Anexo Documentos NDE 360

NDE 360 PLATFORM
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)

System Reference Manual
NDE-360 Platform with WinUPV Software Version 1.0

ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY (UPV)
www.olsoninstruments.com | www.olsonengineering.com
NOTICES
Errors and Omissions
This document is believed to be accurate, but Olson Instruments, Inc. will not be responsible
for errors or omissions, which may be found. Further, Olson Instruments will not be responsible
for any damages resulting from any errors or omissions.
Proprietary Information
This document, as well as all software written by Olson Instruments, Inc., is proprietary to
Olson Instruments, Inc. This manual may not be sold, reproduced, or used with any other
product other than the Olson Instruments Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity system unless approved by
Olson Instruments, Inc. Further, this manual and the accompanying software may not be used
by any party other than the original purchaser without prior approval of Olson Instruments, Inc.
Warranty
(See Sales Contract Documents)
Copyright
Copyright 2011 by Olson Instruments, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written
permission of the above named copyright holder.
Written by:
Olson Instruments, Inc.

12401 W. 49th Avenue
Wheat Ridge, Colorado
USA 80033-1927
Office: (303)423-1212
Fax: (303)423-6071
E-Mail: equip@olsoninstruments.com
Revised: November 2012
2
Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................4

1.1 Organization and Scope of Manual ..............................................................................................................5
1.2 Test Methodology .........................................................................................................................................5
2.0 HARDWARE.....................................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Hardware Component Listing .......................................................................................................................6
2.2 Basic Components and Maintenance of NDE-360 Platform.........................................................................8
2.3 Hardware Setup ..........................................................................................................................................11
2.4 System Calibration......................................................................................................................................14
3.0 UPV DATA AQUISITION................................................................................................................................17
4.0 WinUPV SOFTWARE SETUP........................................................................................................................21
4.1 Prerequisite Software..................................................................................................................................21
4.2 Software Installation....................................................................................................................................21
4.3 Software Updates .......................................................................................................................................22
4.4 Software Uninstallation ...............................................................................................................................22
5.0 WinUPV SOFTWARE ANALYSIS ..............................................................................................................2324
5.1 Start Program..........................................................................................................................................2324
5.2 Open and Accept/Reject NDE-360 Data ................................................................................................2324
5.3 Calibration Values ...................................................................................................................................2526
5.4 Filtering ...................................................................................................................................................2627
5.6 Distance between the Source and Receiver...........................................................................................2627
5.7 Units ........................................................................................................................................................2728
5.8 Zoom in/out .........................................................................................................................................2728
5.9 Calibration Database ..............................................................................................................................2728
5.10 Open Next Data File .............................................................................................................................2829
6.0 WinUPV SOFTWARE EXPORTING OPTIONS .........................................................................................2930
6.1 Copy Image to the Clipboard ..................................................................................................................2930
6.2 Save Image to .jpg ..................................................................................................................................2930
6.3 Export Waveform to a Comma Separated Format .................................................................................2930
6.4 Export Test Results to an Excel Spreadsheet ........................................................................................2930
RELATED PEER REVIEWED PAPERS ..................................................................................................................31
3
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Olson Instruments Ultrasonic Pulse Echo (UPV) system is commonly used to determine
material velocity, strength and integrity conditions of concrete beams, columns, elevated slabs,
walls and other members where two sided access is available. This information can be used
for quality assurance, condition evaluation, and forensic testing of structural members.
The UPV system consists of several basic components for most testing applications. These
components include the NDE-360 handheld device platform for data acquisition, analysis and
display, an internal UPV Pulser for driving the UPV transducers, and two transducers (one
receiver, one source). All components are interconnected by cables to form a complete
system. The master software in the NDE-360 platform is a real-time data acquisition program.
The data can be recalled for post data analysis in either the NDE-360 platform or the
Windows-based WinTFS software (on the user’s computer). This manual covers step-by-step
data acquisition, data analysis and output generation.
The system is designed and manufactured to be in accordance with ASTM C597-02 Standard
Test Method for Pulse Velocity through Concrete and ASTM E494-95 for Measuring Ultrasonic
Velocity in Materials.
Direct Semi-Direct Indirect

Transmission Transmission Transmission
4
1.1 Organization and Scope of Manual
This operation manual for the UPV test with the NDE-360 system manufactured by Olson
Instruments includes all required instruction for the use of the hardware and software included
with the system. If any problems with the system appear that are not covered in this manual,
please call Olson Instruments at the number included in the front of this manual. Note that
training in the use of the system by Olson Instruments personnel is recommended for the most
effective operation of this system.
1.2 Test Methodology
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) method is based on
the speed and amplitude of a compressional wave pulse and is used for determining material
velocity and integrity conditions. Ultrasonic source and receiver transducers are placed on
opposite ends of a given test path, and a signal is sent between them. The signal travel time
and attenuation provide information as to the concrete or timber integrity along that signal path.
Since this method uses a source and receiver to pass wave energy through a test member, it
requires access to two sides of a member for evaluation of interior material conditions. A
faster measured velocity in a given material generally correlates with greater strength and
better integrity. The figure below illustrates the UPV method.
The UPV method is an ultrasonic test for evaluating concrete quality and integrity, which is
detailed in ASTM C597-97 and is diagrammed here. Typical equipment used for this test
includes a matched pair of source and receiver transducers (54 KHz) and a NDE-360 platform
for recording/analyzing and displaying the pulse velocity energy sensed by the receiver. The
UPV test involves passing an ultrasonic compressional wave pulse, or wave, a known distance
through the concrete or timber from the source to the receiver (54 kHz resonant transducers
coupled with grease to the concrete). The signal is then amplified and filtered and recorded by
the computer where the signal can be viewed and the travel time and voltage amplitude
recorded. The pulse velocity of the concrete is calculated by dividing the pulse travel distance
by the travel time. The UPV velocity and amplitude are reduced by voids, cracks, honeycomb,
rot, and other flaws between the source and receiver. Generally, the faster the velocity, the
better the material quality. A complete air-filled void inside a member may result in zero signal
transmission or a significant time delay as the signal travels around the void.
5
2.0 HARDWARE
The UPV system with the NDE-360 platform consists of several

basic components packaged into a padded carrying case. The
padded case stores the NDE-360 data acquisition platform,
card reader, battery charger, calibration bar, UPV transducers,
grease, and cables. A description of each of these components
as well as their connection and operation is included in the
following sections.
2.1 Hardware Component Listing
COMPONENT NAME QTY DESCRIPTION
1.) Olson Instruments Platform for data acquisition, analysis and display
1
NDE-
NDE-360 Platform of UPV time domain data.
2.) Calibration Bar 1 For UPV system calibration
3.) Set of UPV Source and 1 54 KHz transducers

Transducer
To connect one of the UPV transducers to the

4.) 3 Pin to Phone
Phone Plug 2 Phone Jack to 4 Pin Adaptor Cable
Cable (1 20 ft, 1 80 ft)
5.) Phone Jack to 4

Pin Adaptor 1 To connect the 3 Pin to Phone Plug Cable to the
NDE-360 Platform (receiver).
6
COMPONENT NAME QTY DESCRIPTION
6.) 3 Pin to 4 Pin

To connect one of the UPV transducers to the NDE-
Cable 1
360 platform (source).
7.) Battery Charger

Charger 1 Battery charger for the NDE-360 platform.
8.)
8.) Battery 1 Nickel metal hydride battery
9.) Card Reader and Compact Flash Card to hold the firmware file and
Compact Flash Card 1 store UPV data files. Card Reader to transfer the UPV
data files to the analysis computer.
Coupling agent between the UPV transducer and

10.
10.) Coupling Grease 1
the tested member.
7
2.2 Basic Components and Maintenance of NDE-360 Platform
Battery Charging: The external battery charger (Item 7) automatically switches between
100/240 Volts AC. In order to charge the battery, the battery charger must be plugged into the
line voltage supply (110/220 VAC) using the correct plug adapter. The other end plugs into the
NDE-360 next to the CF card slot. The NDE-360 must be turned off during charging. The
battery is charged when the light on the charger unit blinks at a slow, steady rate.
Battery Charger
If the NDE-360 is turned on and the charger is plugged in, it is possible to use the NDE-360 for
data acquisition, but the charger will not automatically turn off when the battery is fully charged.
Therefore, be aware that the battery can be overcharged and possibly damaged if the NDE-
360 is turned on with the charger connected over an extended period of time. To properly
charge the NDE-360, be sure it is turned off when the charger is plugged in and charging. If a
12 VDC source (like an automobile power outlet) is plugged directly into the NDE 360, it will
run the NDE 360 but it will not charge the battery. (If a car battery is used, do not run the car
engine.) If plugged into a 12 VDC source (like an automobile power outlet) while the battery is
removed, it will also run the NDE 360. Power Supply
Turn the unit off promptly when the yellow “low battery” indicator on the NDE 360 lights up,
otherwise the battery may discharge to the point where it requires a 12VDC boost so that the
charger can recognize the battery and start charging.
Time required to fully charge the battery is 8 hours. The fully charged battery will
i power the NDE-360 system for 8 – 10 hours.
8
Location of Battery: The compartment housing the battery is located on the back of the NDE-
360 system. Move the slider latch to remove the battery cover if the battery needs to be
replaced.
Battery Panel
! Do not expose the NDE-360 system or the battery to water.
Channel Arrangement: The NDE-360 system is equipped with 4 channels. There is one 4
pin connector for each channel. Channel 1 is located on the right hand side if facing the front
screen of the NDE-360 system (it is typically located near the IE/SASW connector which is not
used in the UPV test). The top row of channels (the row toward the front screen) includes
channels with highpass filters. The bottom row of channels (the row toward the back side)
includes wideband channels. Channel 4 (wideband) is dedicated for the UPV test in this
device.
Ch 4 (wideband) is used for

the UPV transducer (Receiver) Not used in the UPV test
Pulser for the UPV

transducer (Source)
Ch 4 Ch 3 Ch 2 Ch 1
9
! The system will not function correctly if another channel aside from Channel 4
(wideband) is used in the UPV test.
Data Storage: A compact flash card is used to store the UPV data files. In addition, the
master firmware program controlling the UPV test is stored on the compact flash card. The
system must start up with the compact flash secured in place. The card is located on the left
side of the NDE-360 system if looking at the front screen.
Compact Flash Card
If the compact flash card is missing from the system, the system will not
! function. Do not insert or remove the compact flash card while the system is
turned on.
NDE-360 Operation Notes: The NDE-360 system is a self-contained data conditioning,

collection, basic processing and data display platform usable for a number of types of NDT
tests. The system is designed to make it user friendly and easy to handle and operate by a
single operator. The main screen can be navigated using the touch screen feature.
Never impact the screen with any sharp object!

!
10
2.3 Hardware Setup
1. Connect the 3 Pin to Phone Plug Cable (Item 4 in Section 2.1) to one of the UPV
transducers by aligning the pin on the cable with the corresponding hole in the transducer
and then hand-tighten the connection.
2. Connect the phone plug end of the 3 Pin to Phone Plug Cable to the Phone Jack to 4 Pin
Adaptor (Item 5 in Section 2.1).
11
3. Insert the 4 Pin Adaptor Cable into Channel 4 (wideband channel). The default dedicated
channel used by the software for UPV is Channel 4.
Connect to Ch 4
(Wideband)
4. Connect the 3 Pin to 4 Pin Cable (Item 6 in Section 2.1) to the other UPV transducer.
12
5. Connect the other end (the 4 pin end) of the 3 Pin to 4 Pin Cable to the pulser connector on
the panel of the NDE-360 system. The picture below shows a complete hardware setup for
the UPV test.
UPV Transducer Phone Plug to 3 Pin Cable
UPV Transducer
Phone Jack to 4 Pin Adaptor
3 Pin to 4 Pin Cable
6. Put a small amount of coupling grease on the base of both transducers and then mount the
transducers on a smooth area on the tested member.
13
2.4 System Calibration
Before every session of field testing, it is recommended that UPV calibration be performed on
a calibration bar (Item 2 in Section 2.1) to adjust for the offset of the arrival time. Typical offsets
are 4-5 microseconds. This section details the necessary steps for system calibration.
1. Connect the hardware components to the NDE-360 system (see Section 2.3).
2. Put a small amount of the coupling agent on the base of both transducers and mount the
transducers on each side of the calibration bar.
3. Turn on the NDE-360 system. Make sure that the compact flash card is secured in place.
The master software to run the system is located in the compact flash card. Press on the
“Continue” button on the upper right corner of the screen. If the compact flash card is not in
place, the “Continue” button will not appear on the screen.
Press on this button to continue
Press on this button to turn on the system
14
4. Press on the “UPV” button to enter the program. The picture below shows a screen with
only the UPV option enabled. Depending on the system, other options may be available.
Click on the UPV option
5. Press on the “Param” button. Note that there is no need to set the gain for calibration. The
system automatically sets the gain to 100 during the calibration process.
15
6. Make sure that the UPV transducers are in tight contact with both ends of the calibration
bar. Then press on the “UPV Cal” button.
7. Enter the expected arrival time of the Calibration Bar. The time is printed on the calibration
bar. In this case, the expected arrival time of the Calibration Bar is 25.5 us. Press the “A”
button on the side to continue with the calibration process. Then follow the instructions by
pressing any key to start calibrating the bar. The NDE-360 will show “Calibration Set” on
the top left corner. Press any key to continue. Finally, press the “back” button to go back to
the main menu.
Enter the number of expected

arrival time of the calibration
16
3.0 UPV DATA AQUISITION
1. After calibration is complete, data collection can begin. Usually, it is recommended to start
by setting up a new default file name. The filename arrangement of the NDE-360 uses a
fixed alphabetical prefix and a numerical suffix. The prefix can be set at the beginning of
any test. If the prefix is not changed, a higher suffix number will be added to the current
prefix for the new filename. To change the prefix, press on the “Files” button and press
number 5 and then number 1. Then a virtual keyboard will appear on the screen and the
user can change the prefix part of the filename. Press the “A” button on either side to
accept the new prefix of the filename.
Accept Button
2. If it is necessary to change the data parameters, press the “Param” button. In the
parameter setup screen, the user can change the following parameters by touching the
button to toggle the value. Touch the “Back” button after the parameter setup is complete.
• Change Date/Time This option allows the user to enter the correct date and time of
testing.
• Time/Point or Sampling Rate means how often (in the time domain) the system will
acquire data points within a given data trace. In the case shown in the picture below, the
Time/Point was set at 2 microseconds. This means the system will acquire data at 2
microsecond intervals. This parameter can not be changed in the UPV data collection
software.
• Points Per Record is the number of sampling points for each waveform. The higher
this value, the more data is acquired in each waveform. The total time of a record is
affected by both the Sample Rate and the Record Size. Typical record sizes are 256,
512, 1024, or 2048 samples. Higher numbers are used for longer test path lengths. For
a 6 ft path (2m) through normal concrete, we recommend 1024 to 2048 points at 1
us/point, or 512 to 1024 points at 2 us/point. Note – taking extra data is ALWAYS
preferred over not taking enough. This parameter can not be changed after the data is
taken.
17
• Spacing The software uses this spacing between the transducers (direct path) to
calculate concrete velocity. This parameter can be changed later in the post data
analysis.
• # Recs Number of Records is the total number of UPV data records you want to save.
In the UPV application, this number is set at 1 as an average of records is not typically
used in UPV. This parameter can not be changed in the UPV data collection software.
• Channel Setup. For the UPV test, Channel 4 (wideband) will be used for the receiver.
18
3. When ready to test, set the gain for Ch 4 (only channel allowed for the UPV test) to 1 to
100 for the path between the transducers of 3 ft or shorter. A gain of 1000 may be used for
a longer distance or when internal voids/honeycombs are present within the concrete.
Then press the “Test” button for the UPV test.
Gain Control for Ch 4
4. The NDE-360 system will continuously pulse the signal and show it on the screen. Press
the “A” button to accept the data on screen. After the record is accepted, press “2” or “A” to
save the data on the compact disc, if desired. Otherwise, press “1” or “R” to exit without
saving.
19
5. To perform more UPV tests, repeat Steps 3 - 4.
6. After the record has been accepted, the software allows manual picking (of arrival time) by
touching the waveform or by using the Right/Left arrow keys. The velocity is calculated
based on the spacing and arrival time. In addition, the user can set a "0" time point
anywhere on the waveform by pressing the “Set Cursor Zero” button. This allows the user
to pick a later start time and it will give the travel time as the difference between the new
zero time and the signal arrival time (also velocity).
7. The data can be recalled in the NDE-360 system by pressing the “File” button on the main
screen and then selecting Option 2.
8. The data files on the compact flash card can be moved to a desktop or laptop computer for
post-data analysis with WinTFS Software.
20
RELATED PEER REVIEWED PAPERS
31
32
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION (NDE) METHODS FOR
QUALITY ASSURANCE OF EPOXY INJECTION CRACK REPAIRS
(published in International Concrete Repair Bulletin 2002)
by
Yajai Promboon, Ph.D., Larry D. Olson, P.E.
Olson Engineering, Inc.
and
John Lund, P.E.
Martin/Martin, Inc.
Abstract
A concrete bridge over Interstate 70 east of Denver, Colorado was impacted by a fork lift
being transported by a truck moving at a speed of approximately 75 mph. The forklift impacted
the east face of the prestressed concrete I-beam bridge girder, resulting in severe cracking and
concrete spalling on both sides of the eastmost girder. Polymer-modified repair mortar was used
to repair spalled areas and epoxy injection was used to repair the cracks. Various types of
nondestructive tests including Impact Echo, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Spectral Analysis of
Surface Waves were performed after the repairs were completed to provide quality assurance of
the epoxy injection filling of the cracks and concrete repairs. Although three nondestructive
evaluation (NDE) methods were used in the investigation and all three provided useful
information for the quality assurance process, this paper focuses on the primary nondestructive
testing program consisting of a combination of Impact Echo and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity tests.
The combination of these two methods proved to be very effective in locating internal unfilled
cracks. The results from both methods correlated well and taken together the NDE results better
defined the extent of isolated, unfilled cracks.
33
Introduction
A concrete bridge over westbound Interstate 70 just outside Denver, Colorado, was
recently impacted by a forklift carried by a truck moving at a speed of approximately 75 mph.
The impact resulted in cracking and concrete spalling on both sides of the easternmost prestressed
concrete I-beam bridge girder. The damage was most severe on the east side of the girder where
the impact occurred, as shown in Fig. 1, although significant cracking was also seen on the west
side of the girder as well. Epoxy injection and a concrete patching material were used to repair
the cracks in the damaged girder. After the repairs were complete, a nondestructive testing
program was developed to help assure the quality of the repairs by checking for areas of unfilled
cracks. The nondestructive testing program used in this investigation consisted of Impact Echo
(IE), Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW). Since a
combination of IE and UPV tests was found to be most effective in characterizing unfilled cracks
in this repaired concrete bridge girder, this paper focuses on the combination of these two
methods. The SASW tests were used in a more limited role in this investigation, primarily in
areas with unfilled vertical cracks to increase the confidence level in the quality assurance
program. The nondestructive tests used for this quality assurance cannot determine the bond
strength of the epoxy material used in the repairs, but can identify areas of unfilled cracks. Repair
procedures, brief backgrounds of the IE and UPV test methods, the nondestructive field
investigation and the results are presented herein.
34
Fig. 1 - Damage on the Eastmost Concrete Girder before the Repairs
REPAIR PROCEDURE
The impact on the bottom flange of the bridge girder caused the girder to rotate inward
toward the center of the bridge. The rotation was resisted by the concrete diaphragm attached to
the web of the girder, causing a large amount of spalling and cracking to occur in the region of the
diaphragm. The full depth and partial depth spalled web areas were repaired by chipping out all
loose or damaged concrete using light (15 pound) electric chipping hammers so that the repaired
areas were approximately rectangular in shape. Edges of the repaired areas were cut
perpendicular to the girder a minimum of ¾” deep. The repair area was pre-saturated with water
and the surface allowed to air-dry to a saturated surface dry condition. Master Builders Emaco
S77 structural repair mortar was installed using the form and pour method and cured for seven
days. After the web repairs were complete, the bridge girder was pre-loaded and the bottom
flange repairs were completed as detailed above. After the web and flange repairs were complete,
approximately 800 lineal feet of cracks were injected with Master Builders Concresive 1380
35
Injection resin (Fig. 2 shows beam prior to epoxy injection, Fig. 3 shows injection ports in place).
As part of the overall quality control process, inspections were performed by the structural
engineer prior to placement of repair mortar and at other critical times during the repair work.
Fig. 2 - The Damaged Girder Prior to Epoxy Injection Repairs
Fig. 3 - The Damaged Girder with Injection Ports in place
36
NONDESTRUCTIVE QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM
After the repairs were complete, a quality assurance program was developed using a
combination of two nondestructive tests: Impact Echo (IE) and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV).
This part discusses general backgrounds of IE and UPV tests, nondestructive testing field
investigation, and nondestructive testing results.
Impact Echo (IE)
Impact Echo is a stress wave method using a small steel impactor to generate an impact on
the face of a member, and a nearby receiver to pick up echoes of the impact. The IE test requires
only one-side access to the structure. The resonant echoes from the impact of the displacement
responses in time domain are recorded by a displacement transducer mounted in contact with the
test surface next to the impact location. Resonant echoes from member thicknesses and/or flaws
are not readily apparent in the time domain but are more easily identified in frequency domain.
To accomplish this, the linear frequency spectra of the displacement response is calculated by
performing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis on the received signals to determine the
resonant echo peak(s).
A simplified diagram of the method is shown in Fig. 4. The relationship between the
resonant echo depth frequency peak (f), the compression wave velocity (VP) and the echo depth
(D) is expressed in the following equation:
D = βVp/(2*f) (1)
37
Impactor
Resonant Echo Response
Transducer in Time Domain
Voltage
Amplitude
Time
Fast Fourier Transform Frequency
Fig. 4 - Diagram of Impact Echo Method
where β is a factor ranging from 0.75 for a round column to 0.96 for a slab/wall shape (such as an
I-beam web)[1]. Typical applications of IE are concrete thickness measurement, concrete quality
evaluation and internal flaw detection. The IE method is most sensitive to cracks that are parallel
to the test surface.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Method
The UPV method involves measuring compression wave velocity and amplitude in
concrete by measuring the direct travel times and amplitude of compression waves. In general,
low velocities and amplitudes indicate poorer concrete

d
quality (or cracks). This method requires 2-sided access to
the structure. Typically, two 54 kiloHertz UPV transducers

UPV Source UPV Receiver
used as a source and a receiver are greased-coupled to the
concrete and placed at two locations on a structure with a
known distance between them. A schematic of the UPV

Fig. 5 - Typical UPV Test Setup
method is presented in Fig. 5.
38
The ultrasonic pulse (compression wave) velocity is calculated by dividing the path distance (d)
by the wave travel time (t) as follows:
Vp = d/t (2)
Nondestructive Testing Field Investigation
Internal unfilled cracks cannot normally be detected visually; therefore a nondestructive
testing program was developed to locate areas of unfilled cracks for quality assurance of the
epoxy injection crack repairs of the damaged concrete bridge girder. The nondestructive testing
program presented herein consists of two different methods: IE and UPV.
Impact Echo is best at characterizing unfilled cracks or voids parallel to the structure
surface. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity is suitable detecting unfilled cracks or voids in other
directions. IE and UPV are less sensitive to cracks that are perpendicular to the test paths.
However, with angular UPV test paths, the UPV method can be used to detect perpendicular
cracks. A combination of the two nondestructive testing methods was found to be suitable in
detecting unfilled internal cracks. The field test setup of the two tests are shown in Figs. 6a-c.
Fig. 6a - IE Test Setup
39
Fig. 6b - UPV Source on the East Fig. 6c - UPV Receiver on the West
Side of the East Girder Side of the East Girder
Fig. 6 – Nondestructive Test Setups for Impact Echo and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
The damaged section on the concrete girder was approximately 70 ft long. The cracks
and spalls were most severe on the web and bottom flange of the east side of the damaged
concrete girder. The nondestructive tests were performed on a “spot check” basis. A test grid
consisting of a 6 inch x 6 inch grid over a 1 ft by 1 ft area was set up at each station. A total of
16 stations were randomly selected for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) on the web of the
repaired concrete I-beam girder, but all were located in areas which had filled cracks. The IE
tests were performed on the west side of the girder at every grid point at every station. The IE
test locations and test paths are shown in Fig. 7a. If the IE tests detected possible unfilled
internal cracks, UPV tests were used in the area to confirm and further identify the existence and
extent of the unfilled cracks. The UPV tests were performed with two grease coupled 54
kiloHertz UPV transducers. The transducer that was used as a source was placed at the center of
each test area on the east side of the girder, while the receiver transducer was placed at each grid
point on the west side. A total of 9 UPV test paths were performed at each station for a total of
144 test paths on the girder. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test locations and paths on the web at
each station are shown in Fig. 7b. Note that Fig. 7 shows only the web portion of the I-beam
girder.
40
6” typ . 6” typ .
.
yp
.
typ
t
6”
6”
Fig. 7a - Impact Echo Test Paths Fig. 7b - Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test Paths
Fig. 7 - Typical Nondestructive Test Locations and Paths at Each Station
NDE Example Results
This section presents example IE and UPV results from one test station (Station O) on the
repaired bridge girder. The graphical IE frequency results from Station O on the web area are
shown in Fig. 8. The IE data from Location 5 shows a signature of internal cracking (unfilled) as
can be seen by multiple echo peaks in the frequency domain. A typical IE record indicating
sound concrete at Location 9 is also included in Fig. 8. Data from the rest of the tested points on
Station O were similar to data from Location 9, indicating sound concrete with no internal
cracks. The typical sound concrete record from Location 9 shows a resonant echo peak from the
back wall of the web at a frequency corresponding to a depth of 6.3 inches (using Eq. 1) which is
close to the design thickness of 6.0 inches. The IE record with a crack signature shows multiple
peaks resonating from different depths indicating a strong possibility of unfilled, internal
concrete cracking at that point.
41
6” typ .
7 8 9
6” typ . Sound
4 5 6
Internal Crack
1 2 3
Displacement x10-4
Displacement x10-4
@ 6.3”
Frequency x10 4 Frequency x10 4
Typical Example of Impact Echo Record Typical Example of Sound

with Crack Signature Impact Echo Record
Fig. 8 - Example Impact Echo Results Showing Records of Sound Concrete and Cracked Concrete
Graphical UPV test results from Station O are presented in Fig 9. The UPV results were
classified into 3 categories based on the UPV velocity results. The first category was when the
UPV velocities were greater than 11,000 ft/sec. The second category was when the UPV
velocities were between 10,000 and 11,000 ft/sec. The last category was when the UPV
velocities were below 10,000 ft/sec. As discussed earlier, higher velocities normally indicate
higher concrete quality. For Station O, the UPV velocity results indicated that the concrete
qualities for Paths 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4 and 5-7 had higher concrete quality, the concrete qualities
for Paths 5-5, 5-8 and 5-6 were lower quality, and those of Path 5-9 were in the lowest quality
category.
42
9
6” typ .
8
5 7
5
3
4
UPV Velocities > 11,000 ft/sec
.
typ
6”
UPV Velocities between 10,000 - 11,000 ft/sec
2
UPV Velocities < 10,000 ft/sec
Fig. 9 - Example Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Results from Station O
Based on the UPV results, an area of unfilled cracks was located on the south corner of
Station O. From the IE tests, the results from Location 9 were sound with no internal cracks.
Taken together, the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) results showed that the unfilled cracks lie
in angle across Paths 5-5, 5-6, and 5-9 with wider open area between Path 5-9 and tighter crack
tip between Path 5-5. The unfilled cracks did not appear to spread to the south end (Location 9)
of Station O since the IE results from Location 9 were sound.
43
Conclusion
Nondestructive testing is proving to be very useful in both initial concrete condition
assessment and in the quality assurance process for concrete repairs. Internal cracks which
cannot be seen visually can be detected by stress waves. The nondestructive testing program
used for quality assurance of epoxy crack injection consisted of Impact Echo and Ultrasonic
Pulse Velocity methods. Impact Echo requires only single sided access, which therefore reduced
the field test investigation time and labor. Impact Echo was used to preliminarily detect internal
cracks at each test point. Once a possible crack was defined, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity tests with
angular paths were performed to provide more information on the location and extent of the
unfilled cracks. The combination of NDE methods provided the most effective and efficient
testing program. The results from the NDE methods correlated well and increased the
confidence in locating and estimating the location and extent of isolated, unfilled cracks. With a
combination of NDE approaches, the confidence level in rating concrete conditions can be
increased significantly. The NDE methods discussed herein are detailed further in ACI 228.2R-
98. Note that the nondestructive tests used in this quality assurance program are capable of
locating unfilled cracks, voids and other flaws in concrete, but do not provide data on the
repaired strength of the repairs. Semi-destructive tests such as the pull-off method (see ACI
228.2R-95) or destructive core drilling and laboratory tests should be used to determine the
strength of epoxy injection and the bond strength of patching repairs (pull-off method). Stress
wave velocity measurements can be used to predict undamaged concrete strength when
correlations are made with cylinders or cores per ACI 228.1R-95.
44
References:
1. Sansalone, M. J. and Streett W. B., “Impact-Echo Nondestructive Evaluation of Concrete and
Masonry”, Bullbrier Press, 1997, Ithaca, N.Y.
2. ACI 228.2R-98, Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures, ACI
Manual of Concrete Practice, Latest Revision, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan
ACI Committee Report 228.2R-98, Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in
Structures. 3. ACI 228.1R-95, In-Place Methods to Estimate Concrete Strength, ACI Manual of
Concrete Practice, Latest Revision, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan.
45
Biography
1. Yajai Promboon, Ph.D. is a Project Engineer for Olson Engineering in Wheat Ridge,
Colorado. She has conducted a wide range of NDE based engineering investigations of
structures, slabs, deep foundations and geophysical studies since joining the firm in 2000. She
obtained her Masters and Ph.D. in Structural Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin
where she was heavily involved in research in nondestructive testing of steel, concrete and fiber
reinforced plastic for 6 years.
2. Larry D. Olson, P.E. has been the President of Olson Engineering, Inc. and Olson
Instruments, Inc. since their respective beginnings in 1985 and 1995. He has over 21 years of
consulting engineering experience in geotechnical, materials, vibration, instrumentation and
geophysical engineering with an emphasis on condition assessment and nondestructive
evaluation of structures. He is a director of ICRI and the Chairman of ICRI’s Evaluation
Committee. He is also active in ACI Committees on Nondestructive Testing (228),
Consolidation (309), and the Concrete Research Council. Mr. Olson is an internationally
recognized expert in NDE and has been an instructor in the American Society of Civil Engineer
course on “Structural Condition Assessment of Existing Structures” since 1997.
3. John Lund, P.E. has over 17 years of experience in the structural assessment, evaluation and
repair of buildings, including historic preservation and expert witness services. Mr. Lund is a
principal at Martin/Martin, Inc., in their Wheat Ridge, Colorado office where he leads a team of
investigative engineers. He is also a member of the American Concrete Institute Committee 546,
Repair of Concrete.
46
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NDE 360 PLATFORM

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)

NDE-360 Platform with WinUPV Software Version 1.0

Errors and Omissions

(See Sales Contract Documents)

Olson Instruments, Inc.

1.0 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................4

Direct Semi-Direct Indirect

1.1 Organization and Scope of Manual

1.2 Test Methodology

The UPV system with the NDE-360 platform consists of several

2.1 Hardware Component Listing

COMPONENT NAME QTY DESCRIPTION

2.) Calibration Bar 1 For UPV system calibration

3.) Set of UPV Source and 1 54 KHz transducers

To connect one of the UPV transducers to the

5.) Phone Jack to 4

COMPONENT NAME QTY DESCRIPTION

6.) 3 Pin to 4 Pin

7.) Battery Charger

Coupling agent between the UPV transducer and

2.2 Basic Components and Maintenance of NDE-360 Platform

! Do not expose the NDE-360 system or the battery to water.

Ch 4 (wideband) is used for

Pulser for the UPV

Compact Flash Card

NDE-360 Operation Notes: The NDE-360 system is a self-contained data conditioning,

Never impact the screen with any sharp object!

2.3 Hardware Setup

UPV Transducer Phone Plug to 3 Pin Cable

Phone Jack to 4 Pin Adaptor

3 Pin to 4 Pin Cable

2.4 System Calibration

Press on this button to continue

Press on this button to turn on the system

Click on the UPV option

Enter the number of expected

3.0 UPV DATA AQUISITION

Gain Control for Ch 4

5. To perform more UPV tests, repeat Steps 3 - 4.

defined the extent of isolated, unfilled cracks.

recently impacted by a forklift carried by a truck moving at a speed of approximately 75 mph.

investigation and the results are presented herein.

Fig. 2 - The Damaged Girder Prior to Epoxy Injection Repairs

Fig. 3 - The Damaged Girder with Injection Ports in place

investigation, and nondestructive testing results.

Impact Echo (IE)

resonant echo peak(s).

(D) is expressed in the following equation:

Fast Fourier Transform Frequency

Fig. 4 - Diagram of Impact Echo Method

to the test surface.

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Method

low velocities and amplitudes indicate poorer concrete

quality (or cracks). This method requires 2-sided access to

the structure. Typically, two 54 kiloHertz UPV transducers

concrete and placed at two locations on a structure with a

known distance between them. A schematic of the UPV

by the wave travel time (t) as follows:

Nondestructive Testing Field Investigation

Internal unfilled cracks cannot normally be detected visually; therefore a nondestructive

program presented herein consists of two different methods: IE and UPV.

Fig. 6a - IE Test Setup

Fig. 7 - Typical Nondestructive Test Locations and Paths at Each Station