Report on:

DESIGN FOR TOLL BOOTH

SUBMITTED BY:

JAI KARAN JAYANT - 20102034

KRISHAN MURARI SHARMA -20102045
SAGAR KUMAR - 20102065

Consulting Professor:
Dr. Shailja Bawa
(AssistantProfessor)

Department of Civil Engineering

DrB.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar
APRIL 2023

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 Candidate Declaration:
We hereby declare that the report entitled ‘ Design Of TollBOOTH’
,submitted for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology. In
Civil Engineering completed under the supervision of Dr. SHAILJA
BAWA ,Assistant Professor,Department of Civil Engineering, NIT
Jalandhar is an authentic work.

Further, we declare that we have not submitted this work for the
award of any other degree else where.

Jai Karan Jayant:

Krishan Murari Sharma:

Sagar Kumar:

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 ABSTRACT
A toll road, also known as a toll way or turnpike, is a public or private roadway for
which a fee (or toll) is assessed for passage. It is a form of road pricing typically
implemented to help recoup the cost of road construction and maintenance, which
amounts to a form of taxation. Tolls are collected at points known as toll booths, toll
houses, toll plazas, stations, bars, or gates.

Manual toll collection wastes time because they require vehicles to stop, and raises
vehicle operating costs. in India mostly toll booths are manually type.

Now a days there are a huge rush in the toll plazas in order to pay the toll tax. Therefore
a huge loss of time of travelers and a lot of side effects on environment. We have
calculated delay in traffic due to Toll Booth and its economic evaluation.

This report explains estimation of traffic volume, calculated peak hour, delay in traffic
at Toll Booth in peak hour and effect of that delay on economy. Now days, due to rapid
increase in volume of traffic the designed speed on high ways could not be maintained
resulting a delay in reaching target point.

Our project is to study the traffic volume on NH-3 (old NH -1A) near Dhilwan Toll
Plaza it is situated between Jalandhar to Amritsar and delay in traffic due to this Toll
Booth and economic evaluation of this delay in traffic.

The aim of our project is to showing the delay in traffic due to Toll Booth and its side

effects on environment as well as economy.

Certificate by: BTPGUIDE(S)

It is certified that the above statement made by the student(s) is

correct to the best of my/our knowledge.

Signature Of BTP Guide(s)

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 Table Of Contents

SrNo. Topic Page

1. Introduction 5
2. Review of literature 7
3. Methodology 12
4. Data analysis 14
5. Conclusion and recommendation 19
6. Reference 25

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 Introduction
Traffic Engineering is that branch of engineering which deals with the improvement of
traffic performance of road networks and terminals. This is achieved by systematic
traffic studies, scientific analysis and engineering applications. Traffic engineering
deals with the application of scientific principles, tools, techniques and findings for
safe, rapid, convenient and economic moment of people and goods. The basic object of
traffic engineering is to achieve efficient free and rapid flow of traffic with least
number of traffic accidents. Factual studies of traffic operations provide the foundation
for developing methods for improvement in general and for solving specific problems.
These studies help in deciding the geometric design feature and traffic control for safe
and efficient traffic moments.

Speed and travelling time are two important transportation consideration because it
relates to safety, comfort, convenience and economics. The actual speed of vehicles
over a particular route may fluctuate widely depending on several factors such as
geometric features, traffic conditions, place, environment and driver speed totally
depends on time. So our main aim should be reduce the travel time and minimize all
delays in time..

Between Jalandhar to Amritsar two Toll booths on NH -3 (old NH-1A) situated in

Dhilwan and Nizzarpura. In this project studied on Dhilwan Toll Booth. Distance
between both toll booth is 440 km.

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 STUDY AREA
Study of the traffic volume and delay in vehicles at peak hour on NH-3 (old NH -1A)
near Dhilwan Toll Plaza, it is situated between Jalandhar to Amritsar and then
economic evaluation of delay in traffic due to this Toll Booth.

OBJECTIVES
1. Determination of peak hour delay in traffic due to Toll Booth.

2. Economical evaluation of delay at Toll Booth in peak hour.

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 Literature Review
Nowadays traffic congestion problem is one of the major problems occurring in all the
major cities of the country. The last 20-30 years have seen an immense growth in the
population of country. Due to increase in population and growth of technology lifestyle
of people is becoming more and more sophisticated. Every person living in the city has
one or the other type of vehicle whether it be a two wheeler or a four wheeler. But the
design of roads is according to older capacities and they are not able to support higher
density of vehicles properly. Due to this reason the flow of vehicles is not fluent which
leads to traffic jams and other problems in most of the congested areas of the city.

This chapter deals with the review of the existing literature on the type of problems
occurring in the congested areas of the city. The most important investigations, related
to the current investigation, are summarized and salient facts which seem to emerge
from research are discussed. The discussion is generally confined to the traffic analysis,
delay study, fuel consumption and accident studies.

Delay in Traffic

The additional travel time experienced by a driver, passenger or pedestrian due to

circumstances that impede the desirable movement of traffic. It is measured as the time
difference between actual travel time and free-flow travel time, or
delay in travel = [actual time- (free-flow travel time)]

Causes of Delay
a) Traffic congestion

b) Vehicle is not in good condition

c) Delay at toll booth

d) Others:

Inferior road condition, mix traffic on highway.

Animals are forced to cross roads and highways in search of food, water.

Among these causes, traffic congestion and delay at toll booth are major causes.

In this report studied delay in traffic due to tool booth.

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Congestion
Congestion usually relates to an excess of vehicles on a portion of roadway at a
particular time resulting in speeds that are slower-sometimes much slower than normal
or "free flow" speeds.

Free Flow Speed

Free-flow speed is actually defined as the speed that occurs when density and flow are

Minimum.

Flow
The number of vehicles counted in one hour is flow(q).Let the number of vehicles
counted by an observer at A for one hour ben. Therefore,

q= n(veh/hr)

Flow rate is defined as the rate at which traffic traverses a freeway segment, in vehicles
per hour or passenger cars per hour.

Normal speed:
Speed of vehicle when all factors (road situation, vehicle condition, driver, density etc.)
are in normal condition.

Peak hour:
Peak hour is a part of the day during which traffic congestion on roads is at its highest.
Normally, this happens twice every weekday, once in the morning and once in the
evening, the times during when the most people commute.

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 TRAFFIC VOLUME CALCULATION
General
Traffic volume is no. of vehicles crossing a section of road per unit time at any selected
period. Traffic volume is used as quantity measure of flow; the commonly used units
are vehicles per day and vehicles per hour.

Methods of traffic volume study

There are the different ways of counting the traffic

a) Mechanical Counters

b) manual counters

c) Photo-electric Device

d) Radar

Mechanical counters
These may be either fixed or portable type. The mechanical type counter can
automatically record the total no of vehicles crossing a section of the road within
desired period. Its working principal based on effect of impulses caused by traffic
movements on a pneumatic hose placed across the roadway or by the using another type
of sensor. Traffic count is recorded by electrically operated counters and recorders
capable of recording the impulses.

The impulse caused by vehicles of weight may not be enough in some cases to actuate
the counter .Also it is not possible to easily record pedestrian traffic by this method.

The main advantages of mechanical counter is that it can work throughout the day and
night for the desired period. recording the total hourly volume, which may not be
practicable in manual counting.

The main drawback of the mechanical counter is that it is not possible to get the traffic
volumes of various classes of traffic in the stream and the details of turning movements.

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Manual counts
This method employs a field team to record traffic volume on the prescribed record
sheets. By this method it is possible to obtain data which cannot be collected by
mechanical counters, such as vehicle classification, turning movements and counts
where the loading conditions or number of occupants are required.

However it is not practicable to have manual count for all the 24 hours of the day and
on all days round the year. Hence it is necessary to resort to statistical sampling
techniques in order to cut down the manual hours involved in taking complete counts,
first the fluctuations of traffic volume during the hours of the day and the daily
variations are observed. Then by selecting typical short counts periods, the traffic
volume study is made by manual counting. Then by statistical analysis the peak hourly
traffic volumes as well as the average daily traffic volumes are calculated.

This method is very commonly adopted due to the specific advantages over other
methods.

Photo-electric Device
On one end of road, a source of light emits a beam across the road. At the other end is a
photo-cell which can distinguish between the light beam and absence of light beam.
Passage of vehicle in the path of light beam obstructs the beam and detected by
photocell.

Radar
Radar method is based on Doppler Effect. It compares the frequency of a transmitted
radio signal with the frequency of the reflected signal. When a moving vehicle
interrupts the signal, a frequency difference exists.

Other methods

a) By Toll Plaza Ticketing

b) Registration offices

c) Statistical Approach
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a) Toll Plaza Ticketing:

Toll Plaza may also be used for conducting the traffic survey. As every vehicle passing
through it have to pay the tax and a receipt is handed over to the persons, thus in this
way by calculating the no of receipts for a particular type of vehicle, it can be know that
how much cars, buses, trucks and other vehicles have left the city and entered.

b) Registration Offices:

Every new vehicle has to be registered from the government when it is bought by its
owner. Registration offices are located in every district level and the persons residing
nearby are bound to register their vehicle from the prescribed office. For the purpose of
conducting traffic survey, record from these offices can be taken for a particular year.
Thus this record will enable us to determine the no of new vehicles entered in the roads.
However this method has some draw backs because when an old vehicle sold by a
person, after that the sold vehicle, which was registered in the particular district, may
move from that district to a new place.

c) Statistical Approach:

This method is applicable when the records for the past years are maintained effectively
and efficiently. Thus by using statistical approaches of approximation may be used to
predict future predictions about traffic flow on the road. In this report adopt Manual
Counts for calculating traffic volume. because it is more feasible for us.

Passenger Car Unit

The different vehicles having varying dimensions, speed are expressed in terms of
standard unit, namely passenger car unit. The highway capacity is generally expressed
in terms of passenger car unit. The different types of vehicles affect the capacity in
varying degrees. For this reasons, the conversion factor of truck is greater than I
depending on the nature of terrain traverse. In order to convert the different vehicle
classes to one class such as passenger car,conversion factor known as passenger car
units (PCU) are used for designing purpose.

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S.NO. VEHICLE CLASS PCU
1. Motor cycle, Scooter 0.5
2. Passenger Car, Tempo, 1.0
Agricultural tractor

3. Bus, Truck 3.0

4. Cycle rickshaw 1.5
5. Horse drawn vehicle 4.0
6. Small bullock cart 6.0
7. Large bullock cart 8.0

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 METHODOLOGY

The purpose of this survey is to conduct a traffic analysis of the volume of traffic of the
vehicles on the Amritsar -Jalandhar Highway and Jalandhar -Amritsar Dhilwan Toll
booth . The survey was conducted at different days and times during a week for several
one-hour duration to calculate the peak time and downtime. The survey was conducted
to gather data on different types of vehicles such as cars, LCVs, bus/trucks tractors and
two-wheeler.
The following methodology was used to conduct the survey:

1. Selection of Location:
The survey was conducted on the Amritsar -Jalandhar Highway and Jalandhar -
Amritsar Dhilwan Toll booth, which is major toll in Punjab. The location was selected
based on its high traffic volume and the presence of different types of vehicles.

2. Selection of Time:
The survey was conducted at different times during a week for several one-hour
durations to capture the peak and downtime of the traffic. The survey was conducted
during the weekdays, during morning, afternoon, and evening hours to capture the
variation in traffic volume

3. Data Collection:
We divided the survey team into two groups, with two members assigned to record the
number of vehicles passing through the toll from Amritsar to Jalandhar , and the other
members assigned to record vehicles passing through the toll from Jalandhar to
Amritsar. We recorded the data on recording sheets and later transferred the data into
electronic spreadsheets for analysis.

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 DATA ANALYSIS

TRAFFIC VOLUME DATA ANALYSIS JALANDHAR TO AMRITSAR

TRAFFIC
VOLUME
DATA
DAY VEHICLES/TIMING BUS/TRUCK CAR/VAN AUTO LMV MCWG TOTAL
MONDAY 9:30-10:30AM 105 109 19 132 123 488
MONDAY 2:15-3:15PM 109 297 16 143 111 676
MONDAY 4:00-5:00PM 121 413 17 176 126 853
SUM 2017

Chart Title
450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

TOTAL VEHICALS = 488 + 676 + 853 = 2017

PCU ( PASSANGER CAR UNITS) = TRAFFIIC VOLUME /4*TRAFFIC

DURING PEAK
HOUR

PCU = 2017/(4*853)

PCU = 0.59

ACTUAL FLOW RATE = 4*853 = 3412

After calculating the value of PCU, we can say that the actual flow is equal to
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3412, which is greater than the peak hour flow , so either we can increase the
width of the carriageway or may be we can make a design for 5 lane instead of
4 lane.

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 TRAFFIC
VOLUME
DATA
DAY VEHICLES/TIMING BUS/TRUCK CAR/VAN AUTO LMV MCWG TOTAL
TUESDAY 1:00-2:00PM 197 268 23 156 134 778
TUESDAY 2:30-3:30PM 160 203 18 148 123 652
TUESDAY 4:15-5:15PM 173 387 34 167 110 871

Chart Title
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

TOTAL VEHICALS = 778 + 652 + 871 = 2301

PCU ( PASSANGER CAR UNITS) = TRAFFIIC VOLUME /4*TRAFFIC

DURING PEAK
HOUR

PCU = 2301/(4*871)

PCU = 0.66

ACTUAL FLOW RATE = 4*871 = 3484

After calculating the value of PCU, we can say that the actual flow is equal to
3484, which is greater than the peak hour flow , so either we can increase the
width of the carriageway or may be we can make a design for 5 lane instead of
4 lane

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AMRITSAR TO JALANDHAR

TRAFFIC VOLUME DATA

DAY VEHICLES/TIMING BUS/TRUCK CAR/VAN AUTO LMV MCWG Total
MONDAY 9:30-10:30AM 97 315 23 156 95 686
MONDAY 2:15-3:15PM 135 289 34 148 119 725
MONDAY 3:30-4:30PM1 167 345 56 175 143 886

Chart Title
400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

TOTAL VEHICALS = 686+ 725 + 886 = 2297

PCU ( PASSANGER CAR UNITS) = TRAFFIIC VOLUME /4*TRAFFIC

DURING PEAK
HOUR

PCU = 2297/(4*886)

PCU = 0.65

ACTUAL FLOW RATE = 4*886 = 3544

After calculating the value of PCU, we can say that the actual flow is equal to
3544, which is greater than the peak hour flow , so either we can increase the
width of the carriageway or may be we can make a design for 5 lane instead of
4 lane.

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TRAFFIC VOLUME DATA
DAY VEHICLES/TIMING BUS/TRUCK CAR/VAN AUTO LMV MCWG TOTAL
TUESDAY 12:15-1:15PM 105 301 40 141 145 732
TUESDAY 2:15-3:15PM 131 289 39 137 167 763
TUESDAY 4:00-5:00PM 126 279 45 111 149 710

DAY 2 DATA
350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

TTOTAL VEHICALS = 732 + 763 + 710 = 2205

PCU ( PASSANGER CAR UNITS) = TRAFFIIC VOLUME /4*TRAFFIC

DURING PEAK
HOUR

PCU = 2205/(4*763)

0.72

PCU = ACTUAL FLOW RATE = 4*763 = 3052

After calculating the value of PCU, we can say that the actual flow is equal to
3544, which is greater than the peak hour flow , so either we can increase the
width of the carriageway or may be we can make a design for 5 lane instead of
4 lane.

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 Conclusion and recommendation
By thoroughly examining the collected data we concluded that the toll booth of
Dhilwan ( Jalandhar – Amritsar ) highway has high traffic volume during time period
of afternoon to evening. Since this is a major highway road there is a good amount of
traffic which flows through tolls and it results congestion problems on the toll booth
and it causes delay in travelling and fuel losses of vehicle users.

There are some suggestions to reduce the delay problems on the toll booth

Solution 1:
Improving the efficiency of Electronic Toll Collection
ETC systems can help reduce congestion by allowing vehicles to pass through toll
booths without stopping. This is achieved by using electronic tags that are installed on
the vehicles, which are read by the toll booth system as the vehicle passes through. By
improving the efficiency ghfof ETC system we can reduce the congestion problems on
the Dhilwan toll booth .

Solution 2:
Implement dedicated toll lanes:

Dedicated toll lanes can help reduce the traffic on Dhilwan toll booth since there is
no separate lanes for ETC and cash payments. If there is separate lanes on the toll then
the congestion issues will not occur on the ETC lane since it is automatic and quick so
there is no delay because of human errors.

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Solution 3:

Increase the number of toll booth

Increasing the number of booths on Dhilwan toll booth can reduce congestion problems
.
Dhilwan toll has 8 toll booth which are not sufficient during the peak traffic hours
by increasing the booth count by 2 there will be less congestion issues and less delay in
travel time due to toll collection.

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Solution 4:

Improving the road infrastructure

During the survey period our group has noticed that the road infrastructure around the
booth has very poor pavement quality which results less traffic flow and obstruction in
smooth travelling. Maintenance work should be done to improve the quality of the road
around the toll.

Solution 5:

Color coding

Color coding the lanes or booths on Dhilwan toll plaza can help drivers to easily
determine on which lane they have to go according to the vehicle type and payment
method it will reduce the traffic issues on the toll booth.

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22
Solution 6:

Sheltered waiting area:

On Dhilwan toll plaza the peak hours of traffic are during daytime and travelers have to
wait to go through the toll. During the time of summer temperature is very high during
daytime we can create a more comfortable and pleasant experience for those waiting to
pay tolls by providing shelter area around the toll.

Solution 7:

Designated pedestrian bridge:

Dhilwan toll booth does not have a pedestrian bridge over it for safe passage of toll
booth operators and pedestrians there is space over the toll which can be utilized to
create a pedestrian overbridge.

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Solution 8:

Implementing express toll lanes

Express toll lanes are dedicated toll lanes that allow travelers to pay a high amount of
toll fee and get a separate lane to pass.

On Dhilwan toll there is no express toll lane by increasing the lanes from 8 to 10 and
providing 2 express toll lanes we can reduce the congestion problems and it will be
beneficial for government since express lane charge more toll fee than regular tolls.

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 Reference

1. ://earth.google.com/web/search/Dhilwan+Toll+Plaza,+next+to+toll+palaza,+Kapurth
ala,+Punjab/@31.4992207,75.3230032,262.34950768a,884.94415969d,35y,0h,45t,0r/d
ata=CqYBGnwSdgolMHgzOTFhMzU0YjhlMjAzZGVkOjB4ZTVhY2YzZTczYTAxO
GMwYhl5_IPtzH8_QCE3IJ0VrNRSQCo7RGhpbHdhbiBUb2xsIFBsYXphLCBuZXh0
IHRvIHRvbGwgcGFsYXphLCBLYXB1cnRoYWxhLCBQdW5qYWIYAiABIiYKJAl
4yCRo-oE_QBHog8nUAn0_QBn2quWDfNVSQCHnq18LhNRSQCg
2. https://www.engineeringenotes.com/transportation-engineering/traffic-
engineering/traffic-volume-studies-flow-characteristics-and-forecasting-
engineering/48401
3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2046043020300629 .

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