Living in

the IT
Era
 DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
- an electronic machine that accepts
information (Data), processes it
according to specific instructions, and
provides the results as new information.
EARLIEST COMPUTER
- Originally calculations were computed
by humans, whose job title was
computers.
- These human computers were typically
engaged in the calculation of a
mathematical expression.
- The calculations of this period were
specialized and expensive, requiring
years of training in mathematics.
- The first use of the word "computer"
was recorded in 1613, referring to a
person who carried out calculations, or
computations, and the word continued
to be used in that sense until the middle
of the 20th century.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
moving the rods around and placing
them in specially constructed boards.
SLIDE RULE
- Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
- Based on Napier's idea about
logarithms.
- Used primarily for: – multiplication –
division – roots – logarithm –
Trigonometry
- Not normally used for addition or
subtraction.
PASCALINE
- Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
- It was its limitation to addition and
subtraction.
- It is too expensive.
STEPPED RECKONER
- Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in
1672.
- The machine that can add, subtract,
multiply and divide automatically.

JACQUARD LOOM
TALLY STICKS - mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-
Marie Jacquard in 1881
- an ancient memory aid device to record
- automatic loom controlled by punched
and document numbers, quantities, or
cards.
even messages.
ARITHMOMETER
ABACUS
- mechanical calculator invented by
- mechanical device used to aid an
Thomas de Colmar in 1820
individual in performing mathematical
- first reliable, useful and commercially
calculations
successful calculating machine
- invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
- could perform the four basic
- abacus in the form we are most familiar
mathematic functions
with was first used in China in around
- first mass-produced calculating
500 B.C.
machine.
- used to perform basic arithmetic
operations DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND ANALYTICAL
NAPIER’S BONES ENGINE

- Invented by John Napier in 1614. - It’s an automatic, mechanical calculator

- Allowed the operator to multiply, divide designed to tabulate polynomial
and calculate square and cube roots by functions
 - Invented by Charles Babbage (Father
of Computer) in 1822 and 1834
- first mechanical computer
FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER
- In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests
to Babbage that he use the binary
system.
- She writes programs for the Analytical
Engine.
SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE
- Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in
1843.
- Based on Charles Babbage's
difference engine.
- The first printing calculator.
TABULATING MACHINE
- Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
- To assist in summarizing information
and accounting.
HARVARD MARK 1
- Also known as IBM Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC).
- Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943.
- The first electro-mechanical computer.
Z1
- The first programmable computer.
- Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany
from 1936 to 1938.
- To program the Z1 required that the
user insert punch tape into a punch
tape reader and all output was also
generated through punch tape.
ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC)
- It was the first electronic digital
computing device.
- Invented by Professor John Atanasoff
and graduate student Clifford Berry at
Iowa State University between 1939
and 1942.
ENIAC
- ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer
- first electronic general purpose
computer
- Completed in 1946
- Developed by John Presper Eckert and
John W. Mauchly.
UNIVAC 1
- The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic
Computer 1) was the first commercial
computer
- Designed by J. Presper Eckert and
John Mauchly.
EDVAC
- EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer.
- The First Stored Program Computer
- Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
- It has a memory to hold both a stored
program as well as data.
OSBORNE 1
- The first portable computer.
- Released in 1981 by the Osborne
Computer Corporation.
THE FIRST COMPUTER COMPANY
- The first computer company was the
Electronic Controls Company.
- Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly.
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
 First Generation – 1939 – 1954
(vacuum tube)
 Second generation – 1954 – 1959
(transistor)
 Third generation – 1959 – 1971 (IC)
 Fourth generation – 1971 – 1991
(microprocessor)
 Fifth generation – 1991 and beyond
 THE FIRST GENERATION
- First generation computers relied on
machine language, the lowest-level
programming language understood by
computers, to perform operations, and
they could only solve one problem at a
time.
- Input was based on punched cards and
paper tape, and output was displayed
on printouts. History of Computer
Vacuum Tubes
- The first computers used vacuum
tubes, magnetic drums for memory,
and were often enormous, taking up
entire rooms.
- They were very expensive to operate
and in addition to using a great deal of
electricity, generated a lot of heat,
which was often the cause of
malfunctions.
THE SECOND GENERATION
- Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and
ushered in the second generation of
computers.
- One transistor replaced the equivalent
of 40 vacuum tubes.
- Allowing computers to become smaller,
faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient
and more reliable. History of Computer
- Still generated a great deal of heat that
can damage the computer.
- Second-generation computers moved
from cryptic binary machine language
to symbolic, or assembly, languages,
which allowed programmers to specify
instructions in words.
- Second-generation computers still
relied on punched cards for input and
printouts for output.
- These were also the first computers
that stored their instructions in their
memory, which moved from a magnetic
drum to magnetic core technology.
THE THIRD GENERATION
- The development of the integrated
circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers.
- Transistors were miniaturized and
placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of
computers.
- Much smaller and cheaper compare to
the second generation computers.
- It could carry out instructions in
billionths of a second.
- Users interacted with third generation
computers through keyboards and
monitors and interfaced with an
operating system, which allowed the
device to run many different
applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory.
- Computers for the first time became
accessible to a mass audience
because they were smaller and
cheaper than their predecessors.
THE FOURTH GENERATION
- The microprocessor brought the fourth
generation of computers, as thousands
of integrated circuits were built onto a
single silicon chip.
- As these small computers became
more powerful, they could be linked
together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the
Internet.
- Fourth generation computers also saw
the development of GUIs, the mouse
and handheld devices.
THE FIFTH GENERATION
- Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
- Still in development.
- The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality.
- The goal is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and
 are capable of learning and self-
organization.
- There are some applications, such as
voice recognition, that are being used
today.
WHAT IS COMPUTER?
- system consisting of two different
components, hardware and software
computer is also kwon as a single
component that does the actual
computing. This is the central
processing unit, or CPU, the job of the
CPU is to execute programs.
FOUR PARTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
 Hardware
 Software
 Users
 Data
CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER
- The computer has the ability to perform
arithmetic operation like: addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.
- The computer can perform relational
and logical operations.
- A computer has storage area called
memory, the reason why the computer
has the ability to store and retrieve
information.
- The computer has the ability to process
information at a very high speed
- The computer can direct itself in a
predetermine manner without human
intervention
LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER
- Computers do not think for you
- The computer cannot correct
inaccurate data.
- The computer is subject to breakdown
USES OF COMPUTER
1. personal computing
2. science and research
3. information system/data processing
4. education
5. medicine
6. artificial intelligence
CRITICAL COMPONENTS
- Processor
- Memory
- Input And Output Devices
- Storage
THE PROCESSOR
PROCESSING
- procedure that transforms raw data into
useful one.
- To perform “Processing” the computer
uses two components. “The Processor
and Memory”.
PROCESSOR OR CPU (CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNIT)
- The processor is like the brain of the
computer.
- It organizes and caries out instructions
that come from either the user or the
software. In a personal computer, the
processor usually consists of one or
more microprocessors (sometimes
called chips), which are slivers of silicon
or other material etched with many tiny
electronic circuits.
- To process data or complete an
instruction from a user or a program,
the computer passes electricity through
the circuits. The microprocessor is
 plugged into the computer - The more RAM the computer has, the
motherboard. more it can do and the faster it can
perform a certain task.
- The most common measurement unit
of memory is the byte-the amount of
memory it takes to store a single
character, such as a letter of the
alphabet or numeral.

- The number of computer memory is

often large that it’s useful to used terms
such as kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB),
gigabyte (GB)and terabyte (TB) to
describe the value.
MOTHERBOARD
UNITS OF MEASURE FOR COMPUTER
- is a rigid rectangular card containing
MEMORY OR STORAGE
the circuitry that connects the
processor to the other hardware.

- is an example of circuit board.

3 PARTS OF COMPUTER WHERE ALL

COMPUTER PROCESSING TAKES PLACE.
MEMORY

- Memory is the electronic holding place

1. ALU (ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT)
for the instructions and data a computer
needs to reach quickly.
- It's where information is stored for
immediate use.
- Memory is one of the basic functions of
a computer, because without it, a
computer would not be able to function
properly.
- The most common type of memory is
Random Access Memory (RAM)
- One of the most factors affecting the
speed and power of a computer is the
amount of RAM it has.
Perform all arithmetic operations and
logical processes required to solve a
computer problem.
2. CONTROL UNIT
The little supervisor of the CPU. It
directs and coordinates the operation of
the entire computer according to the
instructions laid out in the program. It
intercepts the instruction, gets data to
be used in each instruction and relays
the appropriate commands to other
parts of the hardware where action is to
take place.
3. MEMORY
Also called “Primary Memory or Main
Memory” -This is the storage of the
 hardware which contains the program
and the data being worked with by the
computer.
TWO TYPES OF MEMORY
ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)
Contains all system programs that are
used for startup operations of the computer
non-volatile memory that permanently
stores instructions for your computer.
RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
Stores Data that can either be read
(retrieved for use in processing) or written
to (store data).
volatile memory that temporarily stores the
files you are working on.
INPUT DEVICES
- Input Devices accept data and
instructions from the user or from
another computer system (such as
computer on the internet).
- Ex. Keyboard- which accepts letters,
numbers and commands from the user.
Mouse- which lets you select option
from on-screen menus.
OUTPUT DEVICES
- To present processed data to the user.
- Ex. Monitor and Printer- the computer
sends the output to the monitor (the
display screen) when the user needs to
see the output. It sends output to the
printer when the user requests a paper
copy (also called a hard copy) of a
document.
STORAGE
- The purpose of the storage is to hold
data permanently.
THREE MAJOR DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN
STORAGE AND MEMORY:
A. There is more room in storage than in
memory.
B. Contents are retained in storage when
the computer is turned-off, whereas the
program or the data you put into the
memory disappear, when you shutdown
the computer.
C. Storage very slow compared to
memory, but it’s much cheaper than
memory.
 There are many types of storage
devices including tape drives, optical
drives, and removable hard drives.
however, the most common storage
medium is the magnetic disk.
 Disk - A round, flat objects that spins
around its center.(CD) Disk Drives -
The device that holds a disk.
 CD-ROM drive- Compact Disk Read
Only Memory, is another common type
of storage device. as the name implies,
you cannot change the information on
the disk just as you cannot record over
an audio CD.
WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM AND
THEIR USES
- Word processing software which is also
called a word processor in application
that provides extensive tools for
creating all kinds of text-based
documents
THE WORD PROCESSORS INTERFACE
- The word processors main editing
window display a document and
several tools. In additional, a
document area or document window,
which is you view the document. A word
processor provides several sets of
tools including:
• Menu bar
 • Toolbars SPECIAL FEATURES OF WORD
• Rules PROCESSING SOFTWARE

• Scroll bar ➢ Language Tools

• Status bar ▪ Spell checker

ENTERING AND EDITING TEXT ▪ Grammar checkers

- You create a document by typing on the ▪ Thesaurus.

keyboard-a process known as entering ➢ Tables
text. In a new document, the program
places a blinking insertion point ➢ Mail merge
(called cursor) in the upper left corner ➢ Adding graphics and sounds
of the document
➢ Templates
FORMATTING TEXT
SPREADSHEET PROGRAM AND THEIR
USES
CHARACTER FORMAT - A spreadsheet program is a software
Character formatting includes setting tool for entering, calculating,
the control attributes of individual text such us: manipulating and analyzing sets of
numbers.
➢ Fonts
- Spreadsheets have a wide range of
➢ Type size uses- form family budgets to corporate
➢ Type style earnings statements.

➢ Paragraph Format THE SPREADSHEET INTERFACE

➢ Line - Like a word processing program, a

spreadsheet program lets you work in
➢ Paragraph spacing main document area (also called
➢ Indents document window), which displays your
data in various ways.
➢ Alignment
- In a spreadsheet program you actually
➢ Tab stops work in a document called a worksheet
➢ Borders and shading (or a sheet) and you can collect related
worksheet in a workbook (which is
DOCUMENT FORMAT called notebook in some programs
➢ Margins - A typical Spreadsheet interface also
➢ Page size provides a main menu bar, toolbars, a
special formula bar, where you can
➢ Orientation create or edit data and formulas in the
➢ Header and footers worksheet.

➢ Columns - An empty worksheet (one without any

data) looks like a grid of rows and
➢ Section columns.
ENTERING DATA IN A WORKSHEET
- A worksheet can hold several types
of data, including labels (ordinary
text), values (numbers), dates and
formulas (statements that perform a
calculation.
- Cells also can hold graphics, audio
files, and video or animation files.
- Entering data in worksheet is
simple. Using the mouse or arrow
key, you select a cell to make it
active.
- The active cell is indicated by cell
pointer, a rectangle that makes the
active cells borders look bold.
- To navigate the worksheet, you
need to understand its system of
cell addresses.
- When you have selected a cell, you
simply type the data into it.
- You can also use the spreadsheets
cut, copy and paste feature to
duplicate and move data to various
parts of the worksheet.
LABELS
- Worksheet can contain text- called
labels (name for data values) as
well as values and formulas. In
spreadsheets, text usually is used to
identify a value or series of values
(as in row or column heading), or to
describe the content of a specific
cell (such as total).
VALUES
- In a spreadsheet, a value is any
number you enter or number that
results from a computation. You
might enter series of values in
column so that you can total them.
DATES
- necessary part of most worksheets,
and spreadsheet programs can
work with date information in many
ways. A date maybe added to a
worksheet simply to indicate when it
was created.
FORMULAS
- The power of the spreadsheet lies in
formulas which calculate number
based on values or formulas in other
cells. You can create many kinds of
formulas manually to do basic
arithmetic operations.
FUNCTIONS
- Spreadsheet come with many built
in formula called functions that
perform specialized calculations
automatically. You can include
these functions in your own
formulas
- Some functions are simple, such as
the COUNT functions, which counts
many values in a range of cells.
- You add arguments within the
parentheses of the functions.
- Arguments are the values (often
called cell reference) that the
functions uses in its operation.
ENTERING AND FORMATTING A
WORKSHEETS
- After a worksheet has been created,
anything in it can be edited. Like
processor, a spreadsheet programs
are extremely accommodating
when you want to make the desired
changes.
- Spreadsheet program makes it easy
to move, copy or delete the contents
of the cells, You also can insert or
delete rows and column.
- Spreadsheet programs offer
numerous formats specifically for
numbers. Numbers appear as
dollars, cents, percentages, dates
times and fractions.
 ADDING CHARTS
- A popular feature of spreadsheet
software is the ability to generate
charts based on numeric data.
- Charts make data easier to
understand-for example, when
presenting data to an audience.
- With spreadsheets, creating a chart
is simple with just a few mouse click.
- Select the data you want to chart,
select a chart type (bar chart, pie
chart, line chart or scatter chart),
and set the desired chart options.
ANALYZING DATA IN A SPREADSHEET
You can use a worksheet to analyze data.
Most spreadsheet programs enable you to use
three useful techniques.
1. Analysis is the process of using
spreadsheet to test how alternative
scenarios affect numeric results. All
spreadsheets allow you to do simple
analysis. You can easily change one part
of formula or a cell that it refers to see how
that change affects the rest of the
worksheets. A more sophisticated type of
analysis is table that automatically
calculates the results based on any
number of assumptions
2. Goal Seeking finds values for one or
more cells that make the results of a
formula equal to a value you specify.
3. Sorting is another data- analysis tool.
When you sort data, you arrange it in a
specific manner based on certain criteria,
such as by date dollar amount, or
alphabetically. After data is sorted it maybe
easier to perform calculations on the
results.
PRESENTATION PROGRAM BASICS
- Before the first PC-based
presentations programs were
developed, creating a presentation
could be tedious and time
consuming or deal. The process
changes for the better, however,
with the advent of the computerized
tools that were designed specially to
aid in creating slides.
- Presentations program provide
powerful design tools that make it
easy to anyone to outline, create,
edit, arrange and display complex
slides presentations.
- And also, function such as drag and
drop, cut and copy and paste.
THE PRESENTATION PROGRAM
INTERFACE
- The typical presentation programs
display a slide in a large document
window and provide a wide range of
tools for designing and editing
slides. Presentation program
provides many of the features found
in the word processor (for working
with text), spreadsheet (for creating
charts), and paint program (for
creating and editing simple
graphics).
CREATING PRESENTATION
- Creating presentation is simple.
Just choose the type of slide you
want to create and then start adding
the content. You can create slides
from scratch (starting with a blank
slide), but it is easier and faster to
work with one of the presentation
programs with many template. A
presentation template is a pre-
designed document that already
has coordinating fonts, a layout, and
a background. The program
provides special text boxes and
frames.
FORMATTING SLIDES
- Formatting Text
- Resizing Frames
- Adding Colors
- Adding Background or shading
 SPECIAL FEATURES OF PRESENTATION
PROGRAMS
- Outlining
- Annotation
- Animation
- Sound and Video
- Other Embedded Objects
PRESENTING SLIDESHOWS
- On the PC’s screen
- On a television screen
- On a large formal monitor
- From a digital projector
REMINDERS FROM PROFESSIONAL
PRESENTERS
- Keep it short and simple
- Be consistent
- Do not go overhead
- Practice, practice, practice
- Remember, timing is everything
- Allow for audience reaction and
interaction
DATABASES AND DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
To make large collections of data useful,
people and organizations use computers and
an efficient data management system. Like a
warehouse, a database is a collection of
related data or facts. A Database
Management system (DBMS) is a software
tool that allows people to store, access,
and process data or facts into useful
information
"Personal computers have brought database
management to the desktop of individuals of
businesses and homes. Although the casual
computer user may not need an inventory
tracking system, home users utilize
commercial DBMS products to maintain
address lists of friends and business contacts
manage household purchases and budgets,
organize music CD and video libraries, and -
store data for home businesses
These types of software usually are not
referred to as database or database
management programs; Instead, they are also
called personal information, managers,
personal organizer, and other names. Behind
their interfaces, however, these PC program
have the heart of a database management
system. A dedicated DBMS makes it possible
to do many routine tasks that otherwise would
be tedious and time consuming without a
computer
A DATABASE CAN:
- sort thousands of addresses by zip
code
- find all records of people who live in
a certain state
- print all list of selected records, such
as all real estate listing that close
escrow last month
- invoice a customer’s new car lease,
adjust the dealerships, and update
the service departments mailing list
merely by entering the data for a
single sales transactions
THE DATABASE
- Contains a collection of related
items or facts arranged in a specific
structure. The most obvious
example of a non- computerized
database is a telephone directory
Telephone companies use
electronic database program to
produce their printed phone books
MOST COMMON TERMS TO KNOW
ABOUT DATABASE
FIELDS
- each piece of information
 RECORDS
- one full set of fields, that is, all the
related information about one
person or objects
TABLES
- complete collections of records
makes a table
FLAT FILE AND RELATIONAL DATABASE
STRUCTURE
Many early database applications and some
current – low end application access and
manipulate only one table at a time. These
DATA MANAGEMENT TASK FALLS INTO
applications store each table in its owns, file
when dealing with such database there is no
reason to use the term table, because the
table and the database are one and the same.
Very often, a table is simply called a file or just
“the database”
RELATIONAL DATABASE
- the vendor and inventory tables can
be linked to maintain and track
inventory levels
- the order and employee tables can
be linked to control scheduling
THE DBMS
- a program or collections of
programs, that allows any number
of users to access
- provides tools that enable users to
construct special requests (called
queries) to find a specific record in
the database.
ONE OF THE THREE GENERAL
CATEGORIES:
- entering data into the database
- sorting the data - that is, arranging
or reordering. the databases record
- obtaining subsets of the data

- a database made of set of tables WORKING WITH A DATABASE

- a common field existing in any two
The DBMS Interface presents the user with
tables creates a relationship
data and the tools required to work with the
between the tables
data. You work with the interfaces tools to
- its structure is easily the most
perform data management functions:
prevalent in today's business
organizations - Creating table
- Sorting records
In business, a typical relational database likely
- generating reports
would contain data, tables, such as the
- Viewing records
following:
- creating queries
- customer information
- employee information CREATING DATABASE TABLES
- vendor information - The first step in building a database
- inventory information is to create One or more tables. As
- other information you know, tables hold the raw data
Multiple tables in this kind of database make it that the DBMS will work with
possible to handle many data management • Name the field
task, for example: • Specify the Field Type
• Specify the field Size
- the customer, order, and inventory • Understanding Field Type
tables can be linked to process ▪ When naming the
order billing field, indicate briefly
as possible what field
 contains, most
modern database can
work with seven
predefined field type
TEXT FIELD
- also called character field or
alphanumeric fields
- accept any string of alphanumeric
characters that are not used in
calculations
- "person's name, company's name,
address, phone number, or any
other textual data
NUMERIC FIELDS
- store purely numeric data
- numbers in a numeric field might
represent currency percentages,
statistics, quantities or any other
values that can be used in
calculations
- data itself is stored in the table
strictly as a numeric value, dollar or
percent signs, decimal points or
commas
DATA FIELD OR TIME FIELD
- store dates or time entries
- converts a date or time a numeric
value just as dates and time as
stored internally as serial number in
spreadsheet cells
- when you enter a date in a date
field, the DBMS accepts your input,
displays it in the format of date(such
as (9/9/2009) and convert it into
number (such as 37799)
LOGICAL FIELD
- also called Boolean field
- stores one of possible values, you
can apply almost any description for
the data. For example, a catalog
field in a customer’s table can tell a
customer whether a customer has
ordered a new catalog which is
answerable by yes or no
ENTERING DATA IN A TABLE
- After the table has been set up, data
can be entered in most cases,
entering data is a matter of typing
characters at the keyboard.
Entering data in a database table is
much like entering data in a
spreadsheet program
VIEWING RECORDS
- The way data appears on screen
contributes to how well users can
work with it. With many DBMS
product, the view (sometimes called
the database view) is what you use
to create a database table and to
modify field specifications
- Sometimes viewing the entire table
is unwieldy because there are too
many entries
FILTERS
- DBMS features for displaying all
selected list of subsets of records
from a table
SORTING RECORD
- One of the most powerful
features of a DBMS is its ability to
sort a table of data, either for a
primed report or for display on the
screen. Sorting arranges records
according to the contents of one or
more fields. For example, in a table
of products, you can sort records
into a numerical order by product ID
or into an alphabetical order by
product name
QUERYING A DATABASE
- In a manner similar to entering sort
conditions you can enter expression
or criteria that;
 • allows the DBMS to locate
records
• establish the relationship or
links between tables to
updates records
• list subset of records
• perform calculations
• database obsolete records
• perfect other data
management
Any of these types of requests is called
"query", a User constructed statement that
describe the data and sets of criteria so that
the DBMS can gather the desired data and
construct specific information. In other words,
a query is more powerful type of filter that
can gather information from multiple tables
in a relational database
GENERATING REPORTS
REPORT
- printed information that, like a query
result, is assembled by gathering
data based on supplied criteria in
fact, report generation in most
DBMS's create report from queries
- can range simple lists of records to
customized formats for specific
purpose, such as invoices
- Report generators can use selected
data and criteria to carry out
automated mathematical
calculations as the reports are
printed
SUMMARY
DATABASE
- repository for collections of related
data / facts
DBMS
- software tool that enables many
users to add, view, and work with
the data in the database
FLAT FILE DATABASE
- two-dimensional tables of fields and
records
- cannot perform relationship with
other tables
FORMS
- custom screen for displaying and
entering data that can be associated
with database tables and queries
FILTERS
- let you browse through selected
records that meet a set of criteria
QUERIES
- user-constructed statement that set
conditions for selecting and
manipulating data
REPORT
- user- generated sets of data usually
printed as document
THE BEGINNING OF "NETWORK OF
NETWORKS"
- The seeds of internet was planted in
1969, when the Advance Research
Projects Agency (ARPA), of the US
Department of Defense began
connecting computers at different
universities and defense contractors.
- The resulting network was called
ARPANET.
- The goal of this early project was to
create large computer network with
multiple paths in the form of telephone
line that could survive a nuclear attack
or other disaster.
- If one part of the network were
destroyed, other parts of the network
 would remain functional because data
could continue to flow through the
surviving lines.
- Initially the network included our
primary host computers.
- A host is like a network, providing
services to other computer that connect
to it. ARPANET host computers (like
those on today's Internet) provided file
transfer and communications services
and gave connected systems access to
the networks high speed data lines.
- The system grew quickly and spread
widely as the number of host grew.
USING YOUR WEB BROWSER AND THE
- The network jumped across the Atlantic
to Norway and England in 1973, and it
never stopped growing.
- In the mid of 980, another federal
agency, the National Science
Foundation (NSF), joined the projects
after the Department of Defense drop
its funding
NSF ESTABLISHED FIVE
SUPERCOMPUTING CENTERS THAT
WERE AVAILABLE TO ANYONE WHO
WANTED TO USE THEM FOR ACADEMIC
PURPOSES
- The NSF expected supercomputing
users to use ARPANET to obtain
access, but the agency quickly
discovered that existing network could
not handle the load.
- In response, the NSF created a new
higher capacity network called
NSFNET. The link between the
ARPANET and NSFNET and other
network was called internet.
- A collection of networked network is
described as being inter-networked,
which is where the internet world wide
network gets its name.
- NSENET made Internet connections
widely available for academic research,
but the NSF did not permit users to
conduct private business over the
system
- Therefore, several private
telecommunication companies built
their own network backbone that
function in match the same manner as
NSFNET.
- Network backbone is the central
structure that connects other elements
of the network.
- The original ARPANET was shutdown
in 1990, and the ARPANET
discontinued in 1995. By the mid of
1990 interest in the internet expands
dramatically
WORLD WIDE WEB
- To access the web you need a special
software program called a Web
Browser.
- The two most popular Web Browsers
are Microsoft Internet Explorer and
Netscape Navigator. There are,
however, many other browsers, each
with its own unique features and
capabilities.
- Web browser provide tools that let you
navigate the Web, moving from one
page to another as easily as you flip
through the pages of a magazine.
LAUNCHING YOUR BROWSER
- Your Web browser is an application
program that is stored on your
computers disk. You must launch the
program before you can view any Web
pages. You may need to connect to the
Internet before launching the browser.
Once you have established a
connection, Launch your browser by
following these steps.
1. Click the start button on the
Windows taskbar. The start menu
opens.
2. Point to programs, to open the
program menu. When the program
menu opens, find the name of you
browser and click it
 - Depending on how your browser is
configured, a Web page may open in
the browser window as soon as you
launch the program. This page is called
the start page. You can set the browser
to open any page (either from a web
site or from your computers disk) when
it launches it.
NAVIGATING THE WEB
- means moving from one web page to
another, or from one web site to
another. A web page is a document
formatted with Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML) tags. A web site is a
collection of related web pages.
USING URL
Every Web page has a unique address, called
a uniform resource locator, or URL. When you
provide a URL for the browser, the browser
loads that URL. You can specify a URL in
several ways. For example, you can type the
URL in the browser address box, or you can
click a hyperlink that is linked to the URL in
your browsers favorites or bookmarks lists..
USING HYPERLINKS
- A hyperlink is simply a part of the web
page that is link to the URL. When the
text has a hyperlink assigned to it, you
can click it and jumped from present
location to another location to the URL
specified by the hyperlink. Hyperlink
It is not easy to find what you want on the Web,
textbox looks different from normal text
that is because there are tens of millions of
in a Web page: It is usually underlined,
unique Web sites, which include hundreds of
but it can be formatted in any number of
millions of unique pages. The two most basic
ways.
and commonly used Web-based search tools
- Many web pages provide hyperlinked
are the following:
pictures or graphical buttonscalled
navigator tools-that direct you to
different pages, making it easier to find
the information you need.
USING THE BROWSER NAVIGATION
TOOLS
- Web browsers offer a variety of tools to
help you move around the Web. These
tools can save you the trouble of typing
URLs searching for links, and they
allow you to quickly go back to pages
that you have already visited.
- The back and forward buttons return
you to recently viewed pages, similar to
flipping through a magazine. The back
button returns you to previously opened
web pages. After using the back button,
you can click forward to move forward
again, returning to the last page you
opened before you click the back button
- Most browsers allow you to "bookmark"
web pages that you visit frequently.
Instead of typing the pages URL, you
simply select the pages title from list of
bookmarks. Depending on the browser
you use, your bookmarks may store in
a list called Bookmarks from that list,
and the browser returns to that page.
- When you type URL into the address
bar, your browser saves them, creating
history list for the current session. You
can choose a URL from this list and
return to a previously opened page
without having to use the back button or
any other tools
SEARCHING THE WEB
DIRECTORIES
- A directory enables you to search for
information by selecting categories of
subject matter. The directory separate
subjects into categories, which are
broken into increasingly specific sub
categories. Sites listed in the directory
 generally will provide relevant
information, this is because of adding
sites to its lists. A directory reviews the
site contents. Example:
http://www.looksmart.com/
SEARCH ENGINE
- A search engine lets you search for
information by typing one or more
words. The engine then displays a list
of web pages that contain information
related to your words. This type of look-
up is called keyword search. Any
search engine lets you conduct a
search based on a single word.
Fortunately, most of the search engines
provides other tool to help you search
more accurately and find web pages
that are more relevant to your interest.
These include Boolean operator and
advance search tools
META SEARCH ENGINE
- A Meta search engine is helpful if you
are not certain which keywords to use if
you want to get a very long list of
website that meets your criteria
GETTING STARTED IN HTML PROGRAM
WHAT DO YOU NEED TO BEGIN
DESIGNING A HOME PAGE?
YOU NEED A FOLDER (ALSO CALLED A
DIRECTORY)
You should set up a folder or directory to hold
only your HTML files (also called documents)
for the web pages you are designing. Work in
that folder only
YOU DON'T NEED TO BE CONNECTED TO
THE INTERNET
You can write and design your HTML pages
(that is, your web pages) off-line. If all you are
doing is designing and creating web pages,
you do not need to go to the Internet. If you
have a regular telephone, dial up connection,
and there is only one telephone line in your
house, there is no need to tie up the line.
YOU NEED A BROWSER
Internet Explorer and Firefox are among
today's most popular browsers for viewing web
pages and for surfing the Internet. Netscape
Navigator (also called Netscape
Communicator), is still being used by many
Surfers. In addition, today, web pages are
being viewed in browsers through cell / mobile
phones, cars, televisions, plus a host of hand-
held wireless devices. and communicators
YOU NEED A WORD PROCESSOR
You need a simple word processor such as
Note Pad or Word Pad. These simple word
processors are also called text editors and
are ideal for creating web pages. Now you can
also use word processors such as Word
Perfect or Microsoft word or works but they are
not simple text editors. They include a lot of
formatting which we do not want. For these
and other reasons, many webmasters like
using Note Pad which can be found in the
Accessories folder (also known as the
Accessories "Group"). In windows, for
example, Notepad is found by clicking on
"Start" then choosing "Programs" (or All"
Programs), then choosing "Accessories" and
finally choosing Notepad. That is:
Start → Programs → Accessories → Note Pad
Sometimes the coding for a web page can
become so big that it will no longer fit into Note
Pad. In this case, you will need to switch to
another text editor to complete the page.
When you are faced with this situation, Word
Pad is the answer. It allows for much larger
files and is also located in the Accessories
folder. You may wish to try wordpad
sometimes. It has a few more features than
NotePad and so you may prefer to use
Wordpad instead of Note Pad.
YOU NEED TO HAVE BOTH YOUR
BROWSER AND NOTEPAD ACTIVELY
RUNNING
To design a web page, you need to have
BOTH your browser AND NotePad active at
the same time. In other words, while you are
working with one, the other is sitting there in
the background. This way you can quickly
SWITCH back and forth between them. If you
do not know how to have both your browser
and Note Pad running at the same time, be
sure to ask someone who knows
the desktop for any application
PLACING THE NOTEPAD ICON ON YOUR
DESKTOP
• Go back to the Accessories folder and
you will now see Notepad (2) in the list,
likely at the bottom of the list. This time
move the cursor over the name
Notepad (2). Now click and hold down
the left mouse button (do not release
the button). Now drag the name
Notepad (2) into the desktop. That is,
drag the shortcut Notepad (2) from the
Accessories list into the desktop
• You now have an icon on your desktop
with Notepad (2) written below it. If you
double click on this icon, Note Pad
immediately opens up
• You can now rename the icon to simply
Note Pad or Notepad by right-clicking
on the icon and from the pop-up menu,
choose Rename. You can then type the
name you want
The above procedure can be used to on

You can have the Note Pad icon placed

directly on your desktop. This way you can
click on the icon and instantly load Notepad
without having to locate it through the start
menu. If you do not know how to do this, here
are the steps

• First, make sure that you can see the

desktop or at least part of it. When you
turn on the computer, the desktop is the
first thing you see after the computer
finishes booting. If you have another NAMING YOUR WEB PAGE
program covering up the desktop, then
minimize or close it so that you can see
the desktop WHAT TO DO?
• Choose Start → Programs →
When you save your web page for the first
Accessories. You will now see Note
time, you need to give it a name. You not only
Pad in the folder list
have to give it a name but you also need to
• Click with your right mouse button on
add a suffix (an extension) to the name
the name Note Pad, that is, right-click
on Note Pad. This will bring up another
menu list
• From this menu list, choose create
shortcut
 THE NAME

- If you are not running at least Windows

95, your file name is limited to a
maximum of 8 characters.
- Otherwise the name can be longer.
- Since most people today are using at
least Windows 95, this is not an issue.
- It is strongly recommended that you do
not use spaces in the file name.
- Browsers will replace the space with a
coding such as %20 so that the name
3.Go to the bottom of your code and type
"my web page" will look like
"my%20web%20page" which is
confusing and does not look good.
- We do not want strange symbols in our
file names and so it is best to avoid
spaces in the name.

THE SUFFIX

- an extension to the name and declares

the kind of document that it is. In HTML,
the suffix is either ".htm" or ".html." IF YOU ARE USING ONLY NOTEPAD OR
"Htm" or "html" tells the browser you are SIMILAR TEXT EDITOR
working with HTML files-that is, an
HTML document. Chooses File from the menu bar, then from the
drop down menu, choose Save As.
- You must use ".htm" if you are not
running Windows 95 or higher. Again,
this is no longer an issue and so you
can use either .htm or .html for the file
extension.
- So if "homepage" is the name of the
HTML document (your web page), you
can have either name the file:
homepage.htm or homepage.html.
- Saving your web page (your HTML file
or document) In the Save As dialog window, make sure in
NotePad that the Save as type box reads "All
SAVING HTML DOCUMENT Files". In the case of WordPad, it should be
1.Open your code in Notepad Text Document.

2.Type at the top of your code.
In the File name box, type in a suitable file
name along with an extension (either .htm or
.html).
In the Click on OK and the file (the web page)
is saved. In the case of WordPad, you may be
told that saving the file will remove all
formatting. That is okay because we do not
want any formatting saved with the file.
WHEN YOU OPEN THE NEW VERSION OF
YOUR CODE, IT WILL LOOK LIKE A
WEBSITE THAT APPLIES THE HTML
YOU'VE WRITTEN TO THE PAGE.
LOADING YOUR WEB PAGE INTO YOUR
BROWSER
- Once you have saved your web page
(your HTML file or document), you need
to SWITCH over to your browser which
is running in the background.
- Once you activate your browser,
choose File from the menu bar, and
then choose Open or Open File or
Open File in Browser (one of them
should be in the File menu).
- You will then need to locate your web
page, click on the file name and then
click the OK button.
- Navigate to your HTML file location,
highlight the document and click Open.
- You will see your file open in a new tab.
You can also use a keyboard shortcut to open
a file in Chrome. Open a new tab in Chrome,
then press Ctrl (Windows) or Cmd (Mac) + O.
It will bring up the same Open File menu. Find
your HTML file and open it. If the shortcut
didn't work, it might be that your browser has
a different set of hotkeys for this command.
You can always check it in your browser
settings. There are a lot of different features
that you can use with the help keyboard
shortcuts in Google Chrome.
- Your HTML file will appear in the
browser. You can only observe your file
in the browser-you cannot edit in the
browser.
- Once you have seen how your web
page looks in the browser, you can then
SWITCH back to NotePad to continue
working and editing.
 NOTE: also called text editors and are ideal
for creating web pages
(1) If you want to LOAD an HTML file for the
first time into NotePad, and the name does not • WordPerfect or Microsoft Word
show up in the correct folder in the dialog or Works
window, choose All Files (**) in the Files of but they are not simple text editors.
type box and the name should then appear. In They include a lot of formatting which we do
the case of WordPad, it must be All
not want
Documents (*.*). Click on the name and then
on the Open button. Notepad which can be found in the
Accessories folder (also known as
(2) If you use a word processor other than Accessories “Group”).
NotePad or WordPad, you may first need to
CLOSE the HTML file before it can be loaded 1. “Start”
into your browser. With NotePad and 2. “Programs” (or All Programs)
WordPad this is not necessary. 3. “Accessories”
4. choosing Notepad.
GETTING STARTED IN HTML PROGRAM
Sometimes the coding for a web page can
become so big that it will no longer fit into
Notepad.
WHAT DO YOU NEED TO BEGIN
DESIGNING A HOME PAGE? WORDPAD

➢ allows for much larger files and is also

YOU NEED A FOLDER (ALSO CALLED A
DIRECTORY)
You should set up a folder or directory
to hold only your HTML, files (also called
document) for the web pages you are
designing. Work in that folder only.
YOU DON’T NEED TO BE CONNECTED TO
THE INTERNET
You can write and design your HTML,
pages off-line. If all you are doing is designing
and creating web pages, you do not need to
go to the Internet.
YOU NEED A BROWSER
• Internet Explorer
• Firefox
• Netscape Navigator
located in the Accessories folder
➢ has a few more features than Notepad
and so you may prefer to use WordPad
instead of Notepad
YOU NEED TO HAVE BOTH YOUR
BROWSER AND NOTEPAD ACTIVELY
RUNNING
while you are working with one, the
other is sitting there in the background. This
way you can quickly SWITCH back and forth
between them.
PLACING THE NOTEPAD ICON ON YOUR
DESKTOP
✓ choose Start Program Accessories
✓ right-click on Notepad
✓ menu list

YOU NEED A WORD PROCESSOR ✓ create Shortcut

• Notepad ✓ accessories folder

• WordPad
 ✓ notepad (2)
✓ click and hold down the left mouse
button (do not release the button)
✓ drag
You can now rename the icon to simply
Notepad or Notepad by right-clicking on the
icon and from the pop-up menu, choose
Rename. You can then type in the name you
want.
HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
- describe a web page's appearance or
presentation
IF USING NOTEPAD OR SIMILAR TEXT
EDITOR
File 》Save As 》Save As Type: "All Files" 》
Type in the File Name along with suffix 》Save
LOADING YOUR WEB PAGE INTO A
BROWSER
Save web page 》Switch to browser 》
Choose file 》Choose open file in browser 》
locate your web page 》click on the file name
》 OK button 》Navigate to your HTML file
location 》highlight the document 》 click
Open 》see your file open in a new tab

NAMING YOUR WEB PAGE

KEYBOARD SHORTCUT TO OPEN A FILE
IN CHROME
THE NAME
New tab in Chrome 》Ctrl (Windows) or Cmd
- not running at least Windows 95 = file
name is limited to a maximum of 8 (Mac) + O 》Same open file menu 》find your
characters file 》open it
- not an issue anymore, since majority
are running at least Windows 95 INTRODUCING BASIC HTML TAGS
- do not use spaces in file names
- spaces will be %20
"my web page" 》
HTML
"my%20web%20page"
- special kind of text document that is
THE SUFFIX used by Web browsers to present text
- an extension to the name and graphics The text includes markup
- declares the kind of document that it tags such as to indicate the start of a
is paragraph, and to indicate the end of
HTML SUFFIXES paragraph
- ".htm"
- ".html." HTML DOCUMENTS
- "Htm"
- often referred to as " WEB PAGES"
- "html"
not running Windows 95 or higher = ".htm" Many people still write HTML by hand
using tools such as NOTEPAD on windows or
SAVING HTML DOCUMENT TextEdit on the Mac.
1. Open your code in notepad
2. Type your code at the top START WITH A TITLE
3. Go to the bottom part and end the code
- Every HTML needs a title
- HTML CODE: <title> My first HTML
document </title>
 - Change the text from "My first HTML
document" to suit your own needs. The
title text is preceded by the start tag
<title> and end tag </title>. The title
should be placed at the beginning of
your document.

Type the above into a text editor and

save the file as "test.html", then view the file in
a Web browser. If the file extension is ".html"
then the browser will recognized it as HTML

ADD HEADINGS AND PARAGRAPH

- six levels of headings

H1

- most important
H2 PARAGRAPH TAG

- slightly less important - start with a <p> tag. The <p>

H6
- least important
By placing text inside of (heading)tags,
the text displays bold and the size of the text
depends on the number of heading (1-6).
Headings are numbered 1-6 with 1 being the
largest heading and 6 being the smallest.
is optional unlike the end tags for elements like
headings. The <p>
tag defines a paragraph.Using this tag places
a blank line above and below the text of the
paragraph. These automated blank lines are
examples of how a tag " marks " a paragraph
and the Web browser automatically
understands how to display the paragraph text
because of the paragraph tag.

HOW TO ADD AN IMPORTANT HEADING

PARAGRAPH JUSTIFICATION
- Paragraphs can be formatted in HTML
In order to see the difference in six much the same as you would expect to
available leading, below is an example of find in a word processing program.
HTML code showing the six headings.
 JUSTIFY

PARAGRAPH CENTERING

PARAGRAPH ALIGN RIGHT

- can apply the CSS rule text-
align: right to all H2s to right
justify them
HTML HORIZONTAL RULE
- Use the <hr/> tag to display lines across
the screen
- Note: the horizontal tag has no ending
tag like the break tag

LINE BREAKS
- different than most of the tags we have
seen so far
- ends the line you are currently on and
resumes on the next line
- Placing <br/> within the code is the
same as pressing the return key in word
processor Use the <br/> tag within the
<p> (paragraph) tag
 FORMATTING ELEMENTS W/ TAGS
As you begin to place more and more
elements onto your web site, it will become
necessary to make minor changes to the
formatting of those elements. Several tags
exist to further amplify text elements. These
formatting tags can make text bold, italic,
sub/superscripted, and more
BOLD, ITALIC AND MORE
HTML COLOR CODING-SYSTEM - COLOR
NAMES
- 3 different methods to set color
- simplest being the Generic terms of
colors
- black, white, red, green, and blue
- Generic colors are preset HTML coded
colors where the value is simply the
name of each color
THE 16 BASIC COLORS

Black Gray Silver White

Yellow Lime Aqua Fuchsia

Red Green Blue Purple

Maroon Olive Navy Teal

HTML COLORING SYSTEM -

HEXADECIMAL

- complex and difficult to understand at

HTML - FORMATTING TAG USAGE
- should be used sparingly
- should only use them to bold or italicize
one or two words in your elements at a
time
- If you wish to bold an entire paragraph
a better solution would involve
Cascading Style Sheets, and you
My First Hexadecimal: bgcolor="#RRGGBB“
should consult how to do that in our
CSS Tutorial. Ultimately the decision is
yours, the web developer. Being a
voice of experience, keep the use of
these tags quick and sparse
first. Rest assured that the system
becomes much, MUCH easier with
practice and as a blossoming web
developer, it is critical to understand
hexadecimals to be capable of using
them in your own web publications.
They are far more reliable and widely
compatible among web browsers and
are the standard for colors on the
internet
- 6-digit representation of a color
- first two digits (RR) represent a red
value
- the next two are a green value (GG)
- the last are the blue value (BB)
 HTML COLOR CODE - BREAKING THE to customize your fonts. Use a
CODE <basefont> tag to set all of your text to
the same size, face, and color.

HEXADECIMAL COLOR VALUES FONT SIZE

Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - Set the size of your font with size. The

range of accepted values is from
Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1(smallest) to 7(largest). The default
size of a font is 3.

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

7 8 9 A B C D E F

A Real Hexadecimal: bgcolor="#FFFFFF

LETTER "F"

- maximum amount we can send each

color and as you may deduce, this color
(#FFFFFF) represents the color white.
A formula exists to calculate the
numeric equivalent of a hexadecimal.

HEXADECIMALS

- best choice for compatible web

development because of their
consistency between browsers. Even
the most minor of change in color can FONT COLOR
throw your entire site out of whack, so - Set the color of your font with color
be sure to check your site in a number
of browsers. If you want to be
absolutely sure your colors will not
change, use paired hex values for
color. Examples: "#0011EE",
"#44HHFF," or "#117788." These are
called True Colors, since they will stay
true in hue from browser to browser.

FONT AND BASEFONT

- The <font> tag is used to add style,

size, and color to the text on your site.
Use the size, color, and face attributes
 FONT FACE ATTRIBUTE REVIEW

- Choose a different font face using any

font you have installed. Be aware that if
ATTRIBUTES
the user viewing the page doesn't have
the font installed, they will not be able
Attribute= “Value” Description
to see it. Instead, they will default to
Times New Roman. An option is to
choose a few that are similar in size= “Num. Value 1- Size of your
appearance 7” text, 7 is
biggest

color= “Rgb, name, or Change font

hexidecimal” color

face= “name of font” Change the

font type
 HTML TAGS CHART

TAG NAME SAMPLE CODE BROWSER VIEW

<!— comment <!— This can be viewed in Nothing will show

the HTML part of a
document—>

<a- anchor <a href=

“hhtp://www.domain.co
m/”>Visit Our Site </a>

<b> bold <b>Example</b> Example

<big> Big (text) <big>Example</big> Example

<body> Body of the HTML document <body>The content of Contents of your web
your HTML page</body> page

<br> Line break The contents of your page The contents of your web
<br> The contents of your page
page
The contents of your web
page

<center> center <center> This will center This will center your
your contents </center> contents

<dd> Definition description <dl> Definition Term

<dt> Definition Term</dt> Definition of the term
<dd>Definition of the Definition Term
term</dd>
Definition of the term
<dt> Definition Term</dt>
<dd>Definition of the
term</dd>
</dl>

<dl> Definition list <dl> Definition Term

<dt> Definition of Definition of the term
Terms</dt>
Definition Term
<dd>Definition of the
Definition of the term
term</dd>
<dt>Definition Term</dt>
 <dd>Definition of the
term</dd>
</dl>

<dt> Definition term <dl> Definition Term

<dt>Definition Term</dt> Definition of the term
<dd>Definition of the Definition Term
Term</dd>
Definition of the term
<dt>Definition Term</dt>
<dd>Definition of the
term</dd>
</dl>
 TAG NAME SAMPLE CODE BROWSER VIEW

<em> emphasis This is an This is an Example of

<em>Example</em> of using the emphasis tag
using the emphasis tag

<embed> Embed object <embed

src="yourtile.mid"
width="100%"
height="60"
align="center">

<font> Embed object <embed <bgsound

src="yourfile.mid" src="wonderfu.mid
autostart="true" autostart="false"
hidden="false" loop="1"/> Music will
loop="false"> begin playing when your
page is loaded and will
<noembed><bgsound
only play one time. A
src="yourfile mid
control panel will be
loop="1"> </noembed>
displayed to enable your
visitors to stop the
music.

<font> font <font face="Times New Example

Roman">
Example</font>

<font> font <font face="Times New Example

Roman
size="4">Example</font>

<font> font <font face-Times New Example

Roman" size="+3"
color="#0000">
Example</font>

<form> form <form Name:

action="mailto:you
@yourdomain.com">
Name: <input Email:
name="Name" value="
size="10"><br> Email:
<input name="Email"
value="" size="10"><br>
<center><input
type="submit"></center
>
 </form>

<h1> Heading 1 <h1>Heading 1 Heading 1

Example</h1>
<h2> Heading 2 Heading 2
<h2>Heading 2
<h3> Heading 3 Heading 3
Example</h2>
<h4> Heading 4 Heading 4
<h3>Heading 3
<h5> Heading 5 Example</h3> Heading 5
<h6> Heading 6 <h4>Heading 4 Heading 6
Example</h4>
<h5>Heading 5
Example</h5>
<h6>Heading 6
Example</h6>
 TAG NAME SAMPLE CODE BROWSER VIEW

<head> heading of HTML <head>Contains Nothing will show

document elements describing the
document</head>

<hr> horizontal rule <hr/> Contents of your web

page

Contents of your web

page
<hr> horizontal rule <hr width="50%" Contents of your web
size="3" noshade/> page

Contents of your web

page
<hr> (Internet horizontal rule <hr width="75%" Contents of your web
Explorer) color="#0000 size="4" page
/>
Contents of your web
page
<hr> (Internet horizontal rule <hr width="25%" Contents of your web
Explorer) color="#6699ff" page
size="6" />
Contents of your web
page
<html> hypertext markup <html> Contents of your web
language <head> page
<meta>
<title>Title of your web
page</title>
</head>
<body>HTML web
page contents </body>
</html>

<i> italic <i>Example</i> Example

<img> image <img src="Earth.gif"
width="41" height="41"
border="0" alt="text
describing the image"
/>
<input> input field Example 1: Example 1:
<form method=post Top of Form
action="/cgi-
bin/example.cg/">
<input type="text"
size="10" Bottom of Form
maxlength="30%
<input type="Submit"
value="Submit">
</form>
 TAG NAME SAMPLE CODE BROWSER VIEW
<input> input field Example 2: Example 2:
(Internet Explorer) <form method=post Top of Form
action="/cgi-bin/example.cg">
<input type="text" style="color:
#fff; font-family: Verdana; font-
weight: bold; font-size: 12px;
background-color: #72a4d2;" Bottom of Form
size="10" maxlength="30">
<input type="Submit"
value="Submit">
</form>

<input> input field Example 3: Top of Form

<form method=post Example 3:
action="/cgi-bin/example.cg">
<table border="0"
cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="2"><tr><td
bgcolor="#8463ff"><input
type="text" size="10"
maxlength="30"></td><td Bottom of Form
bgcolor="#8463ff
valign="middle"> <input
type="image" name="submit"
src="yourimage.gif"></td></tr>
</table>
</form>
<input> input field Example 4: Top of Form
<form method-post Example 4:
action="/cgi-
bin/example.cgi"> Enter Your
Comments:<br> textarea
wrap"virtual"
name="Comments" rows=3
cols=20 maxlength- Bottom of the Form
100></textarea><br> <input
type="Submit"
value="Submit"> <input
type="Reset" value="Clear">
</form>
 TAG NAME SAMPLE CODE BROWSER VIEW
<input> input field Example 5: Top of Form Example
<form method=post 5
action="/cgi-bin/example.cg"> Select an option:
<center> Select an option: Option 2:
<select> caption >option
1</option> <option Option 2
selected>option 2</option>
<option>option 3</option>
Bottom of the Form
<option>aption 4</option>
<option>option 5</option>
<option>option 6</option>
</select><br> <input
type="Submit"
value="Submit"></center>
</form>
<input> input field Example 6: Top of Form
Example 6
<form method=post Select an option:
Option 1
action="/cgi-bin/example.cg'> Option 2
name="option"> Option 1 Option 3
name="option"> Select an
option:<br> <input Select an Option:
type="radio" Top of Form Selection 1
Example 6 Select an option: Selection 2
<input type="radio" Selection 3
name="aption" checked>
Option 2 <input type="radio"
name="option"> Option 3
<br> <br> Select an Bottom of the Form
option:<br>

<input type="checkbox"
name="selection"> Selection
1 <input type="checkbox"
name="selection checked>
Selection 2 <input
type="checkbox"
name="selection"> Selection
3 <input type="Submit" value
Submit's
</form>
 TAG NAME SAMPLE CODE BROWSER
VIEW
<li> Example 1: Example 1: Example 2:
<menu> i. List Item 1
list item <li type="disc">List item 1</li> ii. List Item 2
<li type="circle">List item 2</li> iii. List Item 3
< type="square">List item 3</li> iv. List Item 4
</MENU>

Example 2:
<ol type="i">
<li>List item 1</li>
<li>List item 2< /li>
<li>List item 3</li>
<li>List item 4</li>
</ol>
<link> link <head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="style.css"/>
<head>
<marques> scrolling text <marquee bgcolor="#eccoco toop="-1"
(Internet scroliamount="2"
Explorer) width="100%">Example
Marquees/marquee>

<menu> menu <menu> • List item

1
<li type="disc">List item 1 </ li> o List
<li type="circle">List item 2</li> item 2
<li type="square">List item3/> • List item
3
</menu>
<meta> meta <meta name="Description" Nothing will
content="Description of your site"> show
<meta name="keywords"
content="keywords describing our
site">
<meta> meta <meta HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" Nothing will
CONTENT- show
4;URL=http://www. yourdomain.com/">
<meta> meta <meta http-equiv="Pragma Nothing will
content="no-cache"> show
<meta> meta <meta name="rating" Nothing will
content="General"> show
 TAG NAME SAMPLE CODE BROWSER VIEW
<meta> meta <meta name="robots" content="all"> Nothing will show

<meta> meta <meta name = "robots Nothing will show

content="noindex ,follow">
<ol> ordered list Numbered Numbered
<ol> 1. List item 1
<li>List item 1</li> 2. List item 2
<li>List item 2</li> 3. List item 3
<li>List item 3</li> 4. List item 4
<li>List item 4</li>
</ol>

Numbered Special Start Number Special

<ol start = "5"> Start
<li>List item 1</li> 5. List item 1
<li>List item 2</li> 6. List item 2
<li>List item 3</li> 7. List item 3
<li>List item 4</li> 8. List item 4
</ol>

Lowercase Letters Lowercase Letters

<ol type = "a"> a. List item 1
<li>List item 1</li> b. List item 2
<li>List item 2</li> c. List item 3
<li>List item 3</li> d. List item 4
<li>List item 4</li>
</ol>

Capital Letters Capital Letters

<ol type = "A"> A. List item 1
<li>List item 1</li> B. List item 2
<li>List item 2</li> C. List item 3
<li>List item 3</li> D. List item 4
<li>List item 4</li>
</ol>

Capital Letters Special Start Capital Letters

ol type = "A" start = "3"> Special Start
<li>List item 1</li> C. List item 1
<li>List item 2</li> D. List item 2
<li>List item 3</li> E. List item 3
<li>List item 4</li> F. List item 4
</ol>

Lowercase Roman Numerals Lowercase Roman

<ol type="i"> Numerals
<li> List item 1</li> i. List item 1
<li> List item 2</li> ii. List item 2
 <li> List item 3</li> iii. List item 3
<li> List item 4</li> iv. List item 4
</ol>

Capital Roman Numerals Capital Roman

<ol type="i"> Numerals
<li> list item 1 </li> I. List item 1
<li> list item 2 </li> II. List item 2
<li> list item 3 </li> III. List item 3
<li> list item 4 </li> IV. List item 4
</ol>

Capital Roman Numerals Special Capital Roman

Start Numerals Special
<ol type="I" start="7"> Start
<li> list item 1 </li> VII. List item 1
<li> list item 2 </li> VIII. List item 2
<li> list item 3 </li> IX. List item 3
<li> list item 4 </li> X. List item 4
</ol>
<small> small (text) <small>Example</small> Example
<strike> deleted text <strike>Example</strike> Example
<strong> strong emphasis <strong>Example</strong> Example
<table> table Example 1: Example 1:

<table border="4" cellpadding="2"

cellspacing="2" width="100%"> Column Column
<tr> 1 2
<td>Column 1</td> <td>Column
2</td>
</tr>
</table>
TAG NAME SAMPLE CODE BROWSER VIEW
<table> table Example 2: (Internet Explorer) Example 2:
<table border="2"
bordercolor="#336699 cellpadding="2" Column Column
cellspacing="2" width="100%"> 1 2
<tr>
<td>Column 1</td> Example 3
<td>Column 2</td>
</tr> Table Table
</table> 1 2
row 2 row 2
Example 3:
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"
width="100%"> <tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccccc>Column 1</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccooo">Column
2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2</td>
<td>Row 2</td>
<tr>
</table>
<td> table <table border="2 cellpadding="2" Column Column
data cellspacing="2" width="100%"> 1 2
<tr>
<td>Column 1</td>< td>Column
2</td></tr>
</table>
<th> table <div align="center"> Column Column Column
header <table> 1 2 3
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th> Row 2 Row 2 Row 2
<th>Column 2</th> Row 3 Row 3 Row 3
<th>Column 3</th> Row 4 Row 4 Row 4
<th>Column 4</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2</td>
<td>Row 2</td>
<td>Row 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 3</td>
<td>Row 3</td>
<td>Row 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 4</td>
<td>Row 4</td>
<td>Row 4</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
 TAG NAME SAMPLE CODE BROWSER VIEW
<title> document <title>Title of your HTML page</title> Title of your web
title page will be
viewable in the title
bar.
<tr> table row <table border="2" cellpadding="2" Column Column
cellspacing="2" width="100%"> <tr> <td>Column 1 2
1</td> <td>Column 2</td> </tr> </table>
<tt> teletype <tt>Example</tt> Example
<u> underline <u>Example</u> Example
<ul> unordered Example 1:<br> Example 1:
list <br> <ul> <li>List item 1</li> <li>List item • List item 1
2</li> </ul> <br> • List item 2
Example 2:<br> <ul type="disc"> <li>List item
1</li> <p>List item 2</li> <ul type="circle"> Example 2:
<li>List item 3</li> <li>List item 4</b> </ul> </ul> • List item 1
• List item 2
o List item 3
o List item 4

Spacing must be exactly like this for the comment element, with a space between the beginning
and ending tags.

Comment, are comments that you want behind the scenes within the HTML, not to show up on the
Web page, such as for instructions or details about the page.

In using Header, remember to use them in order, beginning with h1, and do not skip over any of
them (such as from hl to h3, skipping h2).

You can use CSS to style them how to wish, including colors, fonts, font sizes, margins, padding,
and more.