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Casseliflavus Isolated From Tannery Effluents: Bioadsorption of Chromium Resistant Enterococcus
Casseliflavus Isolated From Tannery Effluents: Bioadsorption of Chromium Resistant Enterococcus
Casseliflavus Isolated From Tannery Effluents: Bioadsorption of Chromium Resistant Enterococcus
ISSN 2077-0464
http://journal-ecobiotechnology.com/
1. Introduction
Chromium, a priority pollutant is well known exchange, and adsorption on activated coal, alum,
for its mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and kaolinite and ash which require large amounts of
teratogenicity in humans, experimental animals and chemicals and energy and therefore are unsuitable
plants. Extensive use of chromium in industries (Camargo et al., 2003).
such as leather tanning, stainless-steel production, Several reports have indicated biological
electroplating and wood preservatives have resulted reduction of hexavalent chromium by
in chromium contaminated soil and ground water microorganisms, both aerobes and anaerobes.
at production sites ( Turick et al., 1996) which pose Biological reduction of hexavalent chromium
a serious threat to human health. The hexavalent usually occurs at a neutral pH range and generates
chromium compounds are comparatively more an insignificant quantity of chemical sludge as well
toxic than trivalent chromium compounds due to as offers potential cost - effective remediation
their higher solubility in water, rapid permeability strategy (Mahesh et al., 2002)
through biological membranes and subsequent Bioadsorption is the simple uptake of the
interaction with intracellular proteins and nucleic constituents of the effluent by the organisms
acids (Sultan and Hasnain, 2005). Accordingly, without any usage in its metabolism. A number of
chromium and its compounds are placed on the chromium resistant microorganisms have been
priority list of toxic chemicals by US EPA (Urvashi reported to detoxify hexavalent chromium, which
Thacker and Rasesh Parikh. 2007). A maximum include Pseudomonas sp., Microbacterium sp.,
acceptable concentration of 0.05 mg/l for Desulfovibrio sp., Enterobacter sp., Escherichia coli,
hexavalent chromium in drinking water has been Shewanella alga, Bacillus sp., etc., where the method
established on basis of health considerations. of detoxification is periplasmic biosorption,
However, its high toxicity, mutagenicity and intracellular bioaccumulation and
carcinogenicity renders it hazardous even at very biotransformation through direct enzymatic
low concentration. reaction or indirectly with metabolites (Camargo et
Medical research has further confirmed that al., 2003). Some of the fungi that remove
hexavalent chromium exposure is associated with chromium from tannery wastes are Aspergillus,
increased human lung cancer risk. The presence of Nostoc, Cyanobacteria, etc. Many microbes by cellular
sulphide and chromium in tannery effluent affects activities and their products significantly contribute
plant life and soil fertility. Then the chromates were in these biogeochemical cycles. Biotechnological
absorbed in soils and low pH favored their approaches to the abatement of toxic metal
reduction in effluents. Chromium level was found pollution consist of selectively using and enhancing
to increase with increase in the concentration of the these natural processes to treat particular wastes.
tannery effluent. Chromium associated pollution is The processes by which the microorganisms
of increasing concern nowadays. Conventional interact with the toxic metals enabling their
methods for treatment of toxic chromate include removal/and recovery are biosorption,
chemical reduction followed by precipitation, ion bioaccumulation and enzymatic reduction.
P. Saranraj et al. Journal of Ecobiotechnology 2/7: 17-22, 2010