TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE
SUMMARY/ABSTRACT 3
OBJECTIVE 4
THEORY 4
EQUIPEMENT/DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS 13
PROCEDURE 18
DATA & OBESERVATIONS 23
ANALYSIS & RESULTS 35
DISCUSSIONS 38
CONCLUSIONS 41
REFERENCES 42
 SUMMARY

Determination of circumferential and also biaxial stress is finished in this specific

experiment with the thin cylinder test. You'll find two programs in determining the strain
and anxiety incurred which might be the intricate stress programs and a pair of
dimensional stress systems.

A pair of conditions tends to be applied during the experiment i.e. ‘opens ends’ situation
and ‘closed ends’ situation. A circumferential stress system exists within the ‘open ends’
condition along with a biaxial stress system within the ‘closed ends’ situation. The
experiment is finished using some type of computer and software package designed for
the thin cylinder. The theory is obviously explained within the section below.

Examine the stress and strain inside a thin walled cylinder. Students conduct the
experiment while using the thin cylinder equipment type SM 1007. The particular
experiment clearly shows the actual ideas, principle method to conduct and analytical
techniques, calculation of stress and does help the student within studies and future
undertakings. By using thin cylinder type SM1007, students are has the ability to measure
the strains in the cylinder. in under open ends and close ends condition using the software
called VDAS (Versatile Data Acquisition System) for accurate readings. The difference
between an opened ends condition and closed ends condition is that, open end has no end
constraint besides does not have axial component of wall stress meanwhile in a closed
ends there is axial load present to equilibrate the fluid pressure axial load and axial stress.

As the result after completing the experiment, the value of circumferential stress under
both open condition and closed condition has been obtained. Analysis has been made
through and so the calculation has been calculated and tabulated as graph. From the data
that have been collected the value of Poisson’s Ratio and Young’s Modulus are
calculated. Therefore the value of Mohr Circle is obtained too.

2
OBJECTIVE

The objectives of the experiment are:-

i. To determine the circumferential stress under open condition and analysis of
combined and circumferential stress.
ii. To determine the Young’s Modulus of a thin cylinder.
iii. To determine the Poisson’s Ratio and Principle Strains.
iv. To examine the principal strains of both open and closed condition.

THEORY

A. Complex Stress System

The diagrams below (Figure 1) represents:-
i. The stress cause through force performing on the element surface it shown
in the diagram below (Figure 1)
ii. The particular of each faces forces are acting upon an element of material
in the experiment it acting under the action of a two-dimensional stress
system shown in the diagram (Figure 1)

i. Stress Diagram ii. Force Diagram

3
 Figure 1: Stress and Force Diagrams for Two Dimensional Stress Systems
Assuming (b) to be a ‘wedge’ of material of unit depth and side AB to be a unit length:

Resolving along σθ will give this formula:

(1)

Resolving along τθ will give this formula:

(2)

From equation (2) it can be seen that there are values for τθ is zero and the planes on
which the shear component is zero are called ‘Principal Planes’.

For equation (2):

(3)

4
This will give two values of 2θ differing by 180° and, therefore, two values of θ differing
by 90°. This shows that Principal Planes are two planes at right angles to each other.

Figure 2: Diagram Representation of Equation (3)

From the diagram above (Figure 2):

(4)
and

(5)

The stresses on the principal planes are normal to these planes and are called Principal
Stresses.

From equation (1) and substituting the above values:

(6)

5
Principal Stresses are the maximum and minimum values of normal stress in the system.
The sign will denote the type of stress.
i.e Negative sign – Compressive Stress
Positive sign – Tensile Stress

Figure 3: Force Diagram for an Element

Assuming BC and AC in Figure 3 are principal Planes, i.e. τθ = 0, and σ1 and σ2 are the
principal stresses:

(7)

Now the maximum shear stress τθ will be seen to occur when sin 2θ = 1, i.e. when θ - 45°
Therefore the maximum shear stress occur on planes at 45° to the principal planes, and

(8)

Or (using equation 6):

(9)

6
B. Two Dimensional Stress System

Figure 4: Diagram of Principal Stresses on an Element

Strain on direction of σ1:

(10)

Strain in direction of σ2:

(11)

The value of ε1 and ε2 is the principal strains.

A negative quantity denotes compressive strain.
A positive quantity denotes tensile strain.
These strains can be used to construct a ‘Mohr Strain Circle’ in the same way as
stresses.

7
 O

Figure 5: Representation of Strain on a Mohr Circle

In the usual manner, referring to Figure 5:

OR is the maximum principal strain.
OP is the minimum principal strain at right angles to maximum.
Q is the center of the strain circle.

From the diagram:

(12)
and

8
 (13)

Theory as Applied to the Thin Cylinder

As this is a thin cylinder, i.e. the ratio of wall thickness to the internal diameter is less
than about 1/20, the value of σH and σL may be assumed reasonably constant over the
area. This is throughout the wall thickness and in all subsequent theory the radial stress,
which is small, will be ignored. I symmetry the two principal stresses will be
circumferential (hoop) and longitudinal and these, from the elementary theory, will be
given by:-

(14)
and

(15)

There are two conditions of stress obtainable; ‘open end’ condition and ‘closed ends’
condition.

Figure 6: Stresses in a thin walled cylinder

9
 a) Open Ends Condition
The cylinder in this condition has no end constraint and therefore the longitudinal
component of stress σL will be zero, but there will be some strain in this direction
due to Poisson effect. Considering an element of material:

σH will cause strains of:-

(16)
and

(17)

These are the two principal strains. As can be seen from equation (17), in this
condition εL will be negative quantity, i.e. the cylinder in the longitudinal
direction will be in compression.

b) Closed Ends Condition

By constraining the ends, a longitudinal as well as circumferential stress will be

imposed upon the cylinder. Considering an element of material:

σH will cause strains of:-

(18)
and

10
 (19)

σL will cause strains of:-

(20)
and

(21)

The principal strains are a combination of these values:-

(22)
and

(23)

The principal strains may be evaluated and a Mohr Strain Circle constructed for each test
condition. From this circle the strain at any position relative to the principal axes may be
determined.

c) To determine a value of Poisson’s Ratio

Dividing equations (16) and (17) gives:-

(24)

This equation is only applicable to the open ends condition.

11
EQUIPMENT/DETAIL OF EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS

Figure 7: Thin Cylinder SM 1007

Figure 7 shows the SM 1007 Thin Cylinder apparatus containing a freely supported
piston consists of a thin walled aluminium cylinder of diameter 80 mm and inside of 3
mm wall with operating the hydraulic pump pressurises the cylinder with oil.

The cylinder has six sensors on its surface that measure strain and also the six position of
strain is printed on the side of the apparatus for determining the position. The thin
cylinder apparatus has a mechanical gauge and electronic sensor to measure the hydraulic
pressure in the cylinder. The strains (and thus the stress) can be measured by using two
different methods

1."Open" ends condition - where the axial loads are taken by the frame (not the cylinder),
therefore there is no direct axial stress

2. "Closed" ends condition - where the axial loads are taken by the cylinder, therefore
there must be direct axial stress the two methods are conducted using the large hand
wheel at the end of the frame.

12
In the Open ends condition the hand wheel is screwed fully in. This pushes the two
pistons away from the cylinder end caps so that there is no contact between them.
Therefore, the axial force is transmitted from the pressurised oil into the frame rather than
the cylinder.

In the Closed ends condition the hand wheel is carefully unscrewed. This allows the
pistons to move outward against the cylinder end caps so that there is no contact with the
frame. Therefore the axial force is transmitted from the pressurised oil into the cylinder
itself.

Figure 8: Sectional plan of the thin cylinder

The cylinder unit, which is resting on four dowels, is supported in a frame and located
axially by the locking screw and the adjustment screw (hand wheel). When the hand
wheel is screwed in, it forces the piston away from the end plate and the entire axial load
is taken on the frame, thus relieving the cylinder of all longitudinal stress. This creates
‘open ends’. Pure axial load transmission from the cylinder to frame is ensured by the
hardened steel rollers situated at the end of the locking and adjustment screws.

13
 Figure 9: Open Ends Conditions

When the hand wheel is screwed out, the pressurized oil in the cylinder forces the piston
against caps at the end of the cylinder and become ‘closed ends’ of the cylinder. The
cylinder wall then takes the axial (longitudinal) stress.

Figure 10: Closed Ends Conditions

14
Strain Gauges

Figure 11: Strain gauges positions

Six active pressure gauges usually are cemented on to the cylinder from the position
demonstrated above. These include self-temperature compensation gauges and they are
selected to fit the thermal characteristics in the thin cylinder. Each and every gauge forms
one arm of an bridge, the other three arms including things like close tolerance higher
stability resistors attached to a p. c. b. Shunt resistors are utilized to bring the bridge all-
around balance in it's unstressed condition. (this is done on factory test). The effects on
gauge factor on this balancing process can be negligible.

To supply a direct examining of strain, the raeding from a strain gauge is multiplied by a
constant called the actual gauge factor. This compensates for the slight difference in
manufacture between each batch of gauges. The gauge factor usually varies between 1.8
and 2.2. The manufacturer set the gauge factor into the electronic circuit of the SM1007,
thus allowances no need to be considered.

The strain display on the front of the equipment shows the reading from each strain gauge
in  (microstrain). The display shows only four reading at a time, use the scroll
readings button to scroll up or down to see all six values. Negative reading is really a
compressive strain along with positive reading is really a tensile strain.

15
Thin cylinder technical information

Items Details
Dimensions 370 mm high x 700 mm long x 380 mm
front to back
Nett weight 30 kg
Electrical supply 85 VAC to 264 VAC 50 Hz to 60Hz
Fuse 20 mm 6.3 A Type F
Maximum cylinder pressure 3.5 MNm-2 Set by a pressure relief valve
on the hand pump
Strain gauges Electrical resistance self-temperature
compensation type
Cylinder oil Shell Tellus 37 (or equivalent)
Total oil capacity Approximately 2 litres
Cylinder dimensions 80 mm internal diameter
3mm wall thickness
359 mm length
Cylinder material Aged aluminium alloy 6063
Young’s modulus (E) 69 GN/m2
Poisson’s ratio 0.33
Table A: Technical Details

The pump is fitted with a pressure relief valve, adjacent to the pump handle pivot, which
is set to operate at approximately 3.5 MN/m2. A bleed nipple is suited to the right hand
end on the cylinder.
Environmental Storage temperature range -25 to +55°C (when packaged for
conditions transportation)
Operating temperature range +5 to +40°C
Humidity 30-95% (non-condensing)
Operating environment Laboratory environment
Mains supply Voltage (nominal) 230 V~
Current (maximum) 0.58 A
Frequency 50 Hz
Type TN-S (see IEC264)
Fuse type and rating 20 mm, T 1A
Table B: Thin cylinder power supply details

16
PROCEDURE

General
1. To had an accurate readings, the power of the thin cylinder had switched on leave
it for not less than five minutes prior this allow the strain gauge to reach a stable
temperature and the experiment had been conducted, the first data had been stated
down to the table given by the lab manual.

Before the test, the experiment had two condition of stress must be achieved in the
cylinder.

Condition 1: the purely circumferential stress system is the open end condition.
Condition 2: the biaxial stress system is the closed ends condition.

2. The circumferential and biaxial stress system had to be achieved in this

experiment. We had started with the circumferential condition stress which is the
open end condition.

3. First, the return valve on the pump was unscrewed so that the oil could be
returned to the oil reservoir. The screw had reached to the actual stop which had
already adjusted the screw. The piston was moved away from the left hand end
plate and the longitudinal load was been transmitted into the frame. The values of
the poison’s ratio and young’s modulus of the cylinder material was determined
and had recorded in to the table to proceed the theoretical method and calculated
the values.

4. The return valve on the pump was ensured to be unscrewed. The hand wheel was
unscrewed and the crosspiece was pushed to the left until it contacted the frame
end plate. The return valve was closed and the hand pump was operated to pump
oil into the cylinder and the piston was pushed to the of cylinder.

17
5. Both longitudinal and circumferential stresses were set up in the cylinder when
the cylinder is pressurized. Each strain gauge channel was brought to zero and the
initial strain readings were recorded at zero pressure.

6. The most important precaution we had to NOTE is NEVER pump the oil
pressure higher than 3.1 M Pa

To obtain the circumferential condition of stress (Open Ends Condition):-

(Refer to figure 9)

1) The pressure control was opened and the hand wheel was screwed to set up the
Open Ends condition.
2) The pressure control was closed and the ‘Press and hold to zero’ button is pressed
to zero the strain gauge display readings.
3) The pressure was increased by 0.5 MN/m2 until 3 MN/m2 at each step, allowing a
few seconds for the pressure and strain readings to stabilize. The readings were
taken.
4) The pressure control was opened to release the pressure.

To obtain the biaxial stress system (Closed Ends Condition):-

(Refer to figure 10)

1) The pressure control was opened and the hand wheel was unscrewed carefully in
order to set up the closed ends condition.
2) The pressure control was opened to release the pressure.
3) The pressure control was closed and ‘Press and hold to zero’ button is pressed to
zero the strain gauge readings. The strain gauge readings will read 0Error:
Reference source not found, and the pressure meter will read as 0 MN/m 2 (+/-
0.05 MN/m2).

18
Thin Cylinder Computerize Software

The program assists in the creation with the tables and graphs of data. During
Experiments 1 and 2 the screen appears in a similar form to and is the same as the screen
described for the Run option with the addition of a table below the representation of the
Thin Cylinder. The function keys available additional to those Run options are as
follows:

F2-Read Copy the pressure and strain readings currently on the screen to the
data table. Allow two seconds to let the pressure and strains stabilize
after any change in pressure before taking a reading.

F3-Unread Remove the last readings taken from the data table. This is only
relevant to Experiment 1.

F6-Graph Create a graph based on the current data table. For Experiment 1 a
standard X-Y graph of stress against strain is shown, for Experiments
2 a Mohr Strain Circle is shown. This option only becomes available
after the data table is complete, i.e. seven readings have been taken in
Experiment 1 or one reading has been taken in Experiments 2.

19
F7-Print Print the current data table. Ensure that a printer is connected and on-
line and press F7 to print the complete current data table. Normally
this option would be used after the data table has been created and
before a graph of the data has been printed. Printing in this order
results in the table and the graph both appearing on the same page.
This option only becomes available after the data table is complete, i.e.
seven readings have been taken in Experiment 1 or one reading has
been taken in Experiments 2.

F9-Tutor Bring up the section of the tutorial relating to the current experiment.
This option can be used to view the relevant part of the tutorial without
leaving the experiment in progress.

The following function keys become available while the stress/strain graph is displayed:

F2-Continue Return to the data acquisition screen to take more readings or return to
the main menu.

F7-Print Print the current data table. Ensure that a printer is connected and on-
line and press F7 to print the complete current data table. Normally
this option would be used after the data table has been created and
before a graph of the data has been printed. Printing in this order
results in the table and the graph both appearing on the same page.
This option only becomes available after the data table is complete, i.e.
seven readings have been taken in Experiment 1 or one reading has
been taken in Experiments 2.

F8-Adjust Adjust the lines of stress against strain for gauges one and six to get
the best fit with the data points. Gauge 1 data points are shown by a
small blue cross and gauge six data points are shown by a small red X.
By default the first and last data points for each gauge are connected

20
by a straight line. If these lines do not give the best fit then they can be
adjusted by pressing F8. Once F8 has been pressed the lines can be
adjusted one end point at a time using the following keys:

Tab Press the Tab key to cycle through the four line end
points. The currently active end point is identified by a
flashing square around it.
Cursor Keys Use the cursor keys to adjust the current line end point.
Drag each end of a line about to give the best fit to the
data points for that gauge.
Enter Press Enter to accept the changes you have made and
recalculate Young’s Modulus based on the average
slope of the two gauge graphs.
Esc Press Esc to undo any changes that you have made to
the fit of the two gauge graphs.

21
 DATA & OBSERVATION

Cylinder Condition: OPEN ENDS

Direct Strain
Pressure Hoop
Reading (MN.m-2) Stress Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge
(MN.m-2) 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.5 6.67 97 -37 -3 35 66 104
3 1.00 13.33 199 -78 -8 66 134 206
4 1.50 20.00 301 -116 -11 102 202 311
5 2.00 26.67 401 -153 -16 133 266 414
6 2.50 33.37 505 -190 -19 168 335 522
Values from actual Mohr’s -19 168 335
Circle (at 2.5 MN.m )
-2

Values from theorethical Mohr’s 579.71 -191.304 561.365 194.203 -172.96 579.71
Circle (at 2.5 MN.m-2)

Table 1: Open End Results

Theoretical calculation
Data Details
Young’s Modulus (E) 69GN N
Poisson’s Ratio 0.33
Internal Diameter 80 mm
Wall Thickness 3.0 mm
Length 359 mm
Table A
= Hoop Stress

Strain values from theoretical Mohr’s Circle (at 3 MN.m-2)

22
= Hoop Strain
Gauge 1 Gauge 2

Gauge 3
=30

=561.365µ

Gauge 4

When θ = 45º

= 194.203µ

Gauge 5

=561.365µ
Theoretical Mohr’s Circle (Open Ends Condition)

Data Details
Young’s Modulus (E) 69GN N

23
 Poisson’s Ratio (v) 0.33
// -40 M Pa
// 0 M Pa
xy 0 M Pa
Table B
Principle strains (Open Ends Condition)

(16) (17)

Principle strains
Using the formula 10 and 11 to calculate the value of theoretical Mohr’s Circle.

(10) (11)

Maximum principal strain

24
= 579.71

Minimum principal strain

= 579.71

Data to perform the Mohr’s Circle (Draw)

Give data (Gauge 1)

25
Θ = 90º

= 0 Pa
Due to the direction is in
compression so the value of be a
negative value for = - 40 M Pa

About the value of = 0 Pa, because of the cylinder in open ends condition has no end
constraint and therefore the longitudinal component of stress will be zero.

Data Details
-40 M Pa Table C: calculated data
of 0 M Pa Mohr’s circle
xy 0 M Pa

Mohr’s Circle at 2.50 M Pa

26
 Cylinder Condition: CLOSED ENDS
Reading Pressure Direct Strain

27
 Hoop
Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge
(MN.m )
-2
Stress
1 2 3 4 5 6
(MN.m-2)
1 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.50 6.67 78 10 31 45 64 81
3 1.00 13.33 162 27 64 98 130 168
4 1.50 20.00 245 43 94 148 195 251
5 2.00 26.67 331 61 129 201 263 429
6 2.50 33.33 414 76 163 252 332 514
Values from actual Mohr’s Circle (at 163 252 332
3 MN.m ) -2

Values from theoretical Mohr’s 484.058 98.5 474.89 292 388 484.058
Circle (at 3 MN.m )
-2

Table 2: Closed End Results

Actual theoretical calculation

Data Details
Young’s Modulus (E) 69GN N
Poisson’s Ratio 0.33
Internal Diameter 80 mm
Wall Thickness 3.0 mm
Length 359 mm

Table D

= Hoop Stress

28
Principle Strains

Gauge 1 & Gauge 6

(22)

Gauge 2

(23)

=30º

Gauge 3

(12)

29
Gauge 4

(13)

Gauge 5

When θ = 45º

Theoretical Mohr’s Circle (Open Ends Condition)

Data Details
Young’s Modulus (E) 69GN N
Poisson’s Ratio (v) 0.33
// 40 M Pa
// 20 M Pa
xy 0 M Pa
Table B

Principle strains (Closed End Condition)

30
 (22) (23)

Maximum principal strain

= 484.058

Minimum principal strain

= 582.6087

31
Data to perform the Mohr’s Circle (Draw)
Give data (Gauge 1)
Θ = 90º

= 0 Pa
Data Details
40 M Pa
:stress X 20 ：
MStress
Pa Y
xy 0 M Pa

32
 Table E: calculated data for Mohr’s circle

Mohr’s Circle at 2.50 M Pa

33
ANALYSIS & RESULTS
Determination of Young’s Modulus
From the graph the average experimental value of Young’s Modulus is obtained:-
Experimental value (Gauge 1) = 62.42 G Pa
Experimental value (Gauge 2) = 62.04 G Pa
Theoretical value = 69.00 G Pa

Hoop Strain
Hoop Stress
Gauge 1 Gauge 6
0 0 0
6.67 97 100
13.33 199 207
20.00 300 312
26.67 401 414
33.33 505 522
Table 3: Stress against strain

34
 Graph 1: Determination of Young’s Modulus from Stress/Strain Graph

Gradient of graph (Gauge 1)

y2 – y1
x2 – x1

33.37-26.67 = 0.06442 T Pa
505-401

From the Graph, we know that the value of the Young’s Modulus is 64.42GPa.
The actual value of Young’s Modulus is 69Gpa.

Percentage Error = (69.00 – 64.42) x 100% = 9.3469%

69.00

Gradient of graph (Gauge 6)

y2 – y1
x2 – x1

33.37-26.67 = 0.06204 T Pa
522-414
From the Graph, we know that the value of the Young’s Modulus is 62.04Gpa.
The actual value of Young’s Modulus is 69Gpa.

Percentage Error = (69.00 – 62.04) x 100% = 10.0869%

69.00

35
Determination of Poisson’s ratio
From the graph the experimental value of Poisson’s ratio is obtained:-
Experiment value = 0.3557
Actual value = 0.33
Longitudinal Strain (με)
Hoop Stress
Gauge 2
0 0
-37 97
-78 199
-116 300
-153 401
-190 505
Table 4: Data Longitudinal Strain against Hoop Strain

36
 Graph 2: Graph of Longitudinal Strain against Hoop Strain

From the graph, we know that the Poisson’s ratio is:

Gradient of graph

-190 – (-153) = -0.3557

505 – 401
The actual value of the Poisson’s ratio given is also 0.33
The Percentage error = 0.33-0.3557 x 100% = 7.7878%
0.33
DISCUSSIONS

The experiment was conducted in two various conditions, ‘open ends’ and ‘closed ends’
conditions. A purely circumferential stress occurred in the ‘open ends’ condition while
biaxial stress existed in the ‘closed ends’ condition.

From the experiment 1 (Open end condition), the Young’s Modulus, E we had compare
between gauge 1 and 6. Graph 1 shows the relation between hoop stress and hoop strain.
Both of these stress and strain values are hoop, which are the force per unit area and the
elongation that occurs around the cylinder. Since the orientations of both the sets of data
are along the same axis, it could be said that it is a regular stress-strain diagram. The
results collected are tabulated in this graph, where the relation between hoop stress and
hoop strain are linear and is proportional to each other, where an increase in strain will
also result an increase in stress.

From the graph 1, Young Modulus, E is obtained by the slope of the graph, which gauge
1 have value of 62.42G N/m2 and gauge 2 have value of 62.04G N/m2. Which if we
compare to the value given form the technical details is only 69GN/m2.The value of both
young’s Modulus, E obtained with a slightly different of percentage error 3.203%. In
gauge 1 percentage error value is 9.3469% and gauge 6 have a percentage error of
10.0869%. A graph (refer to Graph 1) is produced, which is linear and it is from this
graph that the experimental E value is obtained. The graph is drawn by using the

37
computer software (Microsoft Excel) as the experiment is carried out using a computer.
Data is shown in Table 1. The percentage error between the theoretical values and the
experimental values were calculated using the formula:

Percentage error = Actual value – Theorcitcal value x 100%

Actual value

Graph 2 shows the relation between longitudinal strain and hoop strain. This is not a
regular stress-strain diagram because it deals with only the strains of the cylinder. It is a
measure of the hoop strain that occurs around the circumference of the thin cylinder and
also the longitudinal strain that occurs along the axis of the cylinder, and the relationship
between the two is tabulated in the graph. Since it is a strain-strain diagram, the graph is
only a measure of how much one axis would elongate with respect to another. The graph
shows that with an increase of hoop length around the circumference, or in essence a
wider cylinder, it is found that it’s longitudinal, or axial, length decrease linearly with an
increasing hoops strain. This proves that when elongation happens across the hoop axis,
compression will happen in the longitudinal axis. From the Graph 2, Poisson Ratio was
obtained from the slope of the graph. The value obtained for the Poisson Ratio is
0.3557and the percentage error between the theoretical value and the experimental value
is 7.7878%.

The analysis in both ‘open ends’ and ‘closed ends’ conditions (experiment 1 and 2
respectively) are then observed. There are only some errors in both conditions. Data
obtained can be seen in Table 2 and 3. From the two experiments, Mohr circles are drawn
(refer to Figure A and B). In these Mohr circles, the Principal Strains are represented by
the intersection between the circle and the x-axis. In application, the Principal strain is an
important parameter in designing. It is used as a guideline which represents the maximum
strain that the thin cylinder can sustain before rupture.

Two Mohr Circles were constructed according to Open Ends Condition and Closed Ends
Condition for the actual values and the theoretical values. According to the observation of

38
the sketched circle, one of the circles is smaller than the other circle. Open end circle
have a radius of 20M Pa and close ends condition have a radius of 10 M Pa. Those circles
were constructed according to the formula learn from mechanics of material. The
Principal Strain and the Poisson’s Ratio were taken into account in order to construct
those circles.

Little errors are most often present in this kind of experiment. However your little friend
errors may be caused by. Human error could potentially cause inaccurate readings. The
time taken for the readings to be stabilized after the pressure changed may not be
sufficient enough. Moreover, the pressure changes exerted will not be precise.
Adjustment around the screw is not really done effectively, thus inaccurate readings.
There may be some errors already there on the manufacturing of the particular
experimental apparatus themselves. A few internal disturbances may occur like resistance
in your connecting wires and as well impurities in your thin cylinder. Outside factor for
example the ambient temperature may also affect the effects.

39
CONCLUSIONS

As conclusion, in experiment 6 we had learned how to determine the

circumferential stress under open condition and biaxial stress under closed ends
condition. Besides that, we had found out that there are two conditions have a difference.
The experimental result data has shown us that the difference and the lab manual theory
had stated both differences. The open ends condition has no end constraint so the stress
will be 0 and the longitudinal direction is in compression so the value of will in negative
(-ve). Hence, the closed Ends condition the principle stress formula is different with open
ends condition. Regarding the Poisson’s ratio and young’s modulus value we have
plotted a graph and compare the result data done in the experiment. Young’s Modulus
(E), have used the result data value of gauge 1 and gauge 6 and compare the percentage
error. About the Poisson’s ratio we had also plotted a graph (Graph 2) to get the result
and the value of the Poisson’s ratio. In these two experiments we had also done and draw
the Mohr’s circle and compare value with the theoretical Mohr’s circle.

40
REFERENCES
 Ferdinand P.Beer, E.Russell Johnston, Jr., John T.DeWolf. 2013. Mechanics Of
Materials. 6th Edition. McGraw Hill.
 S.C.Fan. 2011.Mechanics Of Materials. 8th edition.Person.
 William F. Smith,Javad Hashemi. Materials Science and Engineering.
5th edition.McGraw Hill.
 MEMB311 Materials Laboratory Manual. COE, Uniten. pp 41-54.

41