SUMMER2223 MuscularSystem HA12

Principles of Anatomy and
PhysiologyGlobal Edition
Gerard Tortora and Bryan Derrickson
Chapter 10
Muscular Tissue
Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction
In this chapter you will:

.
Learn about the structure and function of the 3 types of

muscular tissue
Examine the events at the neuromuscular junction
Describe energy use in muscle cells
Understand how muscle tension is controlled
TYPES OF
MUSCULAR TISSUE
Three Types of Muscular Tissue
1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle
Three Types of Muscular Tissue
Functions of Muscular Tissue
Producing body movements

Stabilizing body positions
Storing and mobilizing substances within the
body
Generating heat
Properties of Muscular Tissue
Electrical excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
SKELETAL MUSCLE
TISSUE
How are Muscles Formed?
Muscle Tissue Components
Microscopic Anatomy of a Muscle
Microscopic Anatomy of a Muscle
The Arrangement of a Sarcomere
Components of a Sarcomere
Muscle Proteins
Contractile: Regulatory: Structural:
Myosin
Actin Troponin Titin
Tropomy Nebulin
osin
Alpha-
actin
Myomesi
n
Dystroph
in
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Proteins
Levels of Organization within a
Skeletal Muscle
Levels of Organization within a
Skeletal Muscle
CONTRACTION AND
RELAXATION OF
SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS
The Sliding Filament Mechanism
Myosin pulls on actin, causing the thin filament

to slide inward
Consequently, Z discs move toward each other
and the sarcomere shortens
Thanks to the structural proteins, there is a
transmission of force throughout the entire
muscle, resulting in whole muscle contraction
Sliding Filament Mechanism
Note the changes in the I band and H zone as the
muscle contracts
The Contraction Cycle
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
This concept connects the events of a muscle action
potential with the sliding filament mechanism
Length-Tension Relationship
The force of a muscle
contraction depends
on the length of the
sarcomeres in a
muscle prior to
contraction
The Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
The events at the NMJ produce a muscle action
potential:
Voltage-gated calcium channels in a neuron’s synaptic end
bulb open, resulting in an influx of calcium. This causes
exocytosis of a neurotransmitter (NT) into the synaptic cleft
NT binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels on the motor
endplate, which causes an influx of Na+ into the muscle
This depolarizes the muscle and results in Ca2+ release from
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
NT gets broken down by acetlycholinesterase
The Neuromuscular Junction
The Neuromuscular Junction
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Principles of Anatomy and
PhysiologyGlobal Edition
Gerard Tortora and Bryan Derrickson
Chapter 11
The Muscular System
HOW SKELETAL MUSCLES
PRODUCE MOVEMENT
Movement
Skeletal muscles produce movements by exerting

force on tendons
Tendons attach to and pull on bones, and

movement occurs
Origin and Insertion
Most muscles cross at
least one joint and are
attached at the articulating
bones
When a muscle contracts,
it draws one articulating
bone toward the other
Origin – the attachment to
the stationary bone
Insertion – the attachment
to the moveable bone
Lever Systems and Leverage
Bones serve as
levers and joints
serve as fulcrums
.
The lever is acted

on by:
Resistance
Effort
Types of Levers
Effects of Fascicle Arrangement
Muscle fibers are arranged in parallel bundles within
fascicles but the arrangement of fasciculi in relation
to the tendon can vary
Fascicular arrangement is correlated with:
.
The amount of power of a muscle can produce

The range of motion a muscle can produce
Coordination Within Muscle Groups
Most muscle movements are coordinated by several
skeletal muscles acting in groups rather than
individually, and most skeletal muscles are arranged
in opposing pairs at joints
.
Agonist/prime mover
Antagonist
Synergist
HOW SKELETAL
MUSCLES ARE NAMED
Naming Muscles
A muscle may be named based on:
.
Location
Size
Number of origins
Appearance
Direction of fibers
Origin and insertion
Muscle action
OVERVIEW OF THE
PRINCIPAL SKELETAL
MUSCLES
Superficial/
Anterior
Skeletal
Muscles
Superficial/
Posterior
Skeletal
Muscles
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD
THAT PRODUCE FACIAL
EXPRESSIONS
Muscles of Facial Expression
The muscles of facial expression lie within the
subcutaneous layer, originating on the fascia or
bones of the skull and inserting into the skin
When these muscles contract, they move the skin

rather than a joint
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD
THAT MOVE THE EYEBALLS
AND UPPER EYELIDS
Muscles of the Eyeballs
The muscles that move the eyeballs are called
extrinsic eye muscles because they originate in the
orbit and insert on the sclera
There are 3 pairs of extrinsic eye muscles:

1.
1. Superior and inferior recti

2. Lateral and medial recti
3. Superior and inferior obliques
Muscles of the Upper Eyelids
The tendon of the levator palpebrae superioris
passes the eyeball and inserts into the upper
eyelid
This point of insertion allows it to raise the eyelid
MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE
MANDIBLE AND ASSIST IN
MASTICATION AND SPEECH
Muscles of Mastication
The muscles that move the mandible are known
as the muscles of mastication
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD
THAT MOVE THE TONGUE
AND ASSIST IN MASTICATION
AND SPEECH
Muscles of the Tongue
The tongue is a highly mobile structure that plays
a critical role in mastication, taste, and
swallowing
The tongue is attached to the mandible, styloid

process of the temporal bone, and the hyoid bone
MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR
NECK THAT ASSIST IN
DEGLUTITION AND SPEECH
Muscles of the Neck
The suprahyoid muscles elevate the hyoid bone,
floor of the oral cavity, and tongue during
swallowing
Most of the infrahyoid muscles depress the hyoid

bone and some move the larynx
MUSCLES OF THE NECK
THAT MOVE THE HEAD
MUSCLES OF THE
ABDOMEN THAT
PROTECT ABDOMINAL
VISCERA AND MOVE
THE VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
Muscles of the Abdomen
The anterolateral abdominal wall is composed
skin, fascia, and four pairs of muscles
MUSCLES OF THE
THORAX THAT ASSIST IN
BREATHING
Muscles of the Thorax
The muscle of the thorax alter the size of the
thoracic cavity so that breathing can occur
MUSCLES OF THE
PELVIC FLOOR THAT
SUPPORT THE PELVIC
VISCERA AND
FUNCTION AS
SPHINCTERS
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
This group of muscles and associated fascia is
called the pelvic diaphragm, stretching from the
pubis to the coccyx and from one lateral wall of
the pelvis to the other
MUSCLES OF THE
PERINEUM
Muscles of the Perineum
The perineum is the region of the trunk inferior to
the pelvic diaphragm
Diamond-shaped
Extends from the pubic symphysis to the coccyx
and ischial tuberosities
MUSCLES OF THE
THORAX THAT MOVE THE
PECTORAL GIRDLE
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX
AND SHOULDER THAT
MOVE THE HUMERUS
MUSCLES OF THE ARM
THAT MOVE THE RADIUS
AND ULNA
MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM
THAT MOVE THE WRIST,
HAND, THUMB, AND DIGITS
MUSCLES OF THE PALM
THAT MOVE THE DIGITS –
INTRINSIC HAND MUSCLES
MUSCLES OF THE NECK
AND BACK THAT MOVE
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
MUSCLES OF THE
GLUTEAL REGION THAT
MOVE THE FEMUR
MUSCLES OF THE THIGH
THAT MOVE THE FEMUR,
TIBIA, AND FIBULA
MUSCLES OF THE LEG
THAT MOVE THE FOOT
AND TOES
INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF
THE FOOT THAT MOVE
THE TOES

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Principles of Anatomy and

Gerard Tortora and Bryan Derrickson

In this chapter you will:

Learn about the structure and function of the 3 types of

Producing body movements

Myosin pulls on actin, causing the thin filament

Gerard Tortora and Bryan Derrickson

Skeletal muscles produce movements by exerting

Tendons attach to and pull on bones, and

The lever is acted

The amount of power of a muscle can produce

When these muscles contract, they move the skin

There are 3 pairs of extrinsic eye muscles:

1. Superior and inferior recti

This point of insertion allows it to raise the eyelid

The tongue is attached to the mandible, styloid

Most of the infrahyoid muscles depress the hyoid

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