One Dimensional Steady Solutions-I One Dimensional Steady Solutions-II

• As a first class of problem, we now turn to one • This is equivalent to saying

dimensional analysis
dT
−k = cons tan t
• These are useful for large slabs, where transverse dx
dimensions are much larger than thickness
• The same can be very easily obtained from heat
• In such cases, Temperature is only a function of x. equation
• This implies q'' can also be only a function of x. ∂ (ρcT)  ∂  ∂T  ∂  ∂T  ∂  ∂T  
⇒ =  k  +  k  +  k   + q ′′′
• From thermodynamics, at steady state ∂t  ∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y  ∂z  ∂z  
q''in = q''out for any control volume
d  dT   dT  ⇒ T = C1' x + C 2
• This is equivalent to saying that heat ⇒ k =0 ⇒k  = C1
flux is constant across any plane dx  dx   dx 

x • The temperature distribution is linear

One Dimensional Steady Solutions-III One Dimensional Steady Solutions-IV

• Heat flow is analogous to current, as it is same in
• Logically, if we had two slabs series of slabs
• The profile will be a piecewise straight line
• Temperature is analogous to voltage as it drives
• In this case too, the heat flux along any plane the current
will be constant T1 − Ti T − T2
L1 L2 i = q ′′A = k1A = k 2A i
T − Ti T − T2 L1 L2
q ′′ = k1 1 = k2 i
L1 L2 T1 − Ti T − T2
i=q= = i ⇒ q L1 + L2  = T −T
• Thus, knowing T1, T2, k1, k2, L1, and L2, Ti can L1 L2  k 1A k 2 A  1 2
k 1A k 2A
k1 k2 be found and hence the temperature profile
• Thus Resistance is equivalent to L/(kA)
• To simplify analysis of these problems, we
T1 Ti T2 can introduce a principle similar to ohm’s law • q can be computed once, T1, T2, k1, k2, L1, L2, and A are
known. Ti can then be computed once q is known

Convective Resistance Radiation Resistance

• If we also now consider convective boundary on either • If we had a radiation boundary on one side interacting with
sides ambient at T∞ T∞
(TS1 − TS2 ) = h A(T − T )
q = h1A(T∞1 − TS1 ) =
L 2 S2 ∞2 (
q = σεA T∞ 4 − TS 4 )
kA ( )
⇒ q = σε T∞ 2 + TS 2 (T∞ + TS )A(T∞ − TS ) Ts
(T − T ) (T − T ) (T − T∞ 2 )
q = ∞1 S1 = S1 S2 = S2 ⇒ q = h r A(T∞ − TS )
1 L 1
h 1A kA h 2A (
where h r = σε T∞ + TS (T∞ + TS )
2 2
)
• Thus convective resistance is 1/(hA) • Thus we can say radiation resistance can be written as
1/(hrA)
• In a restrictive case of convection and radiation boundary
with the same ambient temperature, the boundary
R eq = 1 +L + 1 resistance shall be 1/((hr+hc)A)
h 1A kA h 2A

1
 Contact Resistance Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• When we had put slabs together, the interface is assumed
to have one temperature • When we have a series of slabs (contact resistance
neglected)
• In reality, the interface is complex and the heat transfer
q=
(T∞1 − T∞ 2 )
mode is complex too R eq
• It can be idealized to be have a contact resistance with a 1 L L L 1
R eq = + 1 + 2 + 3 +
finite jump in temperature as shown h 1 A k 1A k 2 A k 3 A h 2 A
• This is obtained experimentally and is tabulated in
• In the heat transfer literature
handbooks q
′′ ′′
qR t ,c = ∆Tcontact = AR t ,c = q R t ,c overall heat transfer coefficient,
A
U, is defined as
• Sometimes the handbooks q = UA(T∞1 − T∞ 2 )
list contact conductance
1
⇒ UA =
q = h contact A∆Tcontact R eq

Network Analysis One Dimensional Cylindrical Wall

• Although one • The heat equation in cylindrical coordinate for a
dimensional analysis is constant property system can be written as
very restrictive,
∂ (T )  1 ∂  ∂T  1 ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 T 
sometimes it is extended ρc = k r + 2 2
+ 2  + q ′′′
to a network ∂t  r ∂r  ∂r  r ∂φ ∂z 
• This methodology is fast • In steady state with no heat generation and if the
becoming obsolete due to system can be assumed such that T varies only along r
the progress in numerical we can write d  dT  dT
heat transfer  rk =0 ⇒ rk =C
dr  dr  dr
or ⇒ 2πrLq ′r′ = C = q r
*
⇒ rq ′r′ = C
This implies that the total heat crossing
L any radial plane in the cylinder is constant

Electrical Analogy-I Electrical Analogy-II

dT qr
⇒ 2πrL(− k ) = qr ⇒ −dT = dr
dr 2πrLk

Integrating between Ri and Ro, we have

To Ro R
qr q
∫ − dT = ∫ 2πrLk dr ⇒ Ti − To = 2πLk ln R
r o

Ti Ri i

Ro
ln
Ri
Thermal resistance ⇒ R cond =
2πLk

2
 Computation of Temperature One dimensional Spherical wall
• To compute temperature at any radius r within a • The heat equation in spherical coordinate for a
cylindrical wall with To, Ti, Ro and Ri, we proceed constant property system can be written as
as follows ∂ (T ) 1 ∂  2 ∂T  1 ∂  ∂T  1 ∂  ∂T 
ρc = 2  kr + k +  k sin θ  + q ′′′
qr 2πrL( − k ) dT
dr ⇒ T − T = − r dT ln R o ∂t r ∂r  ∂r  r 2 sin 2 θ ∂φ  ∂φ  r 2 sin θ ∂θ  ∂θ 
Ti − To = ⇒ Ti − To = i o
2πLk 2πLk dr Ri
R Ro
ln o ln 1 ∂  2 ∂T  ∂T
Ri Ri ⇒  kr =0 ⇒ r2k =C ⇒ r 2 q ′r′ = C
• Now we integrate between Ri and R as follows: r 2 ∂r  ∂r  ∂r

Ti − To R dr T R
This implies that the total heat crossing
⇒ ln
R o R∫ r
= − ∫ dT
T −T Ri ⇒ 4πr 2 q ′r′ = C* = q r any radial plane in the sphere is constant
ln i Ti ⇒ i =
Ri Ti − To R
ln o
Ri

Electrical Analogy Conduction with Heat Generation

 dT  q r dr • We had analyzed one-dimensional cases in slab,
4πr 2 q ′r′ = q r ⇒ 4πr 2  − k  = qr ⇒ −dT = cylinder and sphere cases without heat generation
 dr  4πk r 2
Integrating between Ri and Ro, we have • In nuclear and other applications conduction in
To Ro Ro heat generating body is of important significance
qr dr T q r −1
⇒ − ∫ dT = ∫ ⇒ −T To = • The heat generation can be uniform (electrical
Ti 4πk Ri r2 i 4πk r R i
heating) or non-uniform (Radiation shields)
1 1 
 −  • The current crossing a plane is no longer a
r ro
⇒ Ti − To = q r  i  Thermal resistance constant
4πk 1 1 
 r − r 
• The heat generation affects the temperature
=  i 
T − Ti distribution
Similarly, temperature at ⇒
any R can be written as To − Ti  1 1 
 r − r 
 o i 

1-D Slab with Heat Generation-I 1-D Slab with Heat Generation-II
x=-L x=L dT −q′′′
T=Ts T=Ts If k can be taken as constant, then ⇒ = x + C1*
∂ (ρcT)  ∂  ∂T  ∂  ∂T  ∂  ∂T   dx k
=  k  +  k  +  k   + q′′′ −q ′′′ 2
∂t  ∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y  ∂z  ∂z   Integrating once more ⇒T= x + C1* x + C 2
2k
d  dT  Boundary conditions imply
⇒ k  + q′′′ = 0 For -L≤x≤L −q ′′′ 2
dx  dx  At x = -L Ts = L + C1* (− L ) + C 2
2k
Boundary Conditions; At x=-L, T=Ts; At x=L, T=Ts −q′′′ 2
x At x = L ⇒ Ts = L + C1*L + C 2
d  dT  2k
⇒ k  = −q ′′′ We shall first restrict to constant
dx  dx  volumetric heat generation rate Subtracting the above equations leads to C1*=0
Integration of the above equation leads to q′′′ 2
Adding and simplifying leads to C 2 = Ts + L
2k
 dT  q′′′ 2
⇒ k  = −q ′′′x + C1
 dx 
⇒T=
2k
(
L − x 2 + Ts ) Parabolic distribution x

3
 1-D Slab with Heat Generation-III 1-D Slab with Heat Generation-IV
• Now if we add a clad to it we can just modify the • The temperature drop in clad is equal to
results in the following manner t q ′′′Lt q ′′′Lt
∆Tclad = q ′′′AL = ⇒ Tci = Tco +
kcA kc kc
• Now the surface of the clad temperature
will be the boundary condition for the • The temperature anywhere inside the clad can be
composite geometry computed using linear interpolation as temperature
• Since no heat is generated in the clad, profile is linear in the clad
the heat rate crossing every plane will be • If we neglect the contact resistance,
constant and we can use the previous then Ts of fuel is same as that of Tci.
concepts derived • The fuel temperature can be now estimated
• The total heat rate crossing any clad plane is equal from the equation derived previously
q ′′′ 2
to heat rate generated in one half of the fuel
⇒T=
2k f
(
L − x 2 + Ts)
q = q ′′′AL

1-D Slab with Heat Generation-V 1-D Slab with Heat Generation-VI
• If we have clad, contact resistance and fluid
• The centerline temperature To can be computed as cooling the fuel, then we can simply write
q ′′′Lt q′′′L2
⇒ To = Tco + +
kc 2k f
 1 t R ′′ L 
• We can manipulate the above to get some interesting ⇒ To − T∞ = q ′′′LA + + contact + 

 hA k c A A 2Ak f 
results
 t L 
⇒ To − Tco = q ′′′LA + 
 • The Temperature profiles can be found in fuel
 k c A 2Ak f  once Ts is found, by using
∆Toverall q Rclad Rfuel
q ′′′ 2
• This method is valid only to get To and valid only
⇒T=
2k f
(
L − x 2 + Ts)
if kf is constant

1-D cylinder with heat addition-I 1-D cylinder with heat addition-II
• The analysis of cylinder is similar r=R First Boundary condition implies C1 = 0
T=Ts
∂ (ρcT) 1 ∂  ∂T  1 ∂  ∂T  ∂  ∂T  dT r dT r
k  + k ⇒k = −q ′′′ ⇒ = −q ′′′
=  rk +  + q ′′′
∂t r ∂r  ∂r  r 2 ∂φ  ∂φ  ∂z  ∂z  dr 2 dr 2k
If k can be taken as constant, and −q′′′ 2
1 d  dT  ⇒T= r + C2
⇒  rk  + q ′′′ = 0 For 0≤r≤R we integrate once more 4k
r dr  dr 
Second Boundary condition −q ′′′ 2
Boundary Conditions; At r=0, dT/dr=0; At r=R, T=Ts implies Ts = R + C2
r 4k
d  dT  Restricting to constant q′′′ 2
⇒ r=0 Or C 2 = Ts + R
 rk  = −q′′′r volumetric heat generation rate 4k
dr  dr  dT/dr=0
q′′′ 2 2
Integration of the above equation leads to ⇒T=
4k
(
R − r + Ts )
2 2
dT r q ′′′R
⇒ rk = −q ′′′ + C1 ⇒ To = + Ts Parabolic distribution r
dr 2 4k

4
 1-D cylinder with heat addition-III 1-D cylinder with heat addition-IV
• Now if we add a clad to it we can just modify the • If we have clad, contact resistance and fluid
results in the following manner cooling the fuel, then we can simply write
• The total heat rate crossing any clad radial  
ln  co 
R
 R ci  R ′contact
′ 
+ 
plane is 1 1 
⇒ To − T∞ = q ′′′πR ci 2 L + +
q = q′′′πR 2 L  h 2πR co L 2πLk c 2πR ci L 4πk f L 
 
 
• The temperature drop in clad is equal to
ln  o 
R
2  Ri  Note that L, being
∆Tclad = q ′′′πR L Clad temperature Profile
2πLk c arbitrary cancels out
R
ln o 
R ln
Ri  Tci − T R ci
⇒ Tci = Tco + q′′′R 2  =
Tci − Tco R
2k c ln co
R ci

1-D sphere with heat addition-I 1-D sphere with heat addition-II
• The analysis of sphere is similar First Boundary condition implies C1 = 0
dT r dT r
∂ (T ) 1 ∂  2 ∂T  1 ∂  ∂T  1 ∂  ∂T  ⇒k = −q ′′′ ⇒ = −q ′′′
ρc = 2  kr + k +  k sin θ  + q ′′′ dr 3 dr 3k
∂t r ∂r  ∂r  r 2 sin 2 θ ∂φ  ∂φ  r 2 sin θ ∂θ  ∂θ 
If k can be taken as constant, and −q′′′ 2
1 d  2 dT  ⇒T= r + C2
⇒ r k  + q ′′′ = 0 For 0≤r≤R we integrate once more 6k
r 2 dr  dr 
Second Boundary condition −q ′′′ 2
Boundary Conditions; At r=0, dT/dr=0; At r=R, T=Ts Ts = R + C2
implies 6k
R
q ′′′ 2
d dT  Restricting to constant Or C 2 = Ts + R q"'
⇒  r 2k  = −q′′′r
2
6k
dr  dr  volumetric heat generation rate
q ′′′ 2 2
Integration of the above equation leads to ⇒T=
6k
(
R − r + Ts )
3 2
dT r q ′′′R
⇒ r 2k = −q′′′ + C1 ⇒ To = + Ts Parabolic distribution
dr 3 6k