Motor Speed and Input Characteristics Experiment

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 Objectives
To investigate the relationship between the motor speed, input voltage and input current.

Apparatus
1. U-154 Motor driver amplifier (10 Watts):

2. U-155 Tacho amplifier unit:

3. U-156 DC power supply (±15V, 0.2A and motor power):

4. U-157 Potentiometer

5. U-159 Tachometer (FS 4000 RPM)

6. U-161 Servo motor (Motor: 12V, 4.5W | Tacho generator: Approx. 3Vp-p/4000RPM)

7. Multimeters

8. Patch chords

Theoretical Background (working principle of dc motor)

The operation of a DC motor is beginning with its connection to an external power

supply, which provide a DC voltage. When the power supply applies voltage, an electric current

flows into the armature coils of the motor and make it rotate. The rotating armature shaft is

linked to an external load to do useful mechanical work.

Control over speed and direction is one of the DC motor's most important thing. The

motor speed is adjusted by changing the voltage provided to it. Higher voltage usually results in

faster speeds. This is the variation that is possible to measure by an experiment which is look

into the relationship between the motor speed, input voltage and input current.

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 Block Diagram

Schematic Diagram

Procedure
1. I first organize the required modules on a level surface according to the provided block

diagram and schematic diagram.

2. Then I make the necessary connections starting with the Tachometer U-159 to the U-155

meter, providing proper grounding.

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 3. Checking the line voltage, which should registered at about 220V.

4. Inserted the U-156-line cord into the power outlet and turned on the power switch and

observe the motor's behavior.

5. Twisted U-157 in a counter-clockwise direction until the motor moved. At this early

point, I carefully note both the U-157 position and the input voltage.

6. Progressive increasing the input voltage to collect a full dataset. Increased the voltage by

one unit at a time, starting with 2V and working my way up to 3V, and so on while

checking all related U-159 indicators.

7. I always take care not to hit the saturation stage where additional increases in voltage will

not result in an increase in motor speed.

Measurements Table

Input Voltage (V) Input Current (mA) Motor Speed(RPM)

0 0 0
1 180 0
2 160 400
3 195 800
4 228 1200
5 254 1500
6 261 2000
7 275 2400
8 288 2700
9 299 3200
10 300 3600
11 302 4000

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 Graphs
A. Input Voltage Vs Motor Speed Graph

Input voltage vs Motor Speed Graph

4500
4000
3500
Motor Speed (RPM)

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Input Voltage (V)

B. Input Current Vs Motor Speed

Input Current vs Motor Speed Graph

4500
4000
3500
Motor Speed (RPM)

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Input Current (mA)

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 C. Input Voltage Vs Input Current

Input voltage vs Input current Graph

350

300
Input Current (mA)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Input Voltage (V)

Conclusion

The experiment is providing useful insights into relationships between input voltage,

input current, and motor speed. The experiment clearly illustrate that minimum input voltage is

require for the motor to overcome initial mechanical resistances and begin rotating.. Even when

there is many input current, the motor has no speed (0 RPM) below 2V. This finding shows the

important of having a sufficient input voltage to start the motor.

As the motor speed rises, there is also rise in power consumption, which is reflected in an

increase in input current. This connection supports that a greater input voltage cause both a larger

input current and a faster motor. The data show that the linear relationship between input voltage

and motor speed is broken above a particular point, known as the saturation point. This happen

because when the input voltage rises, so does the counter electromotive force (back EMF) within

the motor's armature coil. As a result, there is a limit to how rapid the motor can rotate.

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 Questions and Answers

1. Write the description of each module used in this experiment in details (functions and

specifications).

I. Attenuator (U-157): This module acts as a voltage regulator. It provides for accurate

voltage control to the Motor Driver Amplifier (U-154). It adjusts the input voltage to the

motor by adjusting the attenuation, which influences the motor's speed.

II. U-154 Motor driver amplifier (10 Watts): This module component amplifies the control

signal in order to produce the power and voltage required to run the motor. It controls the

speed and direction of the motor by regulating the current and voltage supplied to it.

III. U-161 Servo motor (Motor: 12V, 4.5W | Tacho generator: Approx. 3Vp-p/4000RPM):

This module represents the actual motor that is being controlled. It is in charge of

transforming electrical energy into a mechanical motion.

IV. U-159 Tachometer (FS 4000 RPM): This component detects and measures the motor's

speed. It normally creates output signal whose frequency varies with the rotational speed

of the motor.

V. F/V Converter (U-155): The Frequency-to-Voltage Converter (F/V Converter) converts

the alternating current (AC) output signal from the Tachometer (U-161) into a direct

current (DC) signal. The DC signal is proportional to the speed of the motor. This

conversion is useful for further processing and speed monitoring.

2. What is a deadband?

The deadband is the range of input voltage values below which the motor is unable to start due to

mechanical resistances.

3. Explain the schematic diagram.

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Motor driver amplifier with attenuator as voltage control drives the motor. The motor speed is

detected by converting the Tacho output of the motor through the F/V converter. The

Tachometer displays the converter output.

4. Plot the three graphs mentioned in the procedure and explain their relations

A. Input Voltage vs Motor Speed

From the input voltage vs motor speed graph, a "deadband" input voltage of 1V exists, below

which a motor cannot start. The deadband is cause by mechanical factors in the motor system

like friction of moving parts. When the input voltage is go above the deadband, the motor's speed

continues to rise as input voltage is increase. But this linear relationship is broken at a point

known as the saturation limit. This limit is achieved because, as the input voltage increases, so

does the counter electromotive force (back EMF) created within the motor's armature coil. Back

EMF opposes the flow of electric current in the coil which is prevent more rise in speed.

B. Input Current vs Motor Speed

From the graph, we see that when the Input Current grows from 0 to around 160 mA, the motor

speed is remains constant at 0 RPM. This is the deadband, where the motor is requires a

minimum current to overcome mechanical resistance and begin moving. The more input current

it adds to motor speed by providing the necessary electrical power to run the motor. The graph

verify that a critical minimum current is required for the motor to start. Beyond this point, motor

speed increases in response to increasing Input Current, but with lower jumps as current values

rise further.

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 C. Input Voltage vs Input Current

The graph clearly shows as the input Voltage increases so does the input Current, and this

relationship hold true throughout the dataset in line with Ohm's Law of I = V/R, where "I" stands

for current, "V" stands for voltage, and "R" stands for resistance. This linear behavior indicates

that there is a consistent increase in Input Current for each unit increase in Input Voltage,

resulting in a linear graph. This is showing that to provide the input current for a DC motor need

to go, a proportionate input voltage is need to be put.