DATA

COMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKS
(SEET3623)

CHAPTER 2 DR. NURZAL EFFIYANA BINTI GHAZALI

PART 3: TCP/IP Model effiyana@fke.utm.my
P19a-02-17
0197771227
 TCP/IP MODEL 2

Internet Protocol (IP): for Network protocol:

routing and addressing
Transmission Control
packets of data so that
Protocol (TCP): how data
they can travel across
is sent and received
network and arrive at the
correct destination
standard formatting
data so that devices are
able to communicate with
and understand each
other.
IP address: a unique
identifier assigned to a
device or domain that
connects to the Internet

161.139.102.63

161.139.100.30

161.139.102.63 Internet 161.139.100.30

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 TCP/IP MODEL 3

• Result of protocol research and development conducted on the experimental packet-

switched network, ARPANET
• Funded by Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA)
• Protocol that has been issued as Internet standard by Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
• Five relatively independent layers:
• Physical layer
• Network access layer
• Internet layer
• Transport layer or host-to-host layer
• Application layer
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 TCP/IP MODEL 4

Application
SMTP FTP
Presentation Application Application
DNS HTTP
Session

Transport Transport Transport TCP

SCTP
UDP

ICMP IGMP
Network Internet Internet IP RARP ARP

Data Link Network Access

Network Access Host-to-network
Physical Physical

OSI Model TCP/IP Model TCP/IP Model Protocol

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 LAYERS DESCRIPTION 5

Physical layer
• Physical interface between a data transmission device (e.g. laptop) and a transmission medium or network
• Characteristics of transmission medium
• Signal levels, data rates, ect
Network access layer
• Exchange of data between end system and network
• Destination address provision
Internet layer (IP)
• Provides routing function across multiple networks
• Implemented in end systems and routers
Transport layer
• End-to-end transfer of data
• Ordering of delivery
• May include reliability mechanism
• Hides detail of underlying network
Application layer
• Support for user applications
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 TCP/IP: APPLICATIONS LAYER 6

• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

• Protocol relating to web applications
HTTP • Current version of HTTP 1.1 has additional features
• Default port number is 80

• File Transfer Protocol

• Used for downloading from most MP3 sites, for example
FTP • Designed for faster file transfer
• FTP default ports are 20 and 21

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

• Governs the transmission of electronic mail (email) messages and
SMTP attachments.
• SMTP is used in the case of outgoing messages

• Supports terminal emulation or host sessions

TELNET • For example, Telnet can be used for accessing a Unix machine and
emulating a terminal attached to the Unix computer
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 TCP/IP: APPLICATIONS LAYER 7

HTTP HTTPS
HTTP means Hyper Text Transfer Protocol HTTPS means Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol Secured
URL begins with “http://” URL begins with “https://”
It uses port 80 for communication It uses port 443 for communication

Unsecured Secured
Operates at Application Layer Operates at Transport Layer

No encryption Encryption is present

No certificates required Certificates required
Use for normal website such as youtube, Use for highly secured website such as
blogspot online banking, online payment system,
email
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 TCP/IP: TRANSPORT LAYER 8

Slower but more reliable Faster but not guaranteed

Applications: transfer (“best effort service”)
 File transfer protocol (FTP) Applications:
 Web browsing  Live streaming
 Email  Online games
 VoIP

TCP UDP
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 TCP: THREE-WAY HANDSHAKE 9

SYN Example: SKE Webpage

Step 1 1. Your device send a message to UTM’s server
called SYN (Synchronize Sequence Number)
2. Then, UTM server sends back an
SYN-ACK
acknowledgement message called a SYN-ACK
Step 2 3. When your device receives the SYN-ACK from
the server, it sends an ACK message back which
establishes the connection
ACK
4. Data transmission happens. If any data missing,
Step 3
server will resend those packets
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 TCP: SESSION ENDING 10

FIN-ACK FIN-ACK
Step 1 Step 3

ACK ACK
Step 2 Step 4

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 TCP 11

• At the sending end of each transmission, TCP divides a stream of data into smaller
units called segments. Each segment includes a sequence number for reordering after
receipt, together with an acknowledgment number for the segments received.
• Segments are carried across the internet inside of IP datagrams.
• At the receiving end, TCP collects each datagram as it comes in and reorders the
transmission based on sequence numbers.

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 TCP HEADER 12

20-60 bytes

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 UDP 13

• No guaranteed delivery, no preservation of sequence, no protection against

duplication
• Minimum overhead, just adds port addressing to IP
• Provides a connectionless service.
• Each user datagram sent by UDP is an independent datagram.
• There is no relationship between the different user datagrams even from the
same source process and going to the same destination program.
• The user datagrams are not numbered.
• No connection establishment and no connection
• This means that each user datagram can travel on a different path.

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 UDP HEADER 14

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 TCP/IP CONCEPTS 15

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 TCP/IP ADDRESSING 16

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 TCP/IP ADDRESSES 17

• Physical address - Also known as the link address, is the address of a node as defined by its LAN or
WAN
• It is included in the frame used by the data link layer
• The physical addresses have authority over the link (LAN or WAN)
• The size and format of these addresses vary depending on the network
• Example: 00:A0:C9:14:C8:29
• IP/Logical address – Each host on a subnet needs a unique global network address or logical address
(IP Layer)
• A logical address in the Internet is currently a 32-bit address that can uniquely define a host
connected to the Internet (IPv4).
• IP address - Example: 161.139.220.154 (32 bits)
• Port address – Each application/process on a (multi-tasking) host needs a unique address within the
host (Transport Layer)
• The label assigned to a process is called a port address
• Example: 80, 8888, 22, 21
• Application specific address – website address, e-mail address
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 CLIENT & SERVER PROCESS 18

• A network application consists of pairs of processes that send messages to each other
over a network
• These pairs are typically labelled as client and server
• Client: Process that initiates communication
• Server: Process that waits to be contacted
• Example:
• In the Web, a browser process initializes contact with a Web server process.
Which one is the client and which one is the server?
• In Peer to peer (P2P) file sharing, A asks B to send specific file. Who is the client
and who is the server?

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 SOCKET 19

• The socket interface is one of several application programming interfaces (APIs) to

the communication protocols.
• A socket is a special type of file handle, which is used by a process to request
network services from the operating system.
• A socket address is the triple:
<protocol, local-address, local-process>
• For example, in the TCP/IP suite:
<tcp, 193.44.234.3, 12345>
• Operating system maps each socket to a process or a thread that communicates.

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 SOCKET 20

• A process sends messages into, and received messages from, the network
through a software called a socket
• Socket analogous to door
• Interface between App Layer and Transport layer
• App developer only can control (on the transport-layer side):
• Choice of transport protocol
• Ability to fix a few parameters such as maximum buffer

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 INTERNET (NETWORK) LAYER 21

• Routing functions across multiple networks for systems attached to different

networks
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is the transmission mechanism used by the TCP/IP
protocols.
• IP transports data in packets called datagrams that are transported separately.
Datagrams can travel along different routes and can arrive out of sequence or be
duplicated. IP does not keep track of the routes and has no facility for reordering
datagrams once they arrive at their destination.
• Implemented in end systems and routers.

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 INTERNET (IP) LAYER 22

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 IP ADDRESSESS 23

Used in the fragmentation

and reassembly process

To detect errors in the header to avoid

miss delivery
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 TRADITIONAL VS MULTIMEDIA APPS 24

• Traditional Internet is dominated by info

retrieval applications
• typically using text and image transfer
• eg. email, file transfer, web
• With the increasing availability of
broadband access to the Internet has come
an increased interest in Web-based and
Internet-based multimedia applications.
• involving massive amounts of data such
as streaming audio and video

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 TYPES OF TRAFFIC 25

•Elastic traffic
• can adjust to delay & throughput changes over a wide range
• eg. traditional “data” style TCP/IP traffic
• some applications more sensitive though
•Inelastic traffic
• does not adapt to such changes
• eg. “real-time” voice & video traffic
• need minimum requirements on net architecture

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