;kpds + vkxrss = ;kpdekxrs
5- fofrLlsos ok& ;fn bfr 'kCn ds ckn ,o 'kCn vkrk gks rks bfr dks
fodYi ls bRo vkns'k gks tkrk gSA ;Fkk&&
bfr + ,o = bRoso] fodYi ls bPpso Hkh
3-3 fuXxghr lfU/
ikfy Hkk"kk esa fuXxfgr (vuqLokj) dks O;atuksa esa gh ekuk tkrk gS fdUrq lfU/&
izdj.k esa mlls lEc¼ lfU/&fu;eksa dks O;atu lfU/ esa u j[kdj] Lora=k :i ls j[kk
tkrk gSA bl oxZ ds izeq[k fu;e ;gka lksnkgj.k fn, tk jgs gSaµ 47

ikfy izcks/ 1- fuXxfgraµlfU/ djrs le; dgha dgha fuXxghr (vuqqLokj) dk vkxe gks
tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ
pD[kq + mnikfn = pD[kqa mnikfn
r + lHkkoks = ralHkkoks
vo + fljks = voafljks
iqqfje + tkfr = iqfjea tkfr
v.kq + Fkqykfu = v.kqa Fkqykfu
2- yksiksµdgha&dgha iwoZ 'kCn ds vUr esa fo|eku fuXxfgr (vuqLokj) dk]
lfU/ gksus ij yksi gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
cq¼kua + 'kklua = cq¼kulklua
;sla + vga = ;sl + vga = ;slkga
dFka + vga = dFk + vga = dFkkga
fonwua + vXxa = fonwu + vXxa = fonwuXxa
3- oXxs oXxUrksµ;fn fuXxghr (vuqLokj) ls ijs dksbZ oXkhZ; O;atu vkrk gS rks
dHkh&dHkh ml fuXxghr (vuqLokj) ds LFkku ij oxZ dk iape o.kZ gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
ra + djksfr = rÄ~djksfr] ra + pjfr = r×pjfr
ra + Bkua = r.Bkua] ra + ikfr = rEikfr
ra + /ua = rU/ua
4- ijLjLlµdHkh&dHkh fuXxghr (vuqLokj) ls ijs vkus okys Loj dk yksi gks
tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ
fda + bnkfu = fdUnkfu] vya + bnkfu = vyankfu
Roa + vfl = Roafl] vfHkuUnqa + bfr = vfHkuUnqafr
fodYi ls fdfenkfu] vyfenkfu] Roefl] vfHkuUnq bfr Hkh gksrk gSA
5- ;sofg lq××ks&;fn fuXxghr ds ckn ;k] ,o rFkk fg 'kCn vkrs gSa rks fuXxghr
(vuqLokj) fodYi ls ×k esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA tSlsµ
;a + ;nso = ;×k~ + ;nso = ;××knso
ra + ,o = r×k~] ,o = r××kso
ra + fg = r×k~ + fr×g = rf×g
6- ;s lLlaµ; 'kCn ijs gksus ij la 'kCn ds fuXxghr dk fodYi ls ×k gks tkrk
gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ
la + ;qÙka = l×k~ + ;qÙka = l××kqÙka
48 la + ;eks = l×k~ + ;eks = l××keks
la + ;ksx = l×k~ + ;ksx = l××kksx ikfy O;kdj.k
fodYi ls la;qÙk] la;eks rFkk la;ksx HkhA

7- e;nkljs&Loj ijs gksus ij dHkh&dHkh fuXxghr e] ; rFkk n esa Hkh ifjofrZr
gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
ra + vga = re + vga = rega
,ra + voksp = ,rnoksp
ra + bna = rfena] fodYi ls rf;na Hkh
ra + vya = reya
8- Nk Gks&;fn N 'kCn ds ckn dksbZ Hkh Loj vkos rks fodYi ls G~ dk vkxe
gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
N + vaxa = NGÄ~xa
N + vk;rua = NGk;rua] N + vfHk××kk = NGfHk××kk
9- ;orjxk pkxek&Loj ;fn ckn esa jgs rks fodYi ls e] ;] n] o] u] r] j
vkSj x dk vkxe gksrk gSA ;Fkkµ
ygq + ,Llfr = ygq;sLlfr
fpja + vk;kfr = fpjUuk;kfr
brks + vk;kfn = brks uk;kfn
vTt + vk;kfn = vTtrXxs
vÙk + vR;efHk××kk; = vÙknRFkefHk××kk;
fr + vfÄ~xda = frofÄ~xda
10- roXxoj.kkua ;s poXxc;×kk&;fn ^;* ckn esa gks rks roxZ (r] Fk] n] / vkSj
u) dk poxZ (p] N] t] >] ×k) rFkk o~] j~] .k~] dks Øe'k% c~] ;~] ×k~ vkns'k gksrk gSA ;Fkkµ
;fn + ,oa = ;n~ + ;~ + ,oa ;Ttso
ifj + ,luk = ij~ + ;~ = ,luk + iÕ;sluk
iksD[kj.kh + ;ks = iksD[kj×kh + ;ks = iksD[kj××kks
11- rnfeuknhfu&fuEufyf[kr lfU/ fuikr gSµ
ra + bfeuk = rnfeuk
lfda + vkxkeh = ldnkxkeh
lafo/k; + vogkjks = lafonkogkjks
okfjuks + okgdks = oykgdks
thou + ewrks = thewrks
No + l;ua = lqlkua 49

8- lfU/ fdls dgrs gSa\
9- lfU/ ds fdrus Hksn gSa\
10- fuXxghr dk D;k vFkZ gS\
3-6 lekl
lekl dk 'kCnkFkZ gS la{ksiA pwafd ;g inksa dk gksrk gS blfy, în&la{ksi* dguk
vf/d mfpr gksxkA nks ;k nks ls vf/d foHkfDr;qDr fHkUukFkZd inksa dk ,dkFkhZHkko
lekl dgykrk gSA lekl esa 'kCn vkSj vFkZ nksuksa dk ,dhdj.k vko';d gSA ,dhdj.k
dh bl izfØ;k esa dHkh iwoZ inkFkZ iz/ku gks tkrk gS rks dHkh f}rh; inkFkZ] dHkh nksuksa
gh iz/ku gks tkrs gSa rks dHkh nksuksa ls brj inkFkZA
ikfy O;kdj.k esa lekl ds iz;kstu ij Hkh fopkj fd;k x;k gSA ^:i&flf¼*
'kh"kZd iqLrd esa dgk x;k gS fd lekl dk iz;kstu ,dinRo rFkk ,dfoHkfDrRo gSA
oLrqr% ,dinRo gh ,dfoHkfDrRo gSA lekl esa tks nks foHkfDr;qDr in leLr gksrs gSa
mu nksuksa dh foHkfDr;ka yqIr gks tkrh gSa vkSj izÑfrek=k vof'k"V jgrh gSA rnqijkUr mu
nksuksa ds va'kksa dks vU; ukeksa ds leku gh foHkfDr] fyax] opu vkfn iznku fd;k tkrk
gSA laLÑr esa leLr inksa esa lfU/ vfuok;Z ekuh tkrh gS] fdUrq ikfy esa dHkh&dHkh bl
fu;e dh vogsyuk Hkh dj nh tkrh gSA
laLÑr vkSj ikfy esa lekl ds Lo:i rFkk Hksnksa esa ewyr% dksbZ vUrj ugha gS]
fdUrq ikfy esa dHkh&dHkh laLÑr fu;eksa ds foijhr iz;ksx Hkh ns[ks tkrs gSaA mDr nksuksa
Hkk"kkvksa ds lfU/&fu;eksa esa vUrj gksus ds dkj.k leklksa esa Hkh fofHkUurk vk tkrh gSA
laLÑr ds leku ikfy esa Hkh lekl ds N% Hksn ekus tkrs gSaµ (1) vO;;hHkko] (2)
rRiq#"k] (3) deZ/kj;] (4) f}xq] (5) }U} vkSj (6) cgqozhfgA ikfy esa dHkh&dHkh
Lora=k izÑfr okys lekl Hkh fn[krs gSaA
3-6-1 vO;;hHkko (vla[;) lekl
vO;;hHkko esa ftu nks inksa dk lekl gksrk gS muesa izFke in izk;%
vO;; jgrk gS vkSj nwljk in laKkA lekl gksus ij ;g in (leLr in) vO;; ds leku
izk;% uiqaldfyax] izFkek foHkfDr] ,dopu esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA èofu ifjorZu ds
vfrfjDr] laLÑr ikfy rFkk fgUnh esa bl lekl esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gSA
blds izeq[k fu;e fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
(1) foHkfDr] lEifÙk] lkdY; vHkko] ;Fkk] i'pkr~ vkSj ;qxin&bu
vFkks± esa vO;; ds lkFk ;g lekl gksrk gSA vkpk;Z eksXxYyku us bls bl izdkj lw=kc¼
fd;k gS& ^vla[;a foHkfÙlEifÙlkdY;k&Hkko;FkkiPNk;qxinRFks* blds dqN mnkgj.k
fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
foHkfDr & bRFkhlq dFkk ioÙk&vf/ bRFkh (vf/fRFk)
lEifÙk & lEiUua czãa&lczãa lfef¼ fHkD[kkua&lqfHkD[ka
lehi & uxjLl lehia&miuxja] xaxk; lehi&mixaxa
50 lkdY; & lg fr.ksu&lfr.ka
vHkko & efD[kdkua vHkkoks&fuEefD[kda] vfrxrkfu fr.kkfu&fufÙk.ka ikfy O;kdj.k
;Fkk & :iLl ;ksXx&vuq:ia lfÙka vufrdEe&;FkklfÙk

i'pkr~ & jFkLl iPNk vuqjFka
;qxin & lgpDdsu&lpDda
(2) vo/kj.k (bruk) ds vFkZ esa ^;ko* 'kCn ds lkFk ;g lekl gksrk
gSA eksXxYyku ds 'kCnksa esa ^;koko/kjks*A ;Fkkµ ;ko thoks rko&;kothoa (vkthou)
(3) ifj] vi] vk] ofg] frjks] iqjs iPNk&bu 'kCnksa dks iapE;Ur 'kCnksa
ds lkFk lekl gksrk gS vkSj oSdfYid :i ls f}rh;kUr 'kCnksa ds lkFk Hkh (iPpikckfgfrjks
iqjs iPNkok i×pE;k)A blds mnkgj.k izLrqr gSaµ
ifjiCcra ofLl nsoks ¾ ifjiCcrk
viiCcra ofLl nsoks ¾ viiCcrk
vkikVfyiqÙka ofLl nsoks ¾ vkikVfyiqÙk
cfgxkea ofLl nsoks ¾ cfgxkek
(4) vksjs] mifj] ifV] ikjs] eT>s] gsV~B] m¼] v/ks] vUrks&bu 'kCnksa dk
"k"B~;Ur 'kCnksa ds lkFk fodYi ls lekl gksrk gSA eksXxYyku dk lw=k gSµ
^vksjsifjifVikjseT>sgsV~Bq¼kUrks ok NfV~B;kA* blds dqN mnkgj.k uhps fn, tk jgk gSaµ
xaxk; vksjs & vksjs xaxa
fl[kjLl mifj & mifjfl[kja
lksrLl ifV & ifVlksra
;equk; ikjs & ikjs;equa
xaxk; eT>s & gsVB~ kiklkna
iklknLl gsV~Bk & vrksiklkna
xaxk; vFkks & v/ksxxa a
bUgha 'kCnksa ds rRiq#"k ds vk/kj ij xaxvksja (xaxksj)] fl[kjksifj]
xaxvèkks (xaxèkks) vkfn :i Hkh cusaxsA
(5) dqN fuikr lekl Hkh gksrs gSaA
frV~BfUr xkoksa ;fLea dkys & frV~Bdkyks
ogfUr xkoksa ;fLea dkys & ogXxqdkyks
vk;fUr xkoks ;fLea dkys & vk;frxoa
[kys ;ok ;fLea dkys & [ky;soa
(6) lkehI; vkSj vk;ke (foLrkj) ds vFkZ esa vuq milxZ ds lkFk Hkh
vO;;hHkko lekl gksrk gS (lehik;kesLouq)A mnkgj.kkFkZµ
51

ikfy izcks/ vuqoua vlfu xrkA vuqxaxa okjk.klhA
ij la & ijkslra
ij lgla & ijkslgla
3-6-2 rRiq#"k (rIiqfjl) lekl
tgk¡ nks inksa dk lekl gksus ij iwoZ in dh foHkfDr dk yksi gks tkrk
gS] ogk¡ rRiq#"k lekl gksrk gSA ;g foHkfDr f}rh;k ls ysdj lIreh rd gks ldrh gSA
blh vk/kj ij rRiq#"k ds N% Hksn fd, tkrs gSaA ;gka buds dqN mnkgj.k izLrqr gSa %
f}rh;k & vj××kaxrks&vj××kxrks
xkeaxrks&xkexrks
eqgrq l
a [q ka&eqgrq lq[ka
lq[ka iÙks&lq[kiÙks
r`rh;k & vfluk fNUuks&vflfPNUuks
cq¼su Hkkflrks& cq¼Hkkflrks
lq[ksu lgxra&lq[klgxra
fcTtquk rkfMrks&fcTtqrkfMrks
r`rh;k rRiq#"k esa dgha&dgha eè;in dk yksi Hkh gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ
nf/uk mikflÙka Hkkstua&nf/Hkkstua xqGsu feLlks vksnua&xqGksnua
prqFkhZ & ;wik; nk#&;wink#
jtuk; nksf.k&jtunksf.k
i×peh & xkeLekfuXxrks&xkefuXxrks
#D[kLek ifrrks&#D[kifrrks
lkluEgk pqrks&lklupqrks
"k"Bh&"k"Bh rRiq#"k esa iwoZin esa fo|eku vUR; bZ vkSj mQ ÉLo esa
ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSaA blds mnkgj.k izLrqr gSaµ
unh;k rhja&ufnrhja
pUnuLl xU/ks&pUnuxU/ks
j××kks iqfjlks&jktiqfjlks
unh;k lksrks&ufnlksrks
lIreh & vj××ks oklks&vj××koklks
nkus vfHkjrks&nkufHkjrks] nkukfHkjrks
/Ees yhuks&/Eeyhuks
dqN vU; rRiq#"k
(d) vyqd~ rRiq#"k&blesa iwoZin dh foHkfDr dk yksi ugha gksrk tks
rRiq#"k dh iz/ku fo'ks"krk gSA vyqIr foHkfDr ds lkFk gh mÙkj in dk lekl gks tkrk
gSA tSlsµ
mjfl yksek vfLr bfr & mjflykseks
52
iHka djksfr bfr & iHkadjks ikfy O;kdj.k
vUrs olfr bfr & vUrsoklh

([k) miin rRiq#"k&blesa nwljk in /krq :i gksrk gS vkSj lekl gksus
ij tgk¡ iwoZin dh foHkfDr dk yksi gksrk gS ogk¡ mÙkj in dh u dsoy foHkfDr cfYd
/krq dk Hkh dqN va'k yqIr gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ
mjlk xPNfr bfr& mjxk
iknsu ficfr bfr & ikniks
dqEHka djksfr bfr & dqEHkdkjks
3-6-3 deZ/kj; (dEe/kj;) lekl
tgka fo'ks"k.k vkSj fo'ks"; inksa dk lekl gksrk gS] mls deZ/kj; lekl
dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,µ
uhy×p ra mIiya & uhyqIiya (uhyksRiy)
[kfÙk;k p lk d××k pkfr & [kfÙk;d××kk
yksfgr××k ra pUnu×pkfr & yksfgrpUnua
lhyeso /ua & lhy/ua
û* ds lkFk foHkfDr;qDr 'kCn dk lekl gksus ij deZ/kj; gh gksrk gSA
bls dqN fo}ku~ U;×k~ lekl Hkh dgrs gSaA ;Fkkµ
u vLl dqyefRFk bfr & udqyks
u vLl [kefRFk bfr & u[kks
u vksdkla & vuksdkla
u czkã.kks & vczkã.kks
u vD[kkra & vuD[kkra
^dq*] î* vkfn ds lkFk foHkfDr;qDr 'kCnksa dk lekl gksus ij deZ/kj;
lekl gksrk gSA mÙkjin Loj ls vkjEHk gks rks ^dq* dks ^dn* rFkk vYikFkZ esa iz;qDr gksus
ij ^dq* dks ^dk* vkns'k gks tkrk gSA mÙkjin îqfjl* gksus ij dq dks fodYi ls ^dk*
vkns'k gksrk gSA blds dqN mnkgj.k fn, tk jgs gSaA
dqfRlrks czkã.kks & dqczkã.kks
dq yo.ka & dkyo.ka
dq iqfjlks & dkiqfjlks] fodYi ls dqiqfjlks Hkh
iXxrks vkpfj;ks & ikpfj;ks
vfrDdUrks e×pa & vfre×pks
vodqV~Ba dksfdyk; oua & vodksfdya
53

ikfy izcks/ ifjfxykus vT>suk; & ifj;T>suks
fuXxrks dkslfEc;k & fuDdkslfEc
3-6-4 f}xq lekl
tgka iwoZ in la[;kokph fo'ks"k.k gks mls f}xq lekl dgk tkrk gSA ;g
uiqaldfyaxkar gksrk gSA dqN fopkjd bls deZ/kj; dk gh vax ekurs gSa tcfd nwljs
Lora=k lekl ekuus ds i{k/j gSaA Lo:i dh Li"Vrk ds fy, bls Lora=k ekuuk gh vf/
d ;qfDrlaxr gSA oS;kdj.k eksXxYyku us bldk foospu deZ/kj; ds vUrxZr gh fd;k
gSA
f}xq ds nks Hksn gksrs gSaµlekgkj f}xq vkSj vlekgkj f}xqA lekgkj f}xq
lewgokpd gksrk gSA ;g mfYyf[kr oLrqvksa ds lewg dk Kku djkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ
i×pUua xqUua lekgkjks & i×pxoa
f}Uua jÙkhua lekgkjks & f}jÙka
frUua yksdkua lekgkjks & fryksda
prUua lPpkua lekgkjks & prqlPpa
vlekgkj f}xq lewgokpd ugha gksrk] cfYd mlls mfYyf[kr la[;k
okys O;fDr;ksa ;k inkFkks± dk cks/ gksrk gSA bls ,d mnkgj.k ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA
^pkj fn'kk* dh O;k[;k ;fn ;ksa dh tk, fd ^pkjksa fn'kkvksa dk lewg* rks lekgkj f}xq
gksxk fdUrq ;fn bls ^pkj fn'kk,a* bl :i esa Li"V fd;k tk, tks dsoy fn'kkvksa
(i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~) dk cks/ djkrk gS rks bls vlekgkj f}xq tk;sxkA blds dqN mnkgj.k nsuk
izlax izkIr gSµ
prLlks fnlk & prqfnlk
r;ks Hkok & frHkok
i×p bfUnz;kf.k & if×pfUnz;kf.k
3-6-5 }U} (}Un) lekl
}U} esa nksuksa in iz/ku gksrs gSaA ;g vkSj (p) ds vFkZ esa gksrk gS ftldk
lekl gksus ij yksi gks tkrk gSA blds nks izeq[k Hksn gSaA brjsrj }U} vkSj lekgkj }U}A
brjsrj }U} esa ftu nks inkFkks± ;k O;fDr;ksa dk lekl gksrk gS] os viuk egÙo
i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ j[krs gSa rFkk leLr in dk opu nksuksa inksa ds la;qDr opu ds vuqlkj gksrk
gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ
le.kks p czkã.kks p & le.kczkã.kk
pfUneks p lqfj;ks p & pfUnelqfj;k
vXxh p /weks p & vfXx/wek
/Eeks p vRFkks p & /EeRFkk
;eks p o#.kks p & ;eo#.kk
54
czkã.kks p xgifrdks p & czkã.kxgifrdk ikfy O;kdj.k
nsok p euqLlk p & nsoeuqLlk

eq[ka p ukflda p & eq[kukfld
lekgkj }U} esa nksuksa in feydj lewg dks O;Dr djrs gSaA vr% izk;%
uiqaldfyax vkSj ,dopu esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaA izk.kh ;k lsuk ds vaxksa] fuR; cSfj;ksa] {kqnz
tUrqvksa] xzaFkksa vkSj ufn;ksa ds vFkks± esa ;g lekgkj }U} gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ
dhVa p iraxa p rsla lekgkjks & dhViraxa
pD[kqa p lksra p rsla lekgkjks & pD[kqlksr
dkdks p mywdks p rsla lekgkjks & dkdksywda
eqjta p xkseq[ka p rsla lekgkjks & eqjtxkse[q ka
xhra p okfnra p rsla lekgkjks & xhrokfnra
vfl p pEea p rsla lekgkjks & vflpEea
3-6-6 cgqozhfg (cgqohfg) lekl
cgqozhfg lekl vU; in&iz/ku gSA blesa iwoZ in rFkk mÙkj in feydj
fdlh vU; O;fDr ;k inkFkZ dk cks/ djkrs gSa&tSls ihrkEcj (ihr$vEcj) ;fn ;g ihys
diM+s dks O;Dr djs rks deZ/kj; lekl gksxk ysfdu cgqozhfg esa îhyk gS diM+k
ftldk* ;g foxzg gksdj] ;g Ñ".k dks |ksfrr djsxkA bl izdkj Ñ".k dk Hkko u ihr
'kCn esa gS vkSj u vEcj esa] cfYd ;g nksuksa ls fHkUu oLrq ;k O;fDr gh gSA eksXxYyku
vkSj dPpk;u nksuksa gh oS;kdj.kksa us viuh ifjHkk"kk esa vU;kFkZ dh iz/kurk dks gh egRo
fn;k gSA ;gka cgqozhfg ds dqN mnkgj.k izLrqr gSaµ
ftrkfu bfUnz;kfu ;su lks & ftfrfUnz;ks
yEck d..kks ;L; lks & yEcd..kks
fNUu gRFk ;Ll lks & fNUugRFkks
vfRFk[khja ;Llk lks & vfRFk[khjk
nfD[k.kLlk p iqCcLlk p fnlk; ;nUrjkya & nfD[k.k&iqCckfnlk
dY;k.k Hkfj;k ;L; lks & dY;k.kHkfj;k
nh?kk tÄ~?kk ;Ll lks & nh?ktÄ~?kks
pUnks fo; eq[ka ;Llk lk & pUneq[kh
dqekjh Hkjh;k ;Ll lks & dqekjHkfj;k
n.MksgRFks ;Ll lks & n.MgRFkks
i××kk ,o cya ;Ll lks & i××kcyks
u lfUr iqÙk vLl & viqÙks
55

11- lekl fdls dgrs gSa\
12- lekl ds fdrus Hksn gSa\
13- deZ/kj; lekl fdls dgrs gSa\
3-7 dkjd
in ;k :i nks rÙoksa ls feydj curk gS tks izkfrifnd vkSj izR;; dgykrs gSaA
bUgsa gh vkt Hkk"kkfoKku dh 'kCnkoyh esa Øe'k% vFkZrÙo vkSj lEcUèkrÙo dgk tkrk gSA
ikfy :i ^jkeLl* dk fo'ys"k.k djus ls ;s nksuksa ?kVd Li"V gks tk,axsA blesa
^jke* ewy izkfrifnd gS tks fdlh laca/ dks ugha crkrk] cfYd oLrqek=k dk vfLrRo
fl¼ djrk gSA blds lkFk tqM+k gqvk ^Ll* va'k izR;; gS tks jke dk laca/ crkrk gSA bl
va'k ls gh laca/ dkjd rFkk ,dopu dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA bl izdkj izFke va'k
dsoy vFkZ dks |ksfrr djrk gS vkSj f}rh; va'k laca/ ek=k dksA blh izdkj /krq :i
îBfr* esa îB* va'k i<+us dh fØ;k dks O;Dr djrk gS vkSj ^fr* orZeku dky] izFke
iq#"k vkSj ,dopu dksA fu"d"kZr% ewy 'kCn ;k izkfrikfnd esa laca/ fo'ks"k dks |ksfrr
djus ds fy, dqN izR;; ;k foHkfDr;k¡ tksM+h tkrh gSa] vr% laca/fo"k;d vFkZ
foHkfDr;ksa ds vius vFkZ gSaA bu vFkks± dk laca/ fØ;k ls gksus ds dkj.k ;s vFkZ gh dkjd
dgykrs gSaA dHkh rks foHkfDr;k¡ dkjd dks crkrh gSa vkSj dHkh dqN fo'ks"k 'kCnksa ds ;ksx
dkjd ls fHkUu jgdj vFkZ O;Dr dj nsrs gSaA bUgsa Øe'k% dkjd&foHkfDr vkSj
miin&foHkfDr dgrs gSaA
ikfyHkk"kk esa Hkh laLÑr ds leku lkr gh foHkfDr;k¡ gksrh gSaA lEcks/u dks
^vkyiu* dgk tkrk gS vkSj blesa izk;% izFkek dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA ikfy esa foHkfDr;k¡
laLÑr ls dqN fHkUu :i esa iz;qDr gksrh gSA dkjdksa ds foHkfDr ,oa muds iz;qDr fpUgksa
dks bl izdkj tkuk tk ldrk gSA
3-7-1 izFkek foHkfDr (iBek foHkfÙk)
1- dr`ZokP; ds drkZ esa vFkok izkfrifnd ds vFkZek=k dk Kku
djkus esa izFkek foHkfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
(d) cq¼ks /Eea idklfr&cq¼ /eZ dks izdkf'kr djrs gSaA
([k) vfXx] iQykfu vkfn
2- vkeU=k.k (lEcks/u) esa ^vkyiu foHkfÙk* dk iz;ksx gksrk gS
ftlesa izFkek foHkfDr gh yxrh gSA tSlsµ Hkks iqfjl! fda Roa
lhya u jD[kfl\
3-7-2 f}rh;k foHkfDr (nqfr;k foHkfÙk)
1- drZòkP; ds deZ esa f}rh;k foHkfDr iz;qDr gksrh gSA ;Fkkµ
lwnks vknsua ipfr & ikpd pkoy cukrk gSA
ckyks vkfnPpa iLlfr & cPpk lw;Z dks ns[krk gSA
56
2- fØ;k] xq.k rFkk nzO; ds yxkrkj gksus ij le; rFkk nwjhokpd 'kCnksa ikfy O;kdj.k
esa f}rh;k foHkfDr gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&
lke.ksjks ekla /Eea iBfr & Jke.ksj ,d ekl /eZ i<+rk gSA
HkPpks dksla xPNfl & ukSdj ,d dksl tkrk gSA
3- f/ (f/Ddkj)] vUrjk (chp)] ifr (izfr)] fcuk] vfHkrks (nksuksa
vksj)] mHk;rks (nksuksa vksj)] ifjrks (pkjksa vksj)] lCcrks (lc vksj) vkfn ds ;ksx esa
f}rh;k foHkfDr gksrh gSA tSls&
f/jRFkq ea vyla iqÙka & eq> vkylh csVs dks f/Ddkj gSA
u flT>fr /Eeks fofj;a fcuk & iq#"kkFkZ ds fcuk /eZ liQy ugha gksrkA
vUrjk p jktxga vUrjk p ukyUnk & jktx`g vkSj ukyUnk ds chpA
Hkwia vUrjsu iklknks u lksHkfr & jktk ds fcuk egy 'kksfHkr ugha gksrkA
rGkxa vfHkrks #D[kk frV fUr
ò & rkykc ds nksuksa vksj o`{k [kM+s gSaA
xkea ifjrks lCcrks ok [ksÙk & xzke ds nksuksa vksj rkykc 'kksfHkr gSaA
4- ladsr djus] Hksn crykus] O;kIr djus rFkk Hkkx gksus ds vFkZ esa
vfHk] ifr (izfr)] ;fn vkSj vuq 'kCnksa ds ;ksx esa f}rh;k foHkfDr gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&&
iCcra vfHktyfr vuyks & ioZr dh vksj vkx yxh gSA
lks #D[ka #D[ka vfHkfrV fr
ò & og o`{k&o`{k ds uhps [kM+k gksrk gSA
nsonÙks ilUuks cq¼euq & nsonÙk cq¼ ds vuqdwy gSA
lk/q nsonÙs ekrja ifj & nsonÙk eka ds izfr Hkyk gSA
#D[keuq foTtksrrs foTtq & o`{k dh vksj fctyh pedrh gSA
,ra Hkkxa ea ifjHkofr & og Hkkx esjs fgLls dk gSA vuqHkofr ok
5- lkFk gksus ds vFkZ esa] vuq ds ;ksx esa f}rh;k foHkfDr gksrh gSA ;Fkk&
vkpfj;a vuqxPNfr&flLlks & f'k"; vkpk;Z ds lkFk tkrk gSA
6- fjrs (Írs)] fcuk rFkk v××=k (vU;=k) 'kCnksa ds ;ksx esa f}rh;k
foHkfDr gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&
l/Eea fjrs v××kks dks /Eeks & l¼eZ ds fcuk dkSu vU; /eZ j{kk tus
jD[kfr dj ldrk gSA
tya fcuk #D[kks lqD[kfr & ikuh ds fcuk o`{k lw[k tkrk gSA
jkea v××k=k dks v××kks & jke ds fcuk dkSu vU; yksdj{kd yksdjD[kdks
gS\
7- dHkh&dHkh r`rh;k] "k"Bh vkSj lIreh ds vFkZ esa Hkh f}rh;k foHkfDr
gksrh gSA ;Fkk&
57

ikfy izcks/ lps ea le.kks xksreks ukyfiLlfrA
vfiLlq ea vfXuosLlu frLlks miek;ks ifVHkalqA
,da le;s Hkxok lkofRFk;a fogjfrA
3-7-3 r`rh;k foHkfDr (rfr;k foHkfÙk)
1- deZokP; rFkk HkkookP; ds drkZ esa] dj.k dkjd rFkk
fØ;kfo'ks"k.k esa r`rh;k foHkfDr gksrh gSA ;Fkk&
deZokP; & j××kk /ua nh;rs&jktk }kjk /u fn;k tkrk gSA ckysu pUnks
fnLlfr& ckyd }kjk pUnzek ns[kk tkrk gSA
dkj.k dkjd&n.Msu xksikyks xkoks ikpsfr&Xokyk n.M ls xk;ksa dks
gkadrk gSA
n.Msu lIia igjfr&n.M ls liZ ij pksV djrk gSA
nqpDdsu xkea ;kfr&lkbfdy ls xkao tkrk gSA
fØ;k fo'ks"k.k&xksÙksu xksreks&xks=k ls xkSre gSA
ek.koks ikidks uke ukesu&ckyd uke ls ikid gSA
HkkookP;& ckydsfg v=k Hkw;rs&yM+ds ;gka ekStwn gSaA
lCcsfg v=k Hkw;s;;&lcdks ;gka mifLFkr gksuk pkfg,A
2- lg (lkFk) cks/d 'kCnksa ds ;ksx esa r`rh;k foHkfDr gksrh gSA
tSl&s
iqÙksu lf¼ vkxrks & iq=k ds lkFk tkrk gSA
flLlsfg lg lea ok
vkxPNfr vkpfj;ks & vkpk;Z f'k"; ds lkFk vkrk gSA
3- rqY; ds vFkZ esa r`rh;k foHkfDr gksrh gS] fodYi ls "k"Bh Hkh ekU;
gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&
vkpfj; lfnlks flLlks & f'k"; vkpk;Z ds leku gSA
tudsu rqY;ks iqÙks & iq=k firk ds leku gSA
^vkpkfj;Ll lfnlks flLlks* rFkk ^tudLl rqY;ks iqÙks* Hkh Bhd gSA
4- y{k.k rFkk gsrq ds vFkZ es r`rh;k foHkfDr gksrh gSA ;Fkk&
y{k.k&frn.Msu ifjCcktdks cqT>fr & f=kn.M ls laU;klh le>k tkrk
gSA
jkeks u;usu dk.kks iknsu [k××kks vfRFk & jke vka[k ls dk.kk rFkk iSj ls
yaxM+k gSA
gsrq&lks vUusu b/ olfr & /eZ ls ;'k c<+rk gSA
58
5- fcuk vkSj v××k=k (vU;=k) ds ;ksx esa r`rh;k foHkfDr gksrh gSA ikfy O;kdj.k
;Fkk&
tysu fcuk #D[kks lqD[kfr & ty ds fcuk o`{k lw[k tkrk gSA
/Eesu v××k=k dks v××ks & /eZ ds vkykok vkSj dkSu lgk;dks lgk;d gSA
6- iqFk (i`Fkd~) vkSj ukuk (fHkUu) 'kCnksa ds ;ksx esa r`rh;k
foHkfDr gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&&
iqFkxsu xkesu lks vj××ka vf/olfr & xkao ls nwj og vj.; esa jgrk gSA
lksxr/Eesu ukukfrfRFk;/Eeks & lqxr /eZ ls fHkUu gh rSfFkZdks dk /eZ gSA
7- dHkh&dHkh lIreh ds LFkku ij Hkh r`rh;k foHkfDr dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA ;Fkk&
rsu [kks iqu le;su Hkxok lÙkga & ml le; Hkxoku~ ,d lIrkg ,d
,d iYyÄ~dsu fuflUuks gksfr gh iyax ij iM+s jgsA
3-7-4 prqFkhZ foHkfDr (prqRFkh foHkfÙk)
1- lEiznku esa prqFkhZ foHkfDr gksrh gSA ;Fkk&&
czkã.kku Hkkstua nnkfr & czkã.kksa dks Hkkstu nsrk gSA
;kpdLl fHkD[ka nnkfr & ;kpd dks Hkh[k nsrk gSA
2- ^mlds fy,* bl vFkZ esa Hkh prqFkhZ foHkfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS ;Fkk&
yksdfgrk; cq¼ks/Ee idklfr & yksdfgr ds fy, cq¼ /eZ dks
izdkf'kr djrs gSaA
lwnks ikdk; Hkkstu?kja xPNfr & ikpd [kkuk cukus ds fy, jlksbZ tkrk gSA
ek.kodkua vu×>k;ks #Ppfr & cPpksa dks vuè;k; vPNk yxrk gSA
3- flyk?k] guq] Bk] li] /kj] fiV] dqN] nqg] bLl&bu /krqvksa ds
iz;ksx esa dkjd dh lEiznku laKk gksrh gS vr% prqFkhZ foHkfDr dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ&
cq¼Ll v××kfrfRFk;k fig;fUrA
mifrV òs;; lD;iqÙku cM~<dhA
nqg;fr fnlkua es?kksA eÕga lirsA
lqo..ka rs /kkj;sA nsonÙLl dks/;frA
3-7-5 i×peh foHkfDr
1- viknku dkjd esa i×peh foHkfDr gksrh gSA tSls&
xgifrdks pksjLek jD[kfr & x`gifr pksjksa ls j{kk djrk gSA
59
ikik fpÙk fuokj;s & iki ls fpÙk gVkrk gSA
ikfy izcks/ ek.koks xkeLek vkxPNfr & fo|kFkhZ xkao ls vkrk gSA
2- j{k.kkFkZd /krqvksa ds ;ksx esa ftlls j{kk dh tk,] mlesa
i×peh foHkfDr gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&
dkdsfg jD[kfUr r.Mqyk & dkSvksa ls pkoyksa dh j{kk djrs gSaA
3- otZu ds vFkZ esa ^vi* vkSj îfj* 'kCnksa ds ;ksx esa i×peh
fofHkDr gksrh gSA ;Fkk&
vi ikVfyiqÙLek cqV~Bks nsoksA
ifj ikVfyiqÙLek cqV~Bks nsoksA
4- izfrfuf/ vkSj izfrnku vFkZ okys îfr* ds ;ksx esa i×peh
foHkfDr gksrh gSA tSlsµ
cq¼Lek ifr lkfjiqÙks & lkfjiq=k cq¼ ds izfrfuf/ gSA
?kra rsylk ifr nnfr & rsy ysdj ?kh nsrk gSA
5- fjrs (Írs)] fcuk] v××k=k (vU;=k)] iqFk (i`Fkd~) rFkk ukuk
(fHkUu) 'kCnksa ds ;ksx esa fodYi ls i×peh foHkfDr gksrh gSA ;Fkkµ
jkeLek fjrs v××kks dks tuks [kD[kfrA
jkeLek v××k=k dks v××kks yksdjD[kdksA
tyLek fcuk #D[kks [kqD[kfrA
iqFkxso xkeLek lks vj××ka vf/olfrA
lksxr/kEeLek ukuk frfRFk;/EeksA
6- dHkh&dHkh r`rh;k foHkfDr ds LFkku ij Hkh i×peh foHkfDr dk
iz;ksx ikfy lkfgR; esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
vuuqcks/k vIifVos/k prqUua vfj;lPpkua ;FkkHkwra vnLlukA
3-7-6 "k"Bh foHkfDr (NV~Bh foHkfÙk)
1- lEcU/ esa "k"Bh foHkfDr gksrh gSA ;Fkkµ
vkpkfj;Ll iqÙks vfRFk & vkpk;Z dk iq=k gSA
frV~BfUr /EeLl ×kkrkjks & /eZK fo|eku gSaA
2- tkfr] xq.k vkSj fØ;k dh n`f"V ls tgka vusd esa ls ,d dk
fuèkkZj.k fd;k tk,] ogka "k"Bh foHkfDr gksrh gSA tSlsµ
euqLlkua [kfÙ;ks lsV~Bks & euq";ksa esa {kf=k; Js"B gSA
nkukua /Eenkua lsV~Ba & nkuksa esa /eZnku Js"B gSA
d.gk xkohua lEiUu[khjrek & Ñ".kk xk;ksa esa vf/d nw/ nsus okyh
Js"B gSA
60
3- gsrq vFkZ okys 'kCnksa ds ;ksx esa fodYi ls "k"Bh foHkfDr gksrh gSA ikfy O;kdj.k
;Fkkµ
mnjLl gsrq bl olfrA
4- ikfy esa dHkh&dHkh f}rh;k] r`rh;k] iapeh ;k lIreh ds LFkku
ij Hkh "k"Bh dk iz;ksx ns[kk tkrk gSA ;Fkkµ
u rsla dksfp ljfr & mUgsa dksbZ Lej.k ugha djrkA
,oa esa lqra & ,slk eSaus lquk gSA
lCcs rlfUr naMLl & lHkh naM ls Mjrs gSaA
}s ;D[kka Hkxorks ilUuk vaglq& nks i{k Hkxoku~ ij izlUu gq,A
lIreh foHkfDr (lÙkeh foHkfÙk)
1- fØ;k ds vk/kj ij (vf/dj.k) esa lIreh foHkfDr gksrh gSA
;Fkkµ
lkek.ksjks vj××ks vf/olfrA
ldq.kk vkdkls fopjfUrA
ek.kodk mÕ;kus fogjfUrA
2- ftl fufeÙk ls dksbZ fØ;k lEiUu dh tk;s] ml fufeÙk esa
lIreh foHkfDr gksrh gSA tSlsµ
dq×tjks nUrslq g×trsA
vftufEg fexa g×tfrA
3- tks fØ;k vU; fØ;k dk ladsr djrh gks mlesa lIreh foHkfDr
gksrh gSaµ
vkpfj;a vkxrs flLlk mV~BfUrA
xkohlq nÕgHkkuklq xrksA
4- tgka cgqr lh oLrqvksa esa ls ,d dk fu/kZj.k fd;k tk,] ogka
fodYi ls lIreh foHkfDr gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ
nqtslq czkã.kks lsV~BksA
prqIinsLrq lhgks] ePNslq vkuUnePNks] ldq.kslq lqo..kgalks ekuqlslq uiks
lsVB~ ksA
5- vf/d gksus ds vFkZ esa mi'kCn rFkk Lokeh gksus ds vFkZ esa vf/
ds ;ksx esa lIreh foHkfDr gksrh gSA ;Fkkµ
mifuD[ks dgki.ka & d"kkZi.k fu"d ls vf/d gSA
vf/ i×pkyslq czãnÙks & czãnÙk ikapkykssa dk vf/ifr gSA
61

ikfy izcks/ 6- gsrq vFkZ dk Kku djkusokys 'kCnksa ds ;ksx esa ^lCc%* vkfn
loZuke ds lkFk lHkh foHkfDr;ka gks ldrh gSaA ;Fkkµ
fda dkj.kaA dsu dkj.ksuA dLl gsrqLlA
dLek gsrqLekA dLl i;kstuLlA dfLea i;kstufLeaA
7- dHkh&dHkh prqFkhZ vkSj iapeh ds LFkku ij Hkh lIreh dk iz;ksx
ikfyHkk"kk esa ns[kk tkrk gSA tSlsµ
la?ks fnUua egIiQga & la?k ds nku nsuk egkiQy gSA
dnyhlq xts jD[kfr & dsyksa ls gkfFk;ksa dks upkrs gSaA
cks/iz'u
14- dkjd fdls dgrs gSa\
15- dkjd ds fdrus Hksn gSa\
16- ikfy esa lEcks/u dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\
3-8 'kCn:i
'kCn:iksa ds vUrxZr laKk] loZuke rFkk fo'ks"k.k ls cuus okys :iksa ;k inksa dk
foospu vkrk gSA 'kCn ls lEcU/ rÙo tqM+us ij os in ;k :i dgykrs gSaA 'kCn:i rhu
lEcU/ksa dks crkrk gS % fyax] opu vkSj dkjdA tSlsµ ^jke* 'kCn ls ^jkeLl* in curk
gS tks iqafYyax ,dopu rFkk lEcU/ dkjd dks Li"V djrk gSA ikfy esa rhu fyax rFkk
nks opu gksrs gSaA fyax gSa % iqfYyax] L=khfyax vkSj uiqaldfyaxA fyax dh n`f"V ls ikfy vkSj
laLÑr esa dksbZ fo'ks"k vUrj ugha gSA ikfy esa nks opu gksrs gSa % ,dopu vkSj
vusdopuA laLÑr ds leku f}opu ;gka ugha feyrkA cgqopu dks vusdopu dgk
tkrk gSA
ikfy esa lkr foHkfDr;k¡ rFkk vkyiu (lEcks/u) gksrk gSA bl lHkh esa 'kCnksa ds
fofHkUu :i curs gSaA 'kCn esa yxus okys ikfy ds foHkfDr&fpÉ ewyr% bl izdkj gSaµ
fpÉ
dkjd foHkfDr ,dopu vusdopu
1- drkZ (dÙkk) iBek fl¹vks (,) ;ks¹vk
2- deZ (dEe) nqfr;k va ;ks¹,
3- dj.k (dj.ka) rfr;k uk¹u fg¹fHk
4- lEiznku (lEinkua) prqRFkh ;¹l¹Le ua
5- viknku (viknkua) i×peh gk¹Egk¹Lek fg¹fHk
6- lEcU/ (lkeh) NV~Bh l¹Le ua
7- vf/dj.k (vf/dj.ka) lÙkeh ,¹fEg¹fLe lq
8- lEcks/u vkyiu v¹vk¹fl (x) ;ks¹vk
62
ftl izdkj laLÑr esa 'kCn dh foHkfDr;k¡ lqi~ dgykrh gS vkSj muls O;qRiUu :i ikfy O;kdj.k
lqcUr] mlh izdkj ikfy esa bUgsa ^fllq* dgk tkrk gS vkSj buds fufeZr :iksa dks fllqUrA
ikfy esa laLÑr ds izHkkoLo:i gh prqFkhZ vkSj "k"Bh nks foHkfDr;k¡ ekuh tkrh
gSA oS;kdj.k eksXxYyku us prqFkhZ vkSj "k"Bh tks nks foHkfDr;k¡ ekuh gS muesa lEiznku rFkk
lEcU/ dk Hksn fn[kkuk gh rkRi;Z gS vU;Fkk 'kCnksa ds :iksa ds vkèkkj ij ;g Hksn Kkr
gh ugha gks ldrkA
ikfy ds dqN vfrizpfyr ekud 'kCnksa ds :i ;gk¡ izLrqr fd;s tk jgs gSaA 'ks"k
'kCnksa ds fyax] rFkk vU; o.kZ ds vk/kj ij blh izdkj :i cusaxsA vr% vof'k"V 'kCnksa
ds :i bUgha ds vk/kj ij le>us pkfg,A
vdkjkUr iqfYyÄõ& cq¼
foHkfÙk ,dopu vusdopu
iBek cq¼ks] cq¼k
nqfr;k cq¼a cq¼s
rfr;k cq¼su cq¼sfg] cq¼sfHk
prqRFkh cq¼k;] cq¼Ll cq¼kua
i×peh cq¼k] cq¼Egk] cq¼Lek cq¼sfg] cq¼sfHk
NV~Bh cq¼Ll cq¼kua
lÙkeh cq¼s] cq¼fEg] cq¼fLea cq¼slq
vkyiu cq¼] cq¼k cq¼k
vdkjkUr uiqaldfyÄõ& iQy
foHkfDr ,dopu vusdopu
iBek iQya iQyk] iQykfu
nqfr;k iQya iQys] iQykfu
rfr;k iQysu iQysfg] iQysfHk
prqRFkh iQyk] iQyLl] iQykua
i×peh iQyk] iQyEgk] iQyLek] iQysfg] iQysfHk
NV~Bh iQyLl iQykua
lÙkeh iQys] iQyfEg] iQyfLea] iQyslq
vkyiu iQy] iQyk iQykfu
bdkjkUr iqfYyÄõ& eqfu
iBek eqfu equh] equ;ks 63

ikfy izcks/ nqfr;k eqfua equh] equ;ks
rfr;k eqfuuk equhfg] equhfHk
prqRFkh eqfuuks] eqfuLl equhua
i×peh eqfuuk] eqfuEgk] eqfuLek equhfg] equhfHk
NV~Bh eqfuuks] eqfuLl equhua
lÙkeh eqfufEg] eqfufLea eqfulq] equhlq
vkyiu eqfu] equh equh] equ;ks
,r (;g) iqfYyÄõ
iBek ,lks ,rs
nqfr;k ,ra] ,ua ,rs] ,us
rfr;k ,rsu ,rsfg] ,rsfHk
prqRFkh ,rLl ,rsla] ,rslkua
i×peh ,rEgk] ,rLek ,rsfg] ,rsfHk
NV~Bh ,rLl ,rsla] ,rslkua
lÙkeh ,rfEg] ,rfLea ,rslq
,r (¾;g) uiqaldfyõ
iBek ,ra ,rs] ,rkfu
nqfr;k ,ra ,rs] ,rkfu
rfr;k ,rsu ,rsfg] ,rsfHk
prqRFkh ,rLl ,rsla] ,rslkua
i×peh ,rEgk] ,rLek ,rsfg] ,rsfHk
NV~Bh ,rLl ,rsla] ,rslkua
lÙkeh ,rfEg] ,rfLea ,rslq
,r (¾;g) L=khfyõ
iBek ,lk ,rk] ,rk;ks
nqfr;k ,la ,rk] ,rk;ks
rfr;k ,rk; ,rkfg] ,rkfHk
64
prqRFkh ,frLlk;] ,frLlk] ,rk; ,rkla] ,rklkua ikfy O;kdj.k
i×peh ,rk; ,rkfg] ,rkfHk

NV~Bh ,frLlk;] ,frLlk] ,rk; ,rkla] ,rklkua
lÙkeh ,frLla] ,rLla] ,rkla ,rklq
vEg (eSa)
iBek vga e;a] vLek] vEgs] uks
nqfr;k ea] eea vEga] vEgkda] vEgs] uks
rfr;k e;k] es vEgsfg] vEgsfHk] uks
prqRFkh ee] eÕga] vEga] eea] es vLekda] vEgkda] vEga]
vEgs] uks
i×peh e;k vEgsfg] vEgsfHk
NV~Bh ee] eÕga] vEga] eea] es vLekda] vEgkda] vEga]
vEgs] uks
lÙkeh ef; vLeklq] vEgslq
rqEg (rqe)
iBek Roa] rqoa rqEgs] oks
nqfr;k ra] roa] rqoa Roa rqEga] rqEgkda] rqEgs] oks
rfr;k Ro;k] r;k] rs rqEgsfg] rqEgsfHk] oks
prqRFkh ro] rqÕga] rqEga] rs rqEgkda] rqEgs] oks
i×peh Ro;k] r;k] RoEgk rqEgsfg] rqEgsfHk
NV~Bh ro] rqÕga] rqEga] rs rqEgkda] rqEgs] oks
lÙkeh Rof;] rf; rqEgslq
mdkjkUr iqfYyõ ^firq* (¾firk) 'kCn ds :i
,dopu vusdopu
iBek firk firjks
nqfr;k firja firjs] firjks
rfr;k firjk firjsfg] firjsfHk] firwfg] firwfHk
prqRFkh firq] firquks] firqLl firjkua] firkua] firwua 65

ikfy izcks/ i×peh firjk firjsfg] firjsfHk] firwfg] firwfHk
NV~Bh firq] firquks] firqLl firjkua] firkua] firwua
lÙkeh firfj firjslq] firwlw
vkyiu firk firjks
mdkjkUr L=khfyax êkrq* (ekrk) 'kCn
,dopu vusdopu
iBek ekrk ekrjks
nqfr;k ekrja ekrjs] ekrjks
rfr;k ekrq;k] ekrjk ekrjsfg] ekrjsfHk] ekrwfg] ekrwfHk
prqRFkh ekrq;k] ekrq ekrjkua] ekrkua] ekrwua
i×peh ekrq;k] ekrjk ekrjsfg] ekrjsfHk] ekrwfg] ekrwfHk
NV~Bh ekrq;k] ekrq ekrjkua] ekrkua] ekrwua]
lÙkeh ekekrq;k] rfj ekrjslq] ekrqlq
vkdkjkUr L=khfyõ ^yrk* 'kCn ds :i
foHkfÙk ,dopu vusdopu
iBek yrk yrk] yrk;ks
nqfr;k yra yrk] yrk;ks
rfr;k yr;k yrkfg] yrkfHk
prqRFkh yrk; yrkua
i×peh yrk; yrkfg] yrkfHk
NV~Bh yrk; yrkua
lÙkeh yrk;] yrk;a yrklq
vkyiu yrs yrk] yrk;ks
fuEufyf[kr vkdkjkUr L=khfyax 'kCnksa ds :i Hkh ^yrk* 'kCn dh Hkk¡fr pysaxsµ
xkFkk (¾'yksd)] r.gk (¾r`".kk)] pfUnek (¾pUnzek)] foTtk (¾fo|k)] i××kk
(¾izKk)] ifVink (¾ekxZ)] esÙkk (¾eS=kh)] l¼k (¾J¼k)] ifjlk (¾ifj"kn~)] tVk
(¾tVk)] ukok (¾ukSdk)] Nk;k (¾Nk;k)] lk[kk (¾'kk[kk)] lkyk (¾'kkyk)] lqjk
(¾'kjkc)] fnlk (¾fn'kk)] d××kk (¾dU;k)] xhok (¾xyk)] vEek (¾ekrk)] Hkfj;k
(¾Hkk;kZ] iRuh)] vkfnA
vkyiu ekr] ekrk ekrjks
mdkjkUr L=khfyõ ^/suq* (xk;k) 'kCn ds :i
66
,dopu vusdopu ikfy O;kdj.k
iBek /suq /suw] /suq;ks

nqfr;k /suqa /suw] /suq;ks
rfr;k /suq;k /suwfg] /suwfHk
prqRFkh /suq;k /suwua
iapeh /suq;k /suwfg] /suwfHk
NV~Bh /suq;k /suwua
lIreh /suq;a] /suq;k /suwlq
vkyiu /suq /suw] /suq;ks
^r* (og) iqafYyÄõ 'kCn
,dopu vusdopu
iBek lks] L;ks rs] us
nqfr;k ra] ua rs] us
rfr;k rsu] usu rsfg] usfg] rsfHk] usfHk
prqRFkh rLl] uLl] vLl rsla] usla] rslkua] uslkua
i×peh rEgk] vEgk] uEgk] rLek rsfg] usfg] rsfHk] usfHk
NV~Bh rLl] uLl] vLl rsla] usla] rslkua] uslkua
lÙkeh rfEg] vfEg] ufEg] rfLae] rslq] uslq
ufLae] vfLae
^r* (og) 'kCn uiqaldfyÄõ
,dopu vusdopu
iBek ra] ua rs] us] rkfu] ukfu
nqfr;k ra] ua rs] us] rkfu] ukfu
vof'k"V :i iqfYyÄõ ^r* dh Hkk¡fr gh cusaxsA
^r* (og) L=khfyÄõ 'kCn

,dopu vusdopu
iBek lk] L;k rk] uk] rk;ks] uk;ks
nqfr;k ra] ua rk] uk] rk;ks] uk;ks
rfr;k rk;] uk;] rLlk] frLlk rkfg] ukfg] rkfHk] ukfHk
67

ikfy izcks/ prqRFkh frLlk;] rLlk;] vLlk;] rkla] vkla] rklkua
frLlk] rLek] rk;
i×peh rk;] uk;] rLlk rkfg] ukfg] rkfHk] ukfHk
NV~Bh frLlk;] rLlk;] vLlk; rkla] vkla] rklkua
frjlk] rLlk] rk;
lÙkeh frLla] rLla] vLla] rk;a rklq
rLlk] frLlk
^be* (;g) iqfYyÄõ 'kCn
,dopu vusdopu
iBek v;a bes
nqfr;k bea bes
rfr;k vusu] bfeuk ,fg] ,fHk] besfg] besfHk
prqRFkh vLl] beLl ,la] ,lkua] besla] beslkua
i×peh vLek] beLek] beEgk ,fg] ,fHk] besfg] besfHk
NV~Bh vLl] beLl ,la] ,lkua] besla] beslkua
lÙkeh vfLae] befEg] befLae ,lq] beslq
^be* (;g) uiqaldfyÄõ 'kCn
,dopu vusdopu
iBek bna] bea bes] bekfu
nqfr;k bna] bea bes] bekfu
vof'k"V :i iqfyÄõ ^be* dh Hkk¡fr gh cusaxsA
^be* (;g) L=khfyÄõ 'kCn
,dopu vusdopu
iBek v;a bek] bek;ks
nqfr;k bea bek] bek;ks
rfr;k bek; bekfg] bekfHk
prqRFkh vL;k;] vLek] bfeLlk;] bekla] beklkua
bfeLlk] bek;
i×peh bek; bekfg] bekfHk
NV~Bh vL;k;] vLlk] bfeLlk;] bekla] beklkua
bfeLlk] bek;
68 lÙkeh vLla] bfeLla] bek;a beklq
^fda* (dkSu) iqfYyÄõ 'kCn ikfy O;kdj.k
,dopu vusdopu
iBek dks ds
nqfr;k da ds
rfr;k dsu dsfg] dsfHk
prqRFkh dLl] fdLl dsla] dslkua
i×peh dEgk] dLek] fdLek dsfg] dsfHk
NV~Bh dLl] fdLl dsla] dslkua
lÙkeh dfEg] fdfEg] dfLea] fdfLae dslq
^fda* (dkSu) uiqaldfyÄõ 'kCn

,dopu vusdopu
iBek fda] DaQ DsQ] dkfu
nqfr;k fda] da ds] dkfu
vof'k"V :i iqfYyÄõ ^fda* 'kCn dh Hkk¡fr gh cusaxsA
^fda* (dkSu) L=khfyÄõ 'kCn
,dopu vusdopu
iBek dk dk] dk;ks
nqfr;k da dk] dk;ks
rfr;k dk; dkfg] dkfHk
prqRFkh dLlk] dk; dkla] dklkua
i×peh dk; dkfg] dkfHk
NV~Bh dLlk] dk; dkla] dklkua
lÙkeh dLla] dk;a dklq
^;* (tks) 'kCn ds :i rhuksa fyÄõksa esa ^fda* (dkSu) ds leku gh gksaxsA
cks/ iz'u
17- vEg 'kCn ds NV~Vh foHkfDr esa :i fy[ksaA
18- cq¼ 'kCn ds rfr;k vksj i×peh foHkfDr;ksa ds :i nksuksa opuksa esa fyf[k,A
19- eqfu 'kCn ds prqRFkh vkSj NV~Bh foHkfDr;ksa ds :i nksuksa opuksa esa fyf[k,A
69

ikfy izcks/ 3-9 /krq:i
fØ;k ds vFkZ dks izdV djus okys 'kCn dks /krq (fØ;RFk) dgrs gSaA ;g /krq
okD; esa iz;qDr gksus ls iwoZ dqN izR;;ksa ls lefUor gksrh gSA ;g lefUor :i gh /
krq:i dgykrk gSA /krq:i rhu laca/ksa dks O;Dr djrk gS % dky] iq#"k vkSj opuA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] îBfr* /krq:i iB~ /krq vkSj fr izR;; ds la;kx ls cuk gSA iB dk vFkZ
i<+uk gS vkSj fr dk la;ksx rhu ckrsa O;Dr djrk gS& orZeku dky] izFke iq#"k vkSj
,dopuA Hkk"kkfoKku esa /krq dks vFkZrÙo vkSj izR;; dks lEcU/rÙo dgk tkrk gSA
3-9-1 x.k
:i cukus dh lqfo/k ds fy, izkphu vk;ZHkk"kkvksa es alHkh /krqvksa dks
dqN oxks± esa foHkkftr dj fy;k x;k gS tks x.k dgykrs gSaA laLÑr esa nl x.k eku x;s
gSa tcfd ikfy esa ukSA bl x.kksa dk ukedj.k x.k esa ifjxf.kr /krqvksa esa ls izFke /krq
ds vk/kj ij fd;k x;k gSA ;s x.k bl izdkj gSaµ
1- Hokfn x.k
2- #/kfn x.k
3- fnokfn x.k
4- rqnkfn x.k
5- T;kfn x.k
6- D;kfn x.k
7- Lokfn x.k
8- rukfn x.k
9- pqjkfn x.k
laLÑr esa ,d vU; ^vnkfnX.k* gksrk gS tks ikfy esa ugha ekuk x;kA
ikfy esa vU; x.ks dh /krqvksa dk >qdko Hokfn x.k dh vksj jgrk gS T;kfn ,oa rqnkfn
dk rks Hokfnx.k esa vUrHkkZo gh gks tkrk gSA
3-9-2 ydkj
fofHkUu dkyksa dk Kku djkus ds fy, i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ izR;;ksa dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA ,d dky ls lEc¼ bu izR;;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds fy, ^ydkj* 'kCn dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA laLÑr&dky esa nl ydkj ekus tkrs Fks ysfdu ysV ydkj dks
laLÑr us Hkh xzg.k ugha fd;kA mldk iz;ksx dsoy osn esa gh ns[kk tkrk gSA ikfy us yqV~
dks Hkh xzg.k ugha fd;kA bl izdkj ikfy esa ydkjksa dh la[;k dsoy vkB jg x;h gS tks
bl izdkj gS %
1- yV~ ydkj (orZeku dky)
2- fyV~ ydkj (ijks{kHkwr)
3- y`V~ ydkj (Hkfo";dky)
70 4- yksV~ ydkj (vkKkokpd)
5- yÄ~ ydkj (v|ruHkwr) ikfy O;kdj.k
6- fof/ fyÄ~ ydkj

7- yqÄ~ ydkj (vu|ruHkwr)
8- y`Ä~ ydkj (dkykfrifÙk)
3-9-3 in
laLÑr esa /krq:iksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS % vkReusin
vkSj ijLeSinA ogka dr`Zxkeh fØ;kiQy esa vkReusin rFkk ijxkeh fØ;kiQy esa ijLeSin
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA mDr foHkktu rks ikfy esa Hkh feyrk gS] ysfdu iz;ksxfo"k;d fo/ku
dk vHkko gSA ikfy esa vkReusinh /krq,¡ ijLeSinh gks x;h gSaA
vc x.k ds vuqlkj izeq[k /krqvksa ds :i izLrqr fd;s tk jgs gSaA
(d) ^Hkw* (¾gksuk) /krq (Hokfn x.k)
oÙkeku dky
iqfjl ,dopu vusdopu
iBe iqfjl Hkofr HkofUr
efT>e iqfjl Hkofl HkoFk
mÙke iqfjl Hkokfe Hkoke
HkfoLlr dky
iBe iqfjl HkfoLlfr HkfoLlfUr
efT>e iqfjl HkfoLlfl HkfoLlFk
mÙke iqfjl HkfoLlkfe HkfoLlke
ifjleÙkRFkd (vTtru) Hkwr
iBe iqfjl vHkoh] Hkoh] vHkfo] Hkfo vHkoqa] Hkoqa] vHkfoalq]
Hkfoalaq vHkoalq] Hkoalq
efT>e iqfjl vHkoks] Hkoks] vHkfo] Hkfo vHkfoRFk] HkfoRFk
vHko] Hko] vHkfoRFk] HkfoRFk vHkoqRFk] HkoqRFk
vlfoRFkks] HkfoRFkks
mÙke iqfjl vHkfoa] Hkfoa vHkfoEgk] HkfoEgk]]
vHkfoEg] HkfoEg
vHkoqEgk] HkoqEgk
ijksD[k Hkwr
iBe iqfjl cHkwo cHkwoq 71

ikfy izcks/ efT>e iqfjl cHkwos cHkwfoRFk
mÙke iqfjl cHkwo oHkwfoEg
fØ;kfrifÙk (gsrqgsrqen~Hkwr)
iBe iqfjl vHkfoLlk] HkfoLlk vHkfoLlalq] HkfoLlalq
efT>e iqfjl vHkfoLls] HkfoLls vHkfoLlFk]
mÙke iqfjl vHkfoLla] HkfoLla vHkfoLlEgk] HkfoLlEgk
vuqKk (iapeh foHkfDr)
iBe iqfjl Hkorq HkoUrq
efT>e iqfjl Hko] Hkokfg HkoFk
mÙke iqfjl Hkokfe Hkoke
fof/ (gsrqiQy ;k lÙkeh foHkfÙk)
iBe iqfjl Hkos] HkosÕ; HkosÕ;qa] Hkoqa
efT>e iqfjl Hkos] HkosÕ;kfl HkosÕ;kFk
mÙke iqfjl Hkos] HkosÕ;kfe Hkoseq] HkosÕ;ke] HkosÕ;keq
gh;Ùku (vuTtru) dky
iBe iqfjl Hkok] vHkok] vHko vHkoq] vHkow
efT>e iqfjl vHkoks vHkfoRFk] vHkoqRFk
mÙke iqfjl vHko vHkoqEgk] vHkfoEgk]
vHkfoEg
([k) xe (tkuk) /krq] yV~ ydkj
iBe iqfjl xPNfr xPNfUr
efT>e iqfjl xPNfl xPNFk
mÙke iqfjl xPNkfe xPNke
y`V~ ydkj
iBe iqfjl xfeLlfr xfeLlfUr
efT>e iqfjl xfeLlfl xfeLlFk
mÙke iqfjl xfeLlkfe xfeLlke
yksV~ ydkj
iBe iqfjl xPNrq xPNUrq
72
efT>e iqfjl xPNsÕ;fl xPNsÕ;kFk ikfy O;kdj.k
mÙke iqfjl xPNkfe xPNke

fof/fyÄ~
iBe iqfjl xPNsÕ; xPNsÕ;qa
efT>e iqfjl xPNsÕ;kfl xPNsÕ;kFk
mÙke iqfjl xPNsÕ;kfe xPNsÕ;ke
y`Ä~ ydkj
iBe iqfjl vxeh] xeh] vxfe] xfe vxeqa] xeqa]
vxfealq] xfealq
efT>e iqfjl vxeks] xeks] vxfeRFkks] vxfeRFk] xfeRFk
xfeRFkks
mÙke iqfjl vxfea] xfea vxfeEgk] xfeEgk
vxeqEgk] xeqEgk
(x) nk (nsuk) /krq yV~ ydkj
iBe iqfjl nnkfr] nsfr nnfUr] nsfUr
efT>e iqfjl nnkfl] nsfl nnkFk] nsFk
mÙke iqfjl nnkfe] nsfe] nfEe nnke] nse] nsEe
y`V~ ydkj
iBe iqfjl nfnLlkfr] nsLlfr nfnLlfUr] nsLlfUr
efT>e iqfjl nfnLlfl] nLlfl nfnLlFk] nLlFk
mÙke iqfjl nfnLlkfe] nLlkfe nfnLlke] nLlke
yksV~ ydkj
iBe iqfjl nnkrq] nsrq nnUrq] nsUr
efT>e iqfjl nn] nnfg] ns] nsfg nnkFk] nsFk
mÙke iqfjl nnkfe] nsfe nnke] nse
fof/fyÄ~
iBe iqfjl nns] nnsÕ;] nTtq nnsÕ;qa] nTtqa
efT>e iqfjl nnsÕ;kfl nnsÕ;kFk
mÙke iqfjl nnsÕ;kfe] nTta nnsÕ;ke 73

ikfy izcks/ y`Ä~ ydkj
iBe iqfjl vnnh] nnh] vnfn] nfn vnnqa] nnqa] vnfnlq]
vfnalq
efT>e iqfjl vnnks] nnks] vnfnRFkks] vnfnRFk] nfnRFk]
fnRFkks vnflRFk] nkflRFk
mÙke iqfjl vnfna] nfna] vnkfla vnflEgk nfnEgk]
nkfla vnklqEgk] nklqEgk
H;kfnx.k ds /krq
vPp (iwtuk)] vTt (dekuk)] vV (?kweuk)] vn ([kkuk)] vl (gksuk)]
bD[k (ns[kuk)] ,l ([kkstuk)] da[k (pkguk)] dM~<+ (dk<uk)] dUn (jksuk)] dEi
(dkaiuk)] dhy ([ksyuk)] xe (tkuk)] pt (NksM+uk)] tj (iqjkuk gksuk)] ty
(tyuk)] ft (thruk)] tho (thuk)] Bk (Bgjuk)] rj (ikj djuk)] ng (tykuk)]
nal (Mluk)] nk (nsuk)] fnl (ns[kuk)] ik (ihuk)] on (cksyuk)] Hkw (gksuk)] gl
(galuk)] jD[k (j{kk djuk)] ip (idkuk)] ue (ueLdkj)] lj (Lej.k djuk)] ;kp
(ek¡xuk)] lqp (lkspuk)] tqr (izdk'k djuk)] en (izlUu gksuk)] lqHk ('kksfHkr gksuk)]
#p (ilUn djuk) vkfnA eksXxyku /krq ikB ds vuqlkj bl x.k esa 304 èkkrq,¡ gSaA
cks/iz'u
20- ^Hkw* /krq oÙkeku dky efT>e iqfjl ds nksuksa opuksa ds :i fyf[k,A
21- ^xe* /krq HkfoLlr dky iBe iqfjl ds nksuksa opuksa ds :i fyf[k,A
22- ^nk* /krq oÙkeku dky ds mÙke iqfjl ds :i nksuksa opuksa esa fyf[k,A
3-10 la[;kokpd 'kCn
la[;kokpd 'kCn izk;% fo'ks"k.k dh Hkk¡fr iz;qDr gksrs gSaA la[;kokpd 'kCnksa esa
ogh fyÄõ] foHkfDr rFkk opu gksrs gSa] tks muds fo'ks"; esa gksrs gSaA
ikfy esa la[;kvksa ds uke bl izdkj gksrs gSaµ
û- ,d ü- f}
ý- fr þ- prq
ÿ- i×p ö- N
÷- lÙk ø- vV~B
ù- uo ûú- nl
ûû- ,dknl ûü- }knl] ckjl
ûý- rsyl] rsjl ûþ- pqíl] prqíl
ûÿ- i..kjl] i×pnl ûö- lksGl] lksjl
û÷- lÙkjl] lÙknl ûø- vV~Bkjl] vV~Bknl
74
ûù- ,dwuohlfr üú- ohlfr ikfy O;kdj.k
üû- ,dohlfr üü- }sohlfr] }kohlfr] ckchlfr

üý- rsohlfr üþ- prqohlfr
üÿ- i×pohlfr üö- NCchlfr
ü÷- lÙkohlfr üø- vV~Bohlfr
üù- ,dwufralfr ýú- fralfr
ýû- ,dfralfr ýü- }fÙkalfr] cfÙkalfr
ýý- rsfÙkalfr ýþ- prqfÙkalfr
ýÿ- i×pfralfr ýö- NfÙkalfr
ý÷- lÙkfralfr ýø- vV~Bfralfr
ýù- ,dwupÙkkyhlfr þú- pÙkkyhlfr
þû- ,dpÙkkyhlfr þü- }spÙkkyhlfr] f}pÙkkyhlfr
þý- rspÙkyhlfr þþ- pÙkqpÙkkyhlfr
þÿ- i×p;Ùkkyhlfr þö- NpÙkkyhlfr
þ÷- lÙkpÙkkyhlfr þø- vV~B pÙkkyhlfr
þù- ,dwui××kklfr ÿú- i××kklfr] i..kklfr
ÿû- ,di××kklfr ÿü- }si××kklfr] }si..kklfr]
f}i××kklfr] f}i..kklfr
ÿý- fri×pklfr ÿþ- pri×pkflr
ÿÿ- i×pi×pklfr ÿö- Ni×pklfr
ÿ÷- lÙki×pklfr ÿø- vVq i×pklfr
ÿù- ,dwulfV~B öú- lfV~B
öû- ,dlfV~B öü- }slfV~B] nklfV~B] f}lfV~B
öý- frlfV~B öþ- prqlfV~B
öÿ- i××klfV~B öö- NlfV~B
ö÷- lÙklfV~B öø- vV~BlfV~B
öù- ,dwulÙkfr ÷ú- lÙkfr
÷û- ,dlfÙkfr ÷ü- }slÙkfr] f}lÙkfr] }klÙkfr
÷ý- frlÙkfr ÷þ- prqlÙkfr
÷ÿ- i××klÙkfr ÷ö- NlÙkfr
75

ikfy izcks/ ÷÷- lÙklÙkfr ÷ø- vV~BlÙkfr
÷ù- ,dwuklhfr øú- vlhfr
øû- ,dklhfr øü- }svlhfr] f};klhfr] }klhfr
øý- frvlhfr øþ- prqvlhfr
øÿ- i××kklhfr øö- Nvlhfr
ø÷- lÙkklhfr øø- vV~Bklhfr
øù- ,dwuuoqfr ùú- uoqfr
ùû- ,duoqfr ùü- }suoqfr] f}uoqfr] }kuoqfr
ùý- fruqofr ùþ- prquoqfr
ùÿ- i××kuoqfr ùö- NÂoqfr
ù÷- lÙkuqofr ùø- vV~Buoqfr
ùù- ,dwulra ûúú- lra
la[;kokpd 'kCn izk;% fo'ks"k.k dh Hkk¡fr iz;qDr gksrs gSa] blfy, muesa ogh fyax]
foHkfDr rFkk opu gksrs gSa] tks muds fo'ks"; esaA
la[;k ds vFkZ esa ^,d* 'kCn ,dopu gh gksrk gS] fdUrq ^,d* 'kCn dh x.kuk
loZuke esa gksrh gSA ;g la[;k] vrqY;] vlgk; rFkk vU;µbu vFkks± esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA
^,d* 'kCn (iqfYyÄõ)
,dopu
iBek ,dks
nqfr;k ,da
rfr;k ,dsu
prqRFkh ,dLl
i×peh ,dEgk] ,dLek
NV~Bh ,dLl
lÙkeh ,dfEg] ,dfLae
(uiqaldfyÄõ)
,dopu
iBek ,da
nqfr;k ,da
'ks"k :i iqfYayx ds leku gksaxsA
76
(L=khfyÄõ) ikfy O;kdj.k
,dopu
iBek ,dk
nqfr;k ,da
rfr;k ,dk;
prqRFkh ,dLlk] ,dk;
i×peh ,dk;
NV~Bh ,dLlk] ,dk;
lÙkeh ,dLla] ,dk;a
f}
^f}* cgqopu gksrk gS vkSj blds :i rhuksa fyxksa esa leku gksrs gSaA
cgqopu
iBek nqos] }s
nqfr;k nqos] }s
rfr;k }hfg] }hfHk
prqRFkh f}Uua] nqfoUua
i×peh }hfg] }hfHk
NV~Bh f}Uua] nqfoUua
lÙkeh }hlq
mHk
^mHk* (nksuksa) 'kCn Hkh cgqopu gksrk gS vkSj blds :i rhuksa fyaxksa esa leku gksrs
gSaA
cgqopu
iBek mHkks
nqfr;k mHkks
rfr;k mHkksfg] mHkksfHk] mHksfg] mHksfHk
prqRFkh mfHkUua
i×peh mHkksfg] mHkksfHk] mHksfg] mHksfHk
NV~Bh mfHkUua
lÙkeh mHkkslq] mHkslq
77

ikfy izcks/ fr
^fr* (¾ rhu) 'kCn Hkh cgqopu gksrk gS] fdUrq blds :i rhuksa fyaxksa esa fHkÂ gksrs gSAa
iqfYyÄ uiql
a dfyÄõ L=khfyÄõ
iBek r;ks rhf.k frLlks
nqfr;k r;ks rhf.k frLlks
rfr;k rhfg] rhfHk 'ks"k :i rhfg rhfHk
prqRFkh fr.ka] fr..kÂa iqfYyax ds frLlUua
i×peh rhfg] rhfHk leku gh rhfg] rhfHk
NV~Bh fr.ka] fr..kUua gksxa s frLlUua
lÙkeh rhlq rhlq
prq
^prq* (pkj) 'kCn Hkh cgqopu gksrk gSA blds Hkh :i rhuksa fyaxksa esa fHkUu gksrs gSaA
iqfYyÄõ uiql
iBek pÙkkjks] prqjks pÙkkfj prLlks
nqfr;k pÙkkjks] prqjks pÙkkfj prqLlks
rfr;k prwfg] prwfHk 'ks"k :i prwfg] prwfHk
prqRFkh prqUua iqfYyax ds prLlUua
i×peh prwfg] prwfHk leku gh prwfg] prwfHk
NV~Bh prqUua gksxa s prLlUua
lÙkeh prqlq prqlq
i×p
î×p* ls ^vV~Bkjl* rd ds 'kCn cgqopu gh gksrs gSa vkSj buds :i Hkh rhuksa
fyaxksa esa leku gksrs gSaA
cgqopu
iBek i×p
nqfr;k i×p
rfr;k i×pfg] i×pfHk
prqRFkh i×pUua
i×peh i×pfg] i×pfHk
NV~Bh i×pUua
78
lÙkeh i×plq
vV~Bkjl rd ds lHkh 'kCnksa ds :i blh izdkj gksaxsA ikfy O;kdj.k
,dwuohlfr
^,dwuohlfr* (mÂhl) ls ysdj ^vV~Buoqfr* (vV~Bkucs) rd lHkh 'kCn L=khfyax]
,d opu gksrs gSaA
,dopu
iBek ,dwuohlfr
nqfr;k ,dwuohlfra
rfr;k ,dwuohlfr;k
prqRFkh ,dwuohlfr;k
i×peh ,dwuohlfr;k
NV~Bh ,dwuohlfr;k
lÙkeh ,dwuohlfr;a
,dwuohlfr ls vV~Buoqfr rd vkdkjkUr 'kCnksa ds :i ^yrk* 'kCn ds leku vkSj
bdkjkUr 'kCnksa ds :i ^jfÙk* 'kCn ds leku gksaxsA
,dwulra
^,dwulra* (¾fuÂkuos) ls ysdj lrlgLla (¾yk[k) rd] lHkh 'kCn uiqaldfyÄõ]
,dopu gksrs gSaA
,dopu
iBek ,dwulra
nqfr;k ,dwulra
rfr;k ,dwulrsu
prqRFkh ,dwulrLl] ,dwulrk;
i×peh ,dwulrk] ,dwulrLek] ,dwulrEgk
NV~Bh ,dwulrLl
lÙkeh ,dwulrs] ,dwulrfEg] ,dwulrfLea
^lr* (lkS) ls vkxs dh la[;k,¡ bl izdkj gksrh gSa%µ
lra ,d ij ü 'kwU;
lgLla ** ý **
ugqra ** þ **
lrlgLla ** ÿ **
dksfV ** ÷ ** 79

ikfy izcks/ idksfV ** ûþ **
dksfVIidksfV ** üû **
ugqra ** üø **
fuÂgqra ** ýÿ **
vD[kksfg.kh ** þü **
fcUnq ** þù **
vCcqna ** ÿö **
fujCcqna ** öý **
vgga ** ÷ú **
vccaa ** ÷÷ **
vVVa ** øþ **
lksxfUèkda ** ùû **
mIiya ** ùø **
dqeqna ** ûúÿ **
iq.Mjhda ** ûûü **
inqea ** ûûù **
dFkkua ** ûüö **
egkdFkkua ** ûýý **
vla[ksÕ;a ** ûþú ***
buesa ls dksfV] idksV] dksfVIidksfV] vD[kksfg.khµ'kCn L=khfyax] ,dopu gksrs gSaA
dfr
^dfr* (fdruk) 'kCn cgqopu gksrk gS vkSj blds :i rhuksa fyaxksa esa leku gksrs gSaA
cgqopu
iBek dfr
nqfr;k dfr
rfr;k drhfg] drhfHk
prqRFkh drhua] dfrÂa
i×peh drhfg] drhfHk
NV~Bh drhua] dfrÂa
lÙkeh drhlq
80
iwj.kkFkZd 'kCn ikfy O;kdj.k
iqfYyÄõ uiql
û iBeks iBea iBek
ü nqfr;ks nqfr;a nqfr;k
ý rfr;ks rfr;a rfr;k
þ prqRFkks prqRFka prqRFkh] prqRFkk
ÿ i×peks i×pea i×peh
ö NV~Bks NV~Ba NV~Bk] NV~~Bh
÷ lÙkeks lÙkea lÙkek] lÙkeh
ø vV~Beks vV~Bea vV~Bek] vV~Beh
ù uoeks uoea uoek] uoeh
ûú nleks nlea nlek] nleh
ûû ,dknlks] ,dknleks ,dknlea ,dknlh
ûü ckjlks] ckjleks] ckjlea] }knlea] }knleks }knlh
ûý rsjlks] rsjleks rsjlea rsjlh
ûþ prqíleks] prqílea prqílh] pkrqílh
ûÿ i×pnleks] i..kjleks i×pnlh] i..kjlh] i×pnlea]
i..kjlea
ûö lksGleks lksGlea lksGlh
û÷ lÙkjleks lÙkjlea lÙkjlh] lÙknlh
lÙknleks lÙknlea
ûø vV~Bkjleks] vV~Bkjlea vV~Bkjlh
vV~Bknleks vV~Bknlea vV~Bknlh
ûù ,dwuohlfreks ,dwuohlfrea ,dwuohlfrek]
,dwuohlfreh
blds vkxs la[;kokpd 'kCnksa ds lkFk ê* yxkdj iwj.kkFkZd 'kCn cuk ysrs gSa]
tSlsµ,dohlfreks] fralfreksA
fo'ks"k 'kCn
vM~<qM~<ks (vM~<su prqRFkks) ¾ lk<+s rhuA
vM~<fr;ks (vM~<su rfr;ks) ¾ v<+kbZA
fn;M~<ks] fnoM~<ks (vM~<su nqfr;ks) ¾ Ms<+A
81

ikfy izcks/ cks/ iz'u
23- la[;kokpd 'kCn fdls dgrs gSa \
24- ^f}* 'kCn fdl opu esa iz;ksx gksrk gS \
25- ^lra* (¾lkS) 'kCn fdl fyÄõ vkSj fdl opu esa gksrk gS \
3-11 vla[; (vO;;)
tks 'kCn rhuksa fyaxksa] nksuksa opuksa] rhuksa iq#"kksa ,oa lHkh dkyksa esa ,d tSls cus jgrs
gSa] os vO;; dgykrs gSaA ikfy esa bls ^vla[;* uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA dqN izpfyr
vO;; fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
ikfy fgUnh ikfy fgUnh
vTt vkt dqnkpua dHkh
vRFk ;gk¡ Do dgk¡
vUrks chp esa fpja nh?kZdky
vèkquk bl le; fpjs.k foyEc ls
vya cl tkrq dHkh
vke gk¡ rrks ml dkj.k
bèk ;gk¡ rRFk ogk¡
bRFka ,slk rFkfjo oSls gh
bg ;gk¡ rFkk oSls
mifj Åij rnk rc
vèkks uhps rnkfu rc
,o gh rfga ogk¡
,oa ,sls ,RFk ;gk¡
rko rc rd dRFk dgk¡
rq.gh pqi dFka dSls
u ugha dnk dc
ueks ueLdkj dnkfp 'kk;n
ufg ugha dga dgk¡
ukuk fHkUu fda D;ksa
uks ugha fdf×p dqN
ikrks izkr%dky fjrs fouk
82 ik;ks izk;% iquIiqua ckj&ckj
lifn 'kh?kz iqjrks lkeus ikfy O;kdj.k
lCcrks pkjksa vksj ek ugha

leUrrks pkjksa vksj eqgq ckj&ckj
leUrk pkjksa vksj ;rks ftl gsrq ls
lea lkFk ;RFk ftl LFkku ij
lEifr bl le; ;=k tgk¡
lEek vPNh rjg ;Fkfjo tSls
lga lkFk ;Fkk tSls
lglk vdLekr ;fga tgk¡
Los@lqos vkxkeh dy ;ko tc rd
lkèkq Bhd lk;a lk;adky
lkgq lkèkq fouk fouk
mPpa Å¡pk fo; ln`'k
p vkSj lfda ,d ckj
;fn ;fn lnk ges'kk
ps ;fn lf¼a lkFk
lps ;fn
cks/iz'u
26- vO;; dks ikfy esa vU; fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS \
27- vO;; fdls dgrs gSa \
28- fuEufyf[kr vO;;ksa ds fgUnh vFkZ fyf[k, %&
vTt] vRFk] dnkfp] dqnkpua] tkrq] rrks] rnk] dnk] rq.gh] ueks] ufgaA
29- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk ikfy vO;; fy[ksa %&
;gk¡] gk¡] D;ksa] rc rd] ml dkj.k] izkr%] izk;%] lkeus] ckj&ckj] fouk]
pkjksa vksj] lkFkA
30- fuEufyf[kr vO;;ksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft, %& ek] p] psA
3-12 lkjka'k
ikfy O;kdj.k esa laLÑr O;kdj.k ls dqN ljyhdj.k ik;k tkrk gSA oSfnd
laLÑr esa 64 o.kZ gSa] ykSfdd laLÑr esa 50] ysfdu ikfy Hkk"kk esa dqy 43 o.kZ gh gSaA
lfU/;k¡ 3 gSaA ysfdu folxZ lfU/ ds LFkku ij ;gk¡ fuXxghr lfU/ gks tkrk gSA lekl
ds 6 Hksn ekus x;s gSaA ikfy esa dHkh&dHkh Lora=k izÑfr okys lekl Hkh fn[krs gSA ikfy
83

ikfy izcks/ esa dkjd laLÑr ds leku gh gSaA ;gk¡ Hkh 7 foHkfDr;k¡ gksrh gSaA lEcks/u dks vkyiu
dgk tkrk gS vkSj blesa izk;% izFkek foHkfDr dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA blesa foHkfDr;k¡
laLÑr ls dqN fHkUu :i esa iz;qDr gksrh gSa rFkk vikf.kuh; iz;ksxksa dks Hkh Lohdkj fd;k
x;k gSA ikfy esa /krqvksa ds ukS x.k ekus x;s gSaA laLÑr ds vnkfn x.k dks ;gk¡ ugha
Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA blesa vU; x.kksa dh /krqvksa dk >qdko Hokfn x.k dh vksj jgrk
gS ,oa T;kfn vkSj rqnkfn dk rks Hokfn x.k esa vUrHkkZo gh gks tkrk gSA ikfy esa vkReusin
/krq,¡ ijLeSin gks x;h gSaA
3-13 'kCnkoyh
1- fuXxghr ¾ vuqLokjA
2- foHkfÙk ¾ foHkfDrA
3- vkyiu ¾ lEcks/uA
4- iBek ¾ izFkek] igyhA
5- nqfr;k ¾ f}rh;k] nwljhA
6- rfr;k ¾ r`rh;k] rhljhA
7- prqRFkh ¾ prqFkhZ] pkSFkhA
8- Nêòh ¾ "k"Bh] NV~BhA
9- lÙkeh ¾ lIreh] lkrohaA
10- vusdopu ¾ cgqopuA
11- lkeh ¾ LokehA
12- oÙkeku ¾ orZekuA
13- HkfoLlr ¾ Hkfo";r~A
14- ijksD[k ¾ ijks{k] vk¡[k ls vks>yA
15- gh;ru ¾ áLru] chrk gqvk dyA
16- vUrks ¾ chp esaA
17- v/quk ¾ bl le;A
18- vya ¾ clA
19- vke ¾ gk¡A
20- bRFka ¾ ,slkA
21- mifj ¾ mQijA
22- ,RFk ¾ ;gk¡A
84 23- dRFk ¾ dgk¡A
24- fpjs.k ¾ foyEc lsA ikfy O;kdj.k
25- vXxrks ¾ lkeusA

26- cfg¼k ¾ ckgjA
27- fo; ¾ ln`'kA
28- fdf×p ¾ dqNA
29- ;Fkfjo ¾ tSlsA
30- lCcrks ¾ pkjksa vksjA
31- lea ¾ lkFkA
32- Los ¾ vkxkeh dyA
33- lk/q ¾ BhdA
34- ps ¾ ;fnA
35- lps ¾ ;fnA
36- fdÙkkork ¾ dc rdA
37- tkrq ¾ dHkhA
38- dkea ¾ fu'p; lsA
39- ,dLek ¾ ,d ls (vyx gksuk)A
40- lra ¾ lkSA
41- lksgLla ¾ ,d gtkjA
42- ugqra ¾ nl gtkjA
43- fllqUr ¾ lqcUr foHkfDrA
44- dkykfrifÙk ¾ y`Ä~ ydkjA
45- fØ;kfrifÙk ¾ gsrqgsrqen~HkwrA
46- x.k ¾ lewgA
47- fØ;RFk ¾ /krqA
48- vla[; ¾ vO;;A
3-14 lUnHkZ xzUFk
1- dPpku&O;kdj.k& dPpku] lEiw.kkZuUn laLÑr fo'ofo|ky;]
okjk.klhA
2- eksXxYyku&O;kdj.k& eksXxYyku] fo'os'ojkuUn oSfnd 'kks/ laLFkku
gksf'k;kjiqjA 85

ikfy izcks/ 3- ikfy&egkO;kdj.k& fHk{kq txnh'k d';i] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl]
fnYyhA
3-15 lgk;d&xzUFk
1- ikfy lkfgR; dk bfrgkl& jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] m-iz- fgUnh laLFkku]
y[kumQA
2- ikfy lkfgR; dk bfrgkl& Hkjr flag mikè;k;] fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu]
iz;kxA
3- ikfy&fgUnh dks'k& HknUr vkuUn dkS'kY;k;u] fl¼kFkZ cqDl] 'kkgnjk]
fnYyhA
4- ckykorkj& /EedhfÙk] ckS¼ Hkkjrh] okjk.klhA
5- ikfy O;kdj.k& fHk{kq /eZjf{kr] ckS¼ vkdj xzUFkekyk] okjk.klhA
3-16 cks/ iz'uksÙkj
1- dPpk;u&O;kdj.k ds ys[kd us ikfy esa 41 o.kZ gh Lohdkjk gSaA
2- ikfy esa folxZ ds LFkku ij fuXxghr gksrk gSA
3- ikfy esa 'kCn ds 5 Hksn gksrs gSaA
4- ikfy Hkk"kk esa 43 o.kZ gksrs gSaA
5- ikfy Hkk"kk esa nl Loj gksrs gSaA
6- ikfy Hkk"kk esa 33 O;×tu&o.kZ gksrs gSaA
7- ^va* vFkkZr~ vuqLokj dks fuXxghr dgk tkrk gSA
8- nks 'kCnksa ds esy dks lfU/ dgrs gSaA
9- lfU/ ds rhu Hksn gksrs gSa& lj lfU/ O;×tu lfU/ vkSj fuXxghr
lfUèkA
10- fuXxghr vuqLokj dks dgrs gSaA
11- nks ;k nks ls vf/d foHkfDr ;qDr fHkUukFkZd inksa dk ,dkFkhZHkko lekl
dgykrk gSA
12- lekl ds N% Hksn gSaA
13- tgk¡ fo'ks"k.k vkSj fo'ks"; inksa dk lekl gksrk gS mls deZ/kj; lekl
dgrs gSaA
14- ftl vFkks± dk lEcU/ fØ;k ls gksrk gS mls dkjd dgrs gSaA
15- dkjd ds lkr Hksn gSaA
16- ikfy esa lEcks/u dks vkyiu dgk tkrk gSA
86
17- ee~ eÕ;a & vLekda vEgkdaA ikfy O;kdj.k
18- r`rh;k ,dopuvusdopu

cq¼su cq¼sfg] cq¼sfHk
i×peh cq¼k] cq¼Egk] cq¼Lek cq¼sfg] cq¼sfHk
19- foHkfÙk ,dopuvusdopu
prqRFkh eqfuuks] eqfuLl equhua
NV~Bh eqfuLl equhua
20- Hkofl HkoFk
21- xfeLlfr xfeLlfUr
22- nnkfe] nsfe] nsfEe & nnke] nse] nsEe
23- la[;kvksa dk Kku djkus okys 'kCn dks la[;kokpd dgrs gSaA
24- ^f}* 'kCn lnk cgqopu esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA
25- ^lra* 'kCn uiqaldfyÄõ ,dopu esa gksrk gSA
26- vO;; dks ikfy esa ^vla[;* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
27- ftu 'kCnksa ds :i fyax] foHkfDr vkSj opu ds dkj.k ifjofrZr
ugha gksrs] mUgsa vO;; dgrs gSaA
28- vO;; ds fgUnh vFkZ&
vTt& vkt] vRFk&;gk¡] dnkfp& 'kk;n] dqnkpua&dHkh] tkrq&dHkh]
rrks&ml dkj.k] rnk&rc] dnk&dc] rq.gh&pqi] ueks&ueLdkj]
ufg&ughaA
29- vO;; 'kCnksa ds ikfy vFkZ&
;gk¡¾vRFk] gk¡¾vke] D;ksa¾ dFka] rc rd ¾ rko@rkork] ml
dkj.k¾rrks] izkr%¾ikrks@ixs] izk;%¾ik;ks] lkeus¾vXxrks] ckj&ckj¾
iquIiqu] fouk¾fouk] pkjksa vksj¾leUrrks@ leUrk@lCcrks] lkFk¾lf¼aA
30- fuEufyf[kr vO;;ksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx&
êk*& rqEgs ek dqIiFk¾ rqe yksx dksi er djksA
^p*¾ le.kks cq¼a oUnfr lhya p jD[kfr &Je.k cq¼ dh cUnuk
djrk gS vkSj 'khy dh j{kk djrk gSA
ps& cq¼ks HkosÕ; ps] ekja tsLlfr& cq¼ gks ;fn] ekj dks thrrs gksA
87

ikfy izcks/ 3-17 vH;kl iz'u
1- lo.kks± esa dkSu&lk o.kZ gªLo gS \
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2- ikfy dh foHkfDr;k¡ dkSu&dkSu lh gSa \

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3- ikfy dkjd ds fpUgksa dks fyf[k,A

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4- ^cq¼* 'kCn ds nqfr;k vkSj r`rh; foHkfÙk vusdopu dk D;k :i gksaxs\

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5- îQy* 'kCn ds iBek foHkfDr ds nksuksa opuksa ds D;k :i cusaxs\

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6- êqfu* 'kCn ds rfr;k vkSj iapeh ,dopu dk :i D;k gksaxs\

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7- ^vEg* 'kCn ds iBek vkSj "k"Bh foHkfDr ds :i nksuksa opuksa esa

fyf[k,A
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8- ^Hkw* /krq] iBe iqfjl] cgqopu dk :i D;k gksxk \

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88
9- lfU/ ds fdrus Hksn gSa\ mnkgj.k lfgr foospu djsaA ikfy O;kdj.k
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10- foHkfDr ds vk/kj ij rRiq#"k ds fdrus Hksn gS\ mnkgj.k lfgr

fy[ksa\
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11- dkjd ds fdrus Hksn gSa\ mnkgj.k lfgr foospu djsaA

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89

prqFkZ ikB (Unit-IV) prqRFkks ikBks
ikfy okD; jpuk ,oa vuqokn
ikB lajpuk
4-1 izLrkouk
4-2 mís';
4-3 ikfy okD; jpuk ,oa vuqokn
4-4 iBeks i;ksx ikBks
cks/ iz'u
4-5 nqfr;ks i;ksx ikBks
cks/ iz'u
4-6 r`rh;ks i;ksx ikBks
cks/ iz'u
4-7 prqRFkks i;ksx ikBks
cks/ iz'u
4-8 iapeks i;ksx ikBks
cks/ iz'u
4-9 NV~Bks i;ksx ikBks
cks/ iz'u
4-10 lÙkeks i;ksx ikBks
cks/ iz'u
4-11 vV~Bks i;ksx ikBks
cks/ iz'u
4-12 uoeks i;ksx ikBks
cks/ iz'u
4-13 nleks i;ksx ikBks
cks/ iz'u
4-14 lkjka'k
4-15 'kCnkoyh
4-16 lUnHkZ xzUFk
4-17 lgk;d&xzUFk
4-18 cks/ iz'uksa ds mÙkj
4-19 vH;kl iz'u
4-1 izLrkouk
iwoZ ikBksa esa ikfy&Hkk"kk ,oa O;kdj.k dk ifjp; djk;k tk pqdk gSA bl ikB
esa mu ifBr ikfy 'kCn:iksa] /krq:iksa] fyÄõ] opu dkjd lekl rFkk lfU/ vkfn ds }kjk
okD;&jpuk dk Kku djk;k tk,xkA
4-2 mís';
Ø ikfy 'kCnksa ,oa /krqvksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx fof/ }kjk okD; jpuk ls
ifjfpr gks ik;saxsA
Ø vuqokn fof/ }kjk ikfy ls fgUnh esa vuqokn rFkk fgUnh ls ikfy esa
vuqokn dkS'ky fodflr djus esa l{ke gksaxsA
4-3 ikfy okD; jpuk ,oa vuqokn
okD; jpuk vkSj vuqokn ds fy, foHkfDr] opu] fyÄõ] rFkk dky dk iwjk è;ku
j[kuk iM+rk gSA dÙkkZ ftl opu] iq#"k] fyÄõ] rFkk dky esa gksrk gS] fØ;k Hkh mlh ds
vuqlkj gksrh gSA okD; jpuk esa fo'ks"; vkSj fo'ks"k.k esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr gksrh gSA bl ikB
esa vki blh dk vH;kl djsaxsA
4-4 iBeks i;ksx ikBks
(d)
v/ksfyf[kr ikfy 'kCnksa ds fyax] foHkfDr vkSj opu crkb;sµ
1- mjxsu 2- fuy;a
3- /Eek 4- ieknks
5- lksrkua 6- iBekfu
7- cq¼Ll 8- lksikufLea
9- eqfuuk 10- equhfHk
11- fHkD[kqLl 12- fHkD[kquks
13- fHkD[kwua 14- iqCcfLea
15- iqCcfEg 16- iqCcLek
17- iqCcEgk 18 rqEgs
19- lCcsfg 20- eusfHk
([k)
fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft;s
1- cq¼kua /Eeks 2- cq¼Ll lkodks
3- [kfÙk;kua xkeks 4- cq¼kua lkodk
5- la?kk; nkua 6- equ;ks cq¼Ll lkodk
7- blhua >kua 8- vV~Bhua la?kkrks
9- vk;quks [k;ks 10- fHkD[kqLl nkua
(x)
ikfy esa vuqokn dhft;s
1- cq¼ksa dk /eZ 2- fHk{kqvksa ds fy;s nku
3- la?k ds fy;s nku 4- xzke ls xzke dks
ikfy izcks/ 5- fogkj ls fogkj dks 6- cq¼ksa ds 'kklu us
7- fHk{kqvksa dk la?k 8- vkneh dk izlkn
9- dqÙkksa dk >xM+k 10- taxy esa è;ku
11- fHk{kq dk phoj 11- o`{k dk iÙkk
cks/&iz'u
1- eqfuuk 'kCn ds fyÄõ] foHkfDr vkSj opu crkb;sA
2- fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,& cq¼kua /Eeks
3- fHk{kqvksa dk la?k& ikfy esa vuqokn dhft,A
4-5 nqfr;ks i;ksx ikBks
(d)
v/ksfyf[kr okD;ksa dk fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft;sµ
1- cq¼ks /Eea idklsfrA 2- cq¼ks fHkD[kwua /Eea nslsfrA
3- equ;ks cq¼a ueLlfUrA 4- euqLlk iQykfu [kknfUrA
5- lkodk lj.ka xPNfUrA 6- bfRFk;ks fogkja xPNfUrA
7- fHkD[koks cq¼a ueLlfUrA 8- l¼k mIiTtfrA
9- xaxk;a ugk;fUrA 10- d××kk; l¼a BisfUrA
11- i××kk; foeqfÙk gksfrA 12- fHkD[kqfu;k nkua nsfUrA
([k)
ikfy esa vuqokn dhft;sµ
1- cq¼ksa dk /eZA 2- fHk{kqvksa dk è;kuA
3- cq¼ksa dh 'kj.kA 4- fHk{kqvksa dk fogkj
5- cq¼ ds Jkodksa dk xzkeA 6- fHk{kqvksa ds fy, nkuA
7- la?k ds fy, nkuA 8- yksx cq¼ dks ueLdkj djrs gSaA
9- cq¼ /eZ dks izdkf'kr djrs gSaA 10- nsork cq¼ dks ueLdkj djrs gSAa
(x)
v/ksfyf[kr inksa ls ikfy ds NksVs&NksVs okD; cukb;sµ
1- cq¼kua 2- l¼k; 3- cqf¼
4- ufn 5- dqDdqVh 6- peq
7- /suq;k 8- fdUujh
92
cks/ iz'u ikfy okD; jpuk ,oa vuqokn
4- xaxk;a ugk;fUr& fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A

5- cq¼ksa dh 'kj.k& ikfy esa vuoqkn dhft,A
6- cq¼kua& bl in ls ikfy esa okD; cukb;sA
4-6 r`rh;ks i;ksx ikBks
(d)
v/ksfyf[kr dk fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft;sµ
1- lCcs /Eek vuÙkkA 2- lCcs ikuk n.MLl rlfUrA
3- cq¼ks lCckfu >kukfu tkukfrA 4- lCcs nsok lXxs fopjfUrA
5- lCck; fHkD[kqfu;ks cq¼a oUnfUrA 6- lCcklq fnlklq fHkD[kq esÙka HkkosfrA
([k)
1- lc euq"; ej.k'khy gSaA
2- nsork LoxZ esa fopj.k djrs gSaA
3- tks nku nsrk gS og izlÂ jgrk gSA
4- lHkh fHk{kqvksa dk 'kj.kLFkku cq¼ gSA
5- dkSu fdl iQy ds fy, bl /eZ dk mins'k nsrk gSA
(x)
v/ksfyf[kr 'kCnksa ls okD; cukb;sµ
lCcs euqLls] lCcs nsok] lCckfu iQykfu] lCcs nkjdk] lCckfu iksRFkdkfu]
lCcslq] èkEeslq] iksRFkdkfuA
ueLlfUr] onfUr] [kknfUr] iBfUr] fogjfUr] [kknfUr] i.fUrA
cks/ iz'u
7- lCcs /Eek vuÙkk& fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A
8- lc euq"; ej.k'khy gSa& ikfy esa vuqokn dhft,A
9- iksRFkdkfu&bl in ls ikfy esa okD; cukb;sA
4-7 prqRFkks i;ksx ikBks
(d)
v/ksfyf[kr dk fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft;sµ
osjsu osjkfu u lEefUrA ckrks nqCcya #D[ka ilgfrA ikidkjh lkspfrA iq××kdkjh
eksnfrA ikidkjh rIifrA iq××kdkjh uUnfrA /hjk fuCck.ka iqQlfUrA >k;h foiqya lq[ka 93

ikfy izcks/ iIiksfrA if.Mrk iekna fuUnfUrA nsok vIiekna ilalfUrA >kusu i××kk ifjiwjfrA ekjks eXxa
u fonfUrA fHkD[kq /Eea fotkukfrA ckyks fePNk e××kfrA ckyLl bPNk oM~<frA cq¼Ll
lkodks lDdkja u vfHkuUnfrA lIiqfjlk lCcRFk otfUrA if.Mrk dY;k.ks feÙks HktfUrA
folksdLl ifjGkgks u foTtfrA euks ikifLae u jersA lCcs n.MLl rlfUrA lCcs ePpquks
Hkk;fUrA ;ks Hkwrkfu fofgalfr lks lq[ka u yHkrsA ;k v××ka nqLlfr] lks nqD[ka fuxPNfrA bna
:ia fHkTtfrA ljhja tja misfrA jktjFkk thjfUrA
([k)
fHk{kq fuokZ.k pkgrk gSA yM+ds /eZ lqurs gSaA è;kuh yksx è;ku djrs gSaA ge yksx
èkeZ tkurs gSaA Hkxoku fogjrs gSaA rqe yksx g¡l jgs gks (glFk)] lw;Z ped jgk gS
(fnCcfr)A yM+ds fdrkc i<+ jgs gSaA voSj ls oSjh dks thrrk gSA vØks/ ls Øks/ dks
thrrk gSA
(x)
(1) xgifr] ou&laMks] #D[kks] iQya] xkeks] nkjdks] rkilks] riaA
(2) ifVolfr (¾ jgrk gS)] ifVolfUr] pjfr] pjfUr] irfr] irfUr]
vkjksgfr (¾p<+rk gS)] vkjksgfUr] [kknfr] [kknfUrA
cks/ iz'u
10- osjsu osjkfu u lEefr& fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A
11- ge yksx /eZ tkurs gSa& ikfy esa vuqokn dhft,A
12- #D[kks& bl in ls ikfy esa okD; cukb;sA
4-8 iapeks i;ksx ikBks
(d)
vEgs cq¼a lj.ka xPNkeA vEgkda cq¼ks] vEgkda /Eeks] vEgkda la?kksA rqEgs
dY;k.ks feÙks HktFkA bls /Eek gksfUrA beLl fHkD[kquks bea vIiekniQya gksfrA rqEgsfg
dqyslq pkfjra u vkifTtrCcaA besfg vaxsfg leUukxrks Hkn~nks gksfrA ,ra vRFka fotkukfrA
,rnokspA v;a fHkD[kq veqfLea vj××ks fogjfrA
([k)
1- ge yksx izk.kh ugha ekjrs gSaA rqe yksxksa ds vkpj.k dks gekjs vkpk;Z ilUn
djrs gSaA gekjh fdrkc rqEgkjs ?kj esa gSaA bu fHk{kqvksa dk fogkj mu euq";ksa ds xzke esa gSA
cq¼ bu fHk{kqvksa ls iwftr gSA gekjk cq¼] gekjk /eZ] gekjk la?k gSA mu fHk{kqvksa ds }kjk
cq¼ ds os lc /eksZins'k lqus x;s gSaA mudk /eZ rFkk gekjk /eZ ,d gh gSA fdldk èkeZ
94 vPNk gS\ cq¼ksa dk 'kklu gh gekjk /eZ gSA
(x) ikfy okD; jpuk ,oa vuqokn

(1) vEgkda] rqEgkda] vEgsfg] rqEgsfg] ,lks] bekfu] vlq] vnqa] bfeLlk] beklq]
vewlkua ,rkfuA
(2) iksRFkda] xkeks] iqÙkks] #D[kks] nkjdks] nkfjdk] /EeksA
cks/ iz'u
13- v;a fHkD[kq v;qfLea vj×ts fogjfr& fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A
14- cq¼ksa dk 'kklu gh gekjk /eZ gS& ikfy esa vuqokn dhft,A
15- bekfu& bl in ls ikfy esa okD; cukb;sA
4-9 NV~Bks i;ksx ikBks
(d)
v/ksfyf[kr okD;ksa dk fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,sµ
1- cq¼a lj.ka xfeLlkfeA /Eea lj.ka xfPNLlkfeA la?k lj.ka xfeLlFkA >kua
HkkosLlkfeA i××ka HkkosLlfUrA dk;s mn;a p o;a p ifLlLlkfrA fuCck.ka lfPNdfjLlkfeA
vukxrs cq¼ks HkfoLlkfeA v××ks fi cq¼&/Eek HkfoLljs (HkfoLlfUr)A lacksf/a ikiqf.kLlfrA
fHkD[kq lq[ka fogfjLlfrA
([k)
1- cq¼ dh 'kj.k tkÅ¡xkA /Ee dh 'kj.k tkÅ¡xkA la?k dh 'kj.k tkÅ¡xkA cPps
cq¼ dks ueLdkj djsaxsA /EepØ dks ?kqekÅ¡xkA xk¡o dks tkÅ¡xkA la?k dks nku nsaxsA
fHk{kqvksa dks nku nsaxsA fHk{kq ou esa è;ku djsxkA fHkD[kq xk¡o esa tk;saxsA
(x)
(d) uke inkfu µ /ua] nkua] dEea] /Eea] di.kks] ekrk] Hkkrk] ek.kodksA
(vk) /krq µ yHk] ip] gl] Hkkl] Hkw] dFk] ru] rqn] nkA
cks/ iz'u
16- >kua HkkosLlkfe& fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A
17- cq¼ dh 'kj.k tkÅ¡xk & ikfy esa vuqokn dhft,A
18- nkua& bl in ls ikfy esa okD; cukb;sA
4-10 lÙkeks i;ksx ikBks
(d)
v/ksfyf[kr okD;ksa dk fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft;sµ 95

ikfy izcks/ 1- fuPpa >kf;uks /hjk fuCckua iqQlfUrA
2- /Eethfouks vIieÙkLl ;lks vfHkoM~<frA
3- ;ks fHkD[kq esÙkkfogkjh] lks lUra lq[ka ina vf/xPNfrA
4- vÙkk vÙkuks ukFkks gksfr] vÙkk vÙkuks xfr gksfrA
5- jktkuks jktwfg lf¼a lU;;dkfjuks gksfUrA
([k)
1- czãk cq¼ksa dks ueLdkj djrk gSA
2- jktk yksx Hkh oUnuk djrs gSaA
3- bUnz Hkh cq¼ dks ueLdkj djrk gSA
4- lHkh nso cq¼ksa dh oUnuk djrs gSaA
5- xq.koku~ iq#"k yksxksa ls esy (lUFkoa) djrk gSA
(x)
vLlks] lqfj;a] egslD[kks] Hkía] dk#f.kdks] i××kkoUrkua] ohjk] lfrerk] xq.koUrkua]
lPpokfnuksA
cks/&iz'u
19- vÙkk vÙkuks ukFkks gksfr] vÙkk vÙkuks xfr gksfr& fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A
20- lHkh nso cq¼ksa dh oanuk djrs gSa& ikfy esa vuqokn dhft,A
21- vLlks& bl in ls ikfy esa okD; cukb;sA
4-11 vV~Bks i;ksx ikBks
(d)
1- ek;k nsoh cksf/lÙka nl ekls dqfPNuk ifjgfjA
2- lk ×kkfr&?kja xUrqdkek egkjktLl vkjkspsflA
3- egkjktk dfiyoRFkqrks ;ko nsonguxjk eXxa lea dkjsflA
4- uxjk cfg yqfEcuh&oua uke eaxy&lkyoua vgksflA
5- lk nsoh lky&oua ikfoflA
6- lk lky&lk[ka xf.gA
7- rkon~ ,o vLlk dEet&okrk pfyalqA
96
8- vFk vLlk lkf.ka ifjfD[kfialqA ikfy okD; jpuk ,oa vuqokn
9- egktuks ifVDdfeA
10- ek;knsoh cksf/lÙka fotkf;A
([k)
ikfy eas vuqokn dhft;sµ
cksf/lÙo izdV gq;sA lkr dne pysA czãk yksx vk,A lHkh nsork i`Foh ij
vk,A czãk vkSj nsorkvksa us cksf/lÙo fl¼kFkZ dks ueLdkj fd;kA fl¼kFkZ ds iSnk gksus
ls lc dks [kq'kh gqbZA czãkfn nsork dk¡ius yxsA foiqy vkyksd gqvkA cksf/lÙo fl¼kFkZ
us flagukn fd;kA
(x)
v/ksfyf[kr uke inksa vkSj /krqvksa ls okD; cukb;sµ
nkjdk] iQykfu] vfXx] ikikfu] fHkD[kw] equ;ks] iBua] xeua] Hkkouk] >kukfuA
[kkn] bg] fo+uqn (gjkuk)] >k (è;ku djuk)] dj] HkwA
cks/ iz'u
22- ek;knsoh cksf/lÙka fotf;& fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A
23- lk nsoh lkyUoua ikfofl& fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A
24- equ;ks& bl in ls ikfy esa okD; cukb;sA
4-12 uoeks i;ksx ikBks
(d)
1- fdlk xksreh lkofRFk;a nqXxrdqys fuCcfÙkA
2- ^xksreh* fr vLlk ukea vgksflA
3- rLlk fdl&ljhjrk; iu tuk ra ^fdlk xksreh* fr oksgfjalqA
4- ;nk lk ifrdqya vxekfl] rnk lCcs ra ^nqXxrdqlLl /hrk* fr ifjHkfolqA
5- lk ,da iqÙk fotkf;A
6- iqÙkYkkHksu p vLlk lEekua vdalqA
7- lks iu iqÙkks dhGudkys fBrks ,o dkya vdkflA
8- rsu vLlk lksdqEeknks (lksdºmEeknks) mIifTtA
9- lk iqÙkLl er&dGsoja vadsu vknk; îqÙkLl esa HkslTta nsFkk*fr xsg&}kj
ifVikfV;k uxjs fopfjA
10- euqLlk ^HkslTta dqrks*fr ifjHkklfUrA
97

ikfy izcks/ ([k)
1- lk fdlk xksreh vked&lqlkus iqÙkLl dGsoja NqM~MsRok b;a xkFka vkgµ
¶u xke&/Eeks u fuxeLl /Eeks
u pkfi;a ,ddqyLl /EeksA
lCcLl yksdLl lnsodLl
,lks o /Eeks ;fnna vfuPprk¸frAA
2- ,oa p iu oRok lk (fdlk xksreh) lRFkq lfUrda vxekflA
3- vFk ua lRFkk ¶y¼ks rs xksrfe] fl¼RFk dks¸fr vkgA
4- lk iu ¶fufV~Bra HkUrs] fl¼RFkdsu dEea] ifrV~Bkua esa gksFkk¸fr vkgA
(x)
1- eSa izkr%dky funzk ls tkxrk gw¡A
2- eSa mB dj cSBrk gw¡A
3- gkFk eq¡g /ksrk gw¡A
4- iSj /ksdj cSB tkrk gw¡A
5- rc ;kn djrs gq,s 'ok¡l ysrk gw¡A
6- Lej.k j[krs 'ok¡l isaQdrk gw¡A
7- yksd esa yksHk dks NksM+dj eS=kh Hkkouk djrk gw¡A
8- lHkh 'khyoku~ yksx ,slk gh djrs gSaA
9- ge yksx Hkh ,slk gh djsaxsA
10- os yksx Hkh ,slk gh djsaxsA
cks/ iz'u
25- lk ,da iqÙk fotkf;& fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A
26- ^xksreh* fr vLlk ukea vgksfl & fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A
27- rsu vLlk lksdqEeknks mIift& fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft;sA
4-13 nleks i;ksx ikBks

(d)
1- czãk HkxoUra ;kfpA
98 2- Hkxok /EepDda ioÙkf;A

3- cgwua nso&euqLlkua vfHkle;ks vgqA ikfy okD; jpuk ,oa vuqokn
4- Hkxok fg lCca nnkfrA

5- Hkxok fg prq&lPpa idklsfrA
6- Hkxok ikf.kua vuqdEifrA
7- fHkD[kw HkxoUra ifjokjsfUrA
8- ikidkjh lkspfrA
9- iq××kdkjh eksnfrA
10- Hkxok fHkD[ka x.gkfrA
([k)
fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft;sµ
1- Hkxoku~ ,d lIrkg cSBsA
2- lkfjiqÙk us Hkxoku~ ls iwNkA
3- jktk us cq¼ dks vfHkoknu fd;k vkSj nku Hkh fn;kA
4- yM+fd;k¡ xk jgh gSaA
5- cq¼ us czãk dh ;kpuk Lohdkj dhA
6- eSa 'khy dk ikyu djrk gw¡A
7- eSa iqLrd [kjhnrk gw¡A
8- euq"; cqM~<k gksrk gSA
9- lHkh yksx naM ls =kLr gksrs (rlfUr) gSaA
10- lHkh yksx ekSr ls Mjrs (Hkk;fUr) gSaA
cks/ iz'u
28- Hkxok /EepDda ioÙkf; & fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A
29- iq××kdkjh eksnfr & fgUnh esa vuqokn dhft,A
30- lHkh yksx ekSr ls Mjrs gSa & ikfy esa vuqokn dhft,A
4-14 lkjka'k
Hkk"kk fo'ks"k esa n{krk ds fy, ml Hkk"kk dh o.kZekyk] 'kCn:i] /krq:i] vO;;]
okD; iz;ksx] vuqokn vkfn esa Kku vkSj xfr dk gksuk vko';d gSA izLrqr ikB esa
ikfy&Hkk"kk ls lEcfU/r mi;qZDr fo"k;ksa dh ljyre fof/ ls izLrqfr gqbZ gSA
4-15 'kCnkoyh
1- mjx ¾ liZ] lk¡iA
2- [kfÙk;kua ¾ {kf=k;ksa dkA 99

ikfy izcks/ 3- >kua ¾ KkuA
4- phoj ¾ ckS¼ fHk{kqvksa ds oL=kA
5- l¼k ¾ J¼kA
6- lj.ka ¾ 'kj.kA
7- iksRFkda ¾ iqLrd] fdrkcA
8- #D[kks ¾ o`{k] isM+A
9- iqÙkks ¾ iq=k] csVkA
10- Hkkrk ¾ Hkzkrk] HkkbZA
11- fuPpa ¾ fuR;A
12- vÙkk ¾ vkRekA
13- vLlks ¾ v'o] ?kksM+kA
14- vfXx ¾ vfXu] vkxA
15- Hkxok ¾ Hkxoku~A
16- vuÙkk ¾ vukRe
4-16 lUnHkZ xzUFk
1- dPpku&O;kdj.ka& dPpku] lEiw.kkZuUn laLÑr fo'ofo|k] okjk.klhA
2- eksXxYyku&O;kdj.ka& eksXxYyku] fo'os'ojkuUn oSfnd 'kks/ laLFkku
gksf'k;kjiqjA
3- ikfy&egkO;kdj.k& fHk{kq txnh'k d';i] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl]
fnYyhA
4- ckykorkj& /EedhfÙk] ckS¼ Hkkjrh] okjk.klhA
5- ikfy O;kdj.k& fHk{kq /eZjf{kr] ckS¼ vkdj xzUFkekyk] okjk.klhA
4-17 lgk;d&xzUFk
1- ikfy lkfgR; dk bfrgkl& jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] m-iz- fgUnh laLFkku]
y[kumQA
2- ikfy lkfgR; dk bfrgkl& Hkjr flag mikè;k;] fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu
iz;kxA
3- ikfy&fgUnh dks'k& HknUr vkuUn dkS'kY;k;u] fl¼kFkZ cqDl] 'kkgnjk]
fnYyhA
100 1- iqfYyÄõ] r`rh;k foHkfDr] ,dopuA

2- cq¼ksa dk /eZA ikfy okD; jpuk ,oa vuqokn
3- fHkD[kwua la?kksA
4- xaxk esa ugkrs gSaA
5- cq¼kua lj.kaA
6- cq¼kua lkluaA
7- lHkh /eZ vukRe gSaA
8- lCcs euqLlk ej.k/EekA
9- vga iksRFkdkfu iBkfeA
10- oSj ls oSj 'kkUr ugha gksrk gSA
11- e;a /Eea tkuheA
12- rRFk #D[kks vfRFkA
13- ;g fHk{kq bl ou esa jgrk gSA
14- cq¼kua lklueso vEgkda /EeksA
15- bekfu iQykfu lfUrA
16- è;ku dh Hkkouk djrk gw¡A
17- cq¼a lj.ka xPNkfeA
18- fHkD[kwua nkuaA
19- Lo;a viuk ekfyd gksrk gS] Lo;a viuh xfr ds fy, ftEesokj gksrk gSA
20- lCcs nsok cq¼s oUnfUrA
21- ,lks ,dks vLlks vfRFkA
22- ek;knsoh us cksf/lÙo dks tUe fn;kA
23- ml nsoh us lkyou esa izos'k fy;kA
24- eqfu;ks xkea xPNfUrA
25- mlus ,d iq=k dks tUe fn;kA
26- ^xksreh* ,slk bldk uke iM+kA
27- mlls mls 'kksdksUekn mRiÂ gqvkA
28- Hkxoku us /eZpØ izorZu fd;kA
29- iq.; djus okyk izlÂ gksrk gSA
30- lCcs ePpquks Hkk;fUrA
101

ikfy izcks/ 4-19 vH;kl iz'u
1- orZekydky dk iz;ksxdj ik¡p okD; fy[ksaA
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2- rqEg] vEg] r] be 'kCn ds iBek ,oa rfr;k foHkfDr ds :i fy[ksaA

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3- yHk /krq ds HkfoLlrdky ds :iksa dk iz;ksx dj ik¡p okD; cukb,A

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4- fuEufyf[kr inksa ls ikfy esa okD; cukb;sA

xkeks ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cq¼kua ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fHkD[kq ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nkjdks ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hkxok ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5- fuEufyf[kr fØ;k& inksa ls ikfy esa okD; cukb;sA

xPNkfe ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
gksfr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hkofr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fogjfr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tkukfr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
102 w
i×pe% ikB% (Unit-V) ikfy okD; jpuk ,oa vuqokn
ikfy x|ka'k (vuqokn ds fy,)

ikB lajpuk
5-1 izLrkouk
5-2 mís';
5-3 yksHklqÙka
cks/iz'u
5-4 vfoTtkuhoj.klqÙka
cks/iz'u
5-5 ewylqÙka
cks/iz'u
5-6 lqyHklqÙka
cks/iz'u
5-7 lkjka'k
5-8 'kCnkoyh
5-9 lUnHkZ xzUFk
5-10 lgk;d xzUFk
5-12 vH;kl iz'u
5-1 izLrkouk
bl ikB esa vuqokn ds ekè;e ls ikfy Hkk"kk ds Kku ds fy;s vusd ikfy x|ka'k
fn;s x;s gSaA ikfy x|ka'k dk fgUnh vFkok vaxzsth esa vuqokn ls ikfy Hkk"kk dks le>us
dh dkS'ky dk fodkl gks ldsxkA vifBr ikfy ikBksa ls Nk=kksa esa ikfy ds vusd uohu
'kCnkofy;ksa dk Kku gks ldsxkA bl ikB esa ikfy dFkk lkfgR; ,oa Hkxoku cq¼ ds
fopj.k ds le; fn;s x;s lektks;;ksxh ewY;ijd f'k{kkvksa dk ladyu fd;k x;k gSA
izLrqr x|ka'k ikfy tkrd vV~VdFkk] nh?kfudk;] rFkk [kqíd fudk;ksa ds fofo/ y/q
ikfy ikBksa dk ladyu gSA
5-2 mís';
Ø ikfy ds fofo/ 'kCnkofy;ksa ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxsA
Ø Hkxoku~ cq¼ }kjk izfrikfnr ewY;ijd f'k{kkvksa dk Kku izkIr dj ldsxa As
Ø ikfy esa vuqokn dkS'ky dk fodkl dj ldsaxsA
Ø dFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls ikfy le>us dk Kku izkIr dj ldsaxsA
5-3 yksHklqÙka
¶,d/Eea] fHkD[kos] itgFk« vga oks ikfVHkksxks vukxkferk;A drea ,dèkEea\
yksHka] fHkD[kos] ,d/Eea itgFk« vga oks ikfVHkksxks vukxkferk;k¸frA ,reRFka Hkxok
vokspA rRFksra bfr oqPpfrµ 103

¶;su yksHksu yq¼kls] lÙkk xPNfUr nqXxfraA
ra yksHka lEen××kk;] itgfUr foifLluksA
igk; u iquk;fUr] bea yksda dqnkpua¸frAA
cks/iz'u
1- vukxkferk dc izkIr gksrh gS\
2- yksHk esa iM+us ij D;k ifj.kke gksrk gS\
3- yksHk ds R;kx dj nsus ij D;k vukxkferk izkIr gksrh gS\
5-4 vfoTtkuhoj.klqÙka
¶ukga] fHkD[kos] v××ka ,duhoj.ka fi leuqiLlkfe ;su uhoj.ksu fuoqrk itk
nh?kjÙka lU/kofUr laljfUr ;Fkf;na] fHkD[kos] vfoTtkuhoj.kaA vfoTtkuhoj.ksu fg]
fHkD[kos] fuoqrk itk nh?kjÙka lU/kofUr laljUrh¸frA
cks/iz'u
4- izk.kh ds lalkjcU/u dh ck/k D;k gS\
5- vfo|k dk D;k ifj.kke gksrk gS\
5-5 ewylqÙka
¶rhf.kekfu] fHkD[kos] vdqlyewykfuA drekfu rhf.k\ yksHkks vdqlyewya nkslks
vdqlyewya] eksgks vdqlyewya µ bekfu [kks] fHkD[kos] rhf.k vdqlyewykuh¸frA ,reRFka
Hkxok vokspA rRFksra bfr oqPpfrA
¶yksHkks nkslks p eksgks p] iqfjla ikipsrlaA
fgalfUr vÙklEHkwrk] rplkja o lEiQya¸frAA
cks/iz'u
6- vdq'kyewy fdrus gSa\
7- izFke vdq'kyewy D;k gS\
8- r`rh; vdq'kyewy D;k gS\
5-6 lqyHklqÙka
¶pÙkkfjekfu] fHkD[kos] vIikfu pso lqyHkkfu p] rkfu p vuoTtkfuA drekfu
pÙkkfj\ ialqdwya] fHkD[kos] phojkua vIia p lqyHka p] ra p vuoTta« fif.M;kyksiks]
fHkD[kos] Hkkstukua vIia p lqyHka p] ra p vuoTta« #D[kewya] fHkD[kos] lsuklukua vIia
p lqyHka p] ra p vuoTta« iwfreqÙka] fHkD[kos] HkslTtkua vIia p lqyHka p ra p vuoTta«
bekfu [kks] fHkD[kos] pÙkkfj vIikfu pso lqyHkkfu p rkfu p vuoTtkfuA ;rks [kks]
fHkD[kos] fHkD[kq vIisu p rqV~Bks gksfr lqyHksu p vuoTtsu p] beLlkga v××rja lke××õa
fr onkeh¸frA
cks/iz'u
9- fdruh oLrq,¡ vYi] ijUrq lqyHk ,oa funksZ"k gksrs gSaA
10- oL=kksa esa dkSu lqyHk ,oa funksZ"k gksrs gSa\
11- vkS"kf/;ksa esa dkSu lh oLrq,¡ loZlqyHk ,oa funksZ"k gSa\
5-7 lkjka'k
izLrqr ikB esa ikfy xa|k'k ds ekè;e ls Nk=kksa esa vuqokn dkS'ky ds fodkl ds
fy;s iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA bl ikB ds vè;;u ls lqÙkfiVd esa laxzghr cq¼opu ls Hkh
Nk=k voxr gks ldsaxsA yksHklqÙk esa yksHk ds xq.k&nks"k] eqylqÙk esa vdq'ky ewy]
vfoTtkuoj.klqÙka esa izk.kh ds lalkjca/u dk dkj.k rFkk ifj.kke ,oa lqyHklqÙka esa lqyHk
,oa funksZ"k oLrqvksa dk foospu fd;k x;k gSA
5-8 'kCnkoyh
1- itgFk & NksM+ nksA
2- vukxkferk; & bl lalkj esa iqu% u vkukA
3- ikfVHkksxks & izkIr gksukA
4- oqPpfr & dgrk gw¡A
5- yq¼kls & o'k esa gksdjA
6- foifLluks & vUr% lk/dA
7- lEen××kk; & okLrfodrk HkyhHkk¡frA
8- vfo|k & vius vki dk Kku u gksukA
9- uhoj.k & ck/kA
10- fuoqrk & vkc¼` gksdj] c¡/djA
11- lU/kofUr & nkSM+rs gSaA
12- nh?kjÙka & vf/d le; rdA
13- vdq'kyewykfu & vdq'ky/eZ ds mRikndA
14- nks"kks & }s"kA
15- rplkaj & dnyh ds iQyA
16- lEiQya & o`{kA
17- ikipsrla & iki fpUru djus okYkkA
18- vuoTtkfu & funksZ"kA
19- iqaldqya & ika'kqdqy (IkQVs fpFkMs+)A
20- pÙkkfj & pkjA
21- vuoTtsu & izozT;kA
22- #D[kewya & o`{kewyA
23- rqV~Bks & lUrq"VA
ikfy izcks/ 5-9 lUnHkZ xzUFk
1- nh?kfudk; Hkkx & Lokeh }kfjdknkl 'kkL=kh] ckS¼ Hkkjrh] okjk.klh
1997A
2- [kqídfudk; & Lokeh }kfjdknkl 'kkL=kh] ckS¼ Hkkjrh] okj.klh 2003A
3- ikfytkrd vV~VdFkk & HknUr vkuUn dkS'kyuk;u] fgUnh lkfgR;
lEesyu iz;kx 2007A
5-10 lgk;d xzUFk
1- tkrdikfy & fHkD[kq txnh'k d';i & ikfy izdk'ku lfefr uo
ukyUnk fogkjA
2- ikfy lkfgR; dk bfrgkl & Hkjrflag mikè;k;] fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu
iz;kxA
3- ikfy izosf'kdk & dkseypan tSu] rkjk izdk'ku] okjk.klhA
1- yksHk :i ,d /eZ dks NksM+ nsus ij vukxkferk izkIr gksrh gSA
2- yksHk esa iM+us ij lk/kj.k tu nqxZfr dks izkIr gksrs jgrs gSaA
3- yksHk ds R;kx djus ij os bl yksd esa iqu% dHkh ugha vkrsA
4- izk.kh ds lalkjcU/u dh ck/k ^vfo|k* gSA
5- vfo|k:ih ck/k ls ca/s gq, (f/js gq,) izk.kh fpjdky rd bl lalkj
esa nkSM+rs jgrs gSa] lalj.k djrs jgrs gSaA
6- vdq'kyewy rhu gSaA
7- izFke vdq'kyewy yksHk gSA
8- r`rh; vdq'kyewy eksg gSA
9- pkj oLrq,¡ vYi ijUrq lqyHk ,oa funksZ"k gksrs gSaA
10- oL=kksa esa ika'kdwy (iQVs fpFkM+s) lqyHk ,oa funksZ"k gSaA
11- vkS"kf/;ksa esa eq=kHkkfor gjSZ vkfn vkS"kf/;k¡ loZly
q Hk ,oa funks"Z k gksrh gSAa
5-12 vH;kliz'u
1- ¶;su yksHksu yq¼kls --------- dqnkpua frA¸ dh O;k[;k djsaA
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106
2- iqutZUe ds D;k dkj.k gSa\ ikfy x|ka'k (vuqokn ds fy,)
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3- vfo|k dks dSls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS\

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4- lqyHklqÙka ikB ls gesa D;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\

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5- vdq'ky/eZ ds mRiknd ewy dkj.k dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\ foospu djsaA

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6- dkSu&dkSu lh pkj oLrq,¡ vYi] ijUrq lqyHk ,oa funksZ"k gksrh gSa\ foospu djsaA
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107

ikfy izcks/
izk;ksfxd iz'u (Assignments)
ýú vad
bl ikB~;ozQe esa 30 vadksa dk ,d izk;ksfxd (Assignment) dk;Z j[kk
x;k gSA fuEuksDr fo"k;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d ij foospukRed foLr`r fucU/ vè;srk ls
fy[kus dh vis{kk gSA mlls lEcfU/r xzUFkksa dk funsZ'k Hkh fd;k x;k gSA
0 ikfy lkfgR; ds fodkl esa rRdkyhu jktkvksa dk ;ksxnku@ ikfy
Hkk"kk dks jktkJ;
vFkok
0 ikfy lkfgR; ls lEc¼ if=kdkvksa dk lwphdj.k
vFkok
0 ikfy dks'k lkfgR; ij fucU/ ys[ku
vFkok
0 orZeku ifjizs{; esa /Eein dh izklafxdrk
lgk;d xzUFk funsZ'k &

1- ikfy lkfgR; dk bfrgkl & Hkjrflag mikè;k;] Hkjrflag mikè;k;]
fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu] bykgkcknA
2- ikfy lkfgR; dk bfrgkl & jkgqy lkao`QR;k;u] m-iz- fgUnh
laLFkku] y[kumQA
3- /Eein & lE;o~Q izdk'ku] ikdsV&03] Dyc jksM] if'pe iqjh]
ubZ fnYyhA
4- ,f'k;k ds egku~ ckS¼ lezkV~ & fHkD[kq es/adjA
w
108

Ikfy Izcks/: Izkjfehkd Ikfy Kku Ikb Øe

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Ikfy Izcks/: Izkjfehkd Ikfy Kku Ikb Øe

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ECP

izkjfEHkd ikfy Kku ikB~;Øe

izFke% ikB% 05&19

f}rh;% ikB% 20&39

r`rh;% ikB% 40&89

prqFkZ% ikB% 90&102

i×Óe% ikB% 103&107

izk;ksfxd iz'u (Assignments) 108

lEiknu ,oa la;kstu

© jkf"Vª; laLÑr laLFkkue~] ubZ fnYyh

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

1-11 lUnHkZ xzUFk

2- oallkfgR; ds nks izfl¼ xzUFkksa ds uke fy[ksaA

3- fou;fiVd esa dkSu&dkSu ls xzUFk gSa\ foLrkj iwoZd fy[ksaA

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

4- lqÙkfiVd ds Hkkxksa ds uke fy[ksaA

5- vfHk/EefiVd dk ifjp; nsaA

6- ikfy Vhdk lkfgR; dk laf{kIr ifjp; nsaA

7- ^ikfy* 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk ds fo"k; esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\

8- ikfy Hkk"kk dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl dSls gqvk\

9- /Ee&laxhfr;ksa ds fo"k; esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\

10- frfiVdksa dh vV~BdFkkvksa ds ckjs esa lfoLrj crkb,A

12- fiVdsrj lkfgR; dk laf{kIr ifjp; nsaA

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

¶rhf.kekfu] fHkD[kos] lq[kkfu iRFk;ekuks lhya jD[ksÕ; if.MrksA

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

2- /Eein esa izfrikfnr Hkxoku~ cq¼ ds mins'kksa dk lkj fy[ksaA

3- /Eein ds vk/kj ij vk;ZlR; dh O;k[;k dhft,A

4- v"Vkafxd ekxZ dk Lo:i foosfpr djsa\

7- yTtk vkSj ladksp ls jfgr izk.kh dh D;k n'kk gksrh gS\

8- nku dh efgek dk foospu djsaA

9- nUrdqekj dk fookg fdlls gqvk vkSj D;ksa\

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

vkdkls + bo = vkdkls + o = vkdklso

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

lEe + /Ee = lEek/Ee

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

fodYi ls la;qÙk] la;eks rFkk la;ksx HkhA

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

;Fkk & :iLl ;ksXx&vuq:ia lfÙka vufrdEe&;FkklfÙk

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

vUrs olfr bfr & vUrsoklh

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

nsok p euqLlk p & nsoeuqLlk

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

i×peh ,rk; ,rkfg] ,rkfHk

© jkf"Vª;laLÑrlaLFkkue~] uonsgyh] 2014

iBek /suq /suw] /suq;ks