ABSTRACT

Buckling occurs when column has a tendency to deflect laterally, out of the line of action
of the force. Once buckling initiates, the instability can lead to failure of the column,
because the eccentric force acts as a moment causing greater stresses and deflections due
to the combination of the bending and axial forces.

OBJECTIVE
1. To determine critical buckling loads for columns with supports.
2. To test the Euler’s theory of buckling.
3. To investigate the influence of different of different material parameter.

Introduction
All relevant buckling problems can be demonstrated with the WP 120 test
band.Buckling,as opposed to simple strength problems such as drawing,pressure,bending
and shearing,is primarily a stability problem.Buckling plays an important role in almost
every field of technology.Examples of this are:

 Columns and supports in constuction and steel engineering

 Stop rods for valve actuation and connecting rods in motor construction
 Piston rods for hydraulic cylinders and
 Lifting spindles in lifting gear

APP
ARATU
S

Specimen
 holders

 Deformation measurement

 Lateral load device with weight

PROCEDURE

1. The device was set up in vertical position.

2. The thrust piece with V notch into attachment socket and fasten with clamping
screw was inserted.
3. Long thrust piece with V notch into the guide bush of load cross-bar was inserted
and was been hold firmly.
4. The S2 rod specimen with edges in the v notch was inserted.
5. The load cross-bar was clamped on the guide column in such a manner that there
 was still approximately 5mm for the top thrust piece to move.
6. The rod specimen was aligned in such a manner that it’s buckling direction points
in the direction of the lateral guide columns.
7. The rod specimen with low, non-measurable force was retightening.
8. The measuring gauge was aligned to the middle of the rod specimen using the
supporting clamps. The measuring gauge was set at a right angle to the direction
of buckling.
9. The measuring gauge was pretighten to 10mm deflection with the adjustable The
rod specimen load was slowly subjected using the load nut.
10. The deflection was recorded from the measuring gauge. The deflection was read
and recorded at every 0.25mm up to 1mm.

11. The deflection was recorded from the measuring gauge. The deflection was read
and recorded at every 0.25mm up to 1mm.
12. Above 1-mm deflection,it suffices to record the deflection and force every 0.5-
mm

Theory
A long-column straight beam with a rectangular cross section is subjected to a
compressive axial load. As long as the beam remains straight, it can be analysed by the
theories of tension or compression loads; however, if the deflection become suddenly
large and leads to catastrophic failure, the buckling theory has to be applied for the
analysis. According to the theory, the critical (or Euler) buckling load Pcr, critical stress
cr, and slenderness ratio L/r can be calculated by the following formulas:

where: E is the modulus of elasticity.

I is the moment of initial of the beam, I = b h3 / 12. b is the width of the
 beam and h is the thickness of the beam.
L is the length of the beam.
A is the cross section area of the beam, A = bh.
r is the radius of gyration about the axis of bending.

Results
Table 1:Aluminium

Force (N) Deflectio

n (mm)
500 0.25
525 0.5
550 0.75

575 1.00
600 1.5
625 2.0
650 2.5
650 3.0
675 3.5
700 4.0

Graph
for
table 1
Table 2:PVC
Force (N) Deflection
(mm)
500 0.25
525 0.5
550 0.75
575 1.00
600 1.5
625 2.0
650 2.5
650 3.0
675 3.5
700 4.0

Graph for table 2

Table 3:Brass
Force (N) Deflection
(mm)
1250 0.25
1250 0.5
1250 0.75
1250 1.00
1300 1.5
1300 2.0
1300 2.5
1300 3.0
1300 3.5
1350 4.0
 Graph for table 3

Table 4:Copper
Force (N) Deflection
(mm)
300 0.25
400 0.5
450 0.75
550 1.0
600 1.5
700 2.0
800 2.5
850 3.0
900 3.5
950 4.0
 Graph for table 4

Discussion
From the results,we can determined that each deflection has different types of force for
the material aluminium,pvc,brass and copper.We can say that the higher the deflection,the
higher the force of the material is used in the experiment.

Conclusions
The error within this experiment was grossly inaccurate and exhibited unacceptable error.
The main source of error was due to poor testing technique. Evenwith proper technique,
however, persistent and large error was still present. There main error was due to ill
conditioned test samples and poorly calibrated equipment. The samples had experienced
buckling many times previous to this test, and the clampswere not aligned to place the
force parallel along the beam.