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PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION
Third Annual Convention. June 1974,
THE TERTIARY BAS1NAL AREA OF CENTRAL
ABSTRACT Central Sumatra is presently the
principal oil producing area of Indonesia. The vast
basinal area of Central Sumatra was formed during the
Early Tertiary. Conveniently three areas of Tertiary
sedimentation may be recognized : the West Coast
Islands, the Intramontane Basins and the Central
Sumatra Basin.
Central Sumatra Basin tectonics are characterized
by horst and graben structures and transcurrent
faulting. There are two dominant fault trends : one,
northerly or parallel to the Malaysian structural trend;
and the younger northwesterly fiend parallel to the
Semangko fault. Paleogene and Neogene sediments
are present in the Central" Sumatra Basin. The
Paleogene paralic and non marine clastics filled and
are preserved in Pretertiary grabens. Neogene sedi-
ments represent an older transgressive phase during the
deposition of the Sihapas and Telisa lithologic units,
and a younger regressive phase, during the deposition
of the Petani Formation. The stratigraphy of the West
Coast Islands and Intramontane Basins can be
correlated to that of the Central Sumatra Basin.
Early Miocene paleogeology in Central Sumatra
Basin is characterized by a dominantly deep marine
basinal shelf facies to the west, that laterally
interfingers with a shallower sand/shale shelf
facies to the east and northeast. The Sihapas Group is
the shallower lateral time equivalent of the basinal
Telisa shales. The two rock units form a genetic
sequence and are the source-reservoir system for
hydrocarbon generation and accumulation.
I. I N T R O D U C T I O N .
Central Sumatra is the area south of Lake
Toba and north O f a line connecting the
Kuantan/Inderagiri Rivers in the east, to
approximately Lake Singkarak across the
Barisan Range in t h e west. The main geogra-
phical units are the N W - S E trending Barisan
Mountain Range and the large, flat Central
Sumatra alluvial plain in the east. Off the
westcoast, several islands, notably Siberut
I s l a n d m a y be considered belonging to Central
Sumatra.
63
SUMATRA
S. MERTOSONO *)
G.A.S. NAYOAN **)
Geological investigations first commenced in
1845, mainly for mineral interests. The first
report on the geology of the Padang Highlands
appeared in 1860 (Rutten, 1927). Modern, post
Pacific War mapping only started recently by
the Geological Survey.
Sheet no. 4 / V I I I - P a d a n g , as part of a sys-
tematic mapping programme, was published
by the Survey in 1973.
Petroleum interests commenced activities in
the second quarter of the Century. Early field
observations started in the eastern Barisan
Mountainfront along navigable rivers, and in the
foothills of the Barisan Mountains. The large,
alluvial covered Central Sumatra plain has been
investigated since 1930 by petroleum subsur-
face exploration techniques. Synthesis of the
above data with available published data should
greatly increasa regional Sumatran geological
knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to
make available general geological results of
petroleum exploration integrated within a more
regional Central Sumatra setting.
II. G E N E R A L G E O L O G I C A L SETTING
BOUNDARIES AND TECTONIC FRAME-
WORK
Geological boundaries to the east and north
are formed by the westward sloping Malayan
Shield o f Pretertiary age and the " A s a h a n "
buried Pretertiary Arch (Figure N o . l ) . To the
south and southwest a definite distinction from
the South Sumatra Basinal Area can not be
made satisfactorily. Only a consistent gradual
thickening of Tertiary clastics and volcaniclas-
tics is present. Similar vague indications exist in
defining the northwestern borders.
*) P.T. Caltex Pacific Indonesia,
Exploration Division, Rumbai, Pekanbaru
**) Perusallaan Pertarnbangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi
Negara (PERTAMINA).
64

I I --~, i

LOCATION M A P
CENTRAL S U MATRA

NORTH SUMATRA
• BASINAL AREA /WEST COAST AND ISLANDS
/ - SlBOLGA
/ - BENGKULU
/INTRAMONTANE BASINS
/ / E... PAsIRPENGARAYAN
// 3I KAMPAR KANAN
// ~ TALUK
CENTRAL SUMATRAf ~z OMBILIN
AREA ~CENTRAL SUMATRABASIN
~ AS.A,HAbL ~ v ASI~`IAL
~ ~ KUBUHIGH
~) CENTRALDEEP
MOUNTAIN FRONT
~ ~ ,,~ ~,O. ~ ROKANUPLIFT
COASTALPLAIN
,t

: Ii

'~ SOUTH S U M A T R A ~)

I FIGURE No:I LOCATION MAP I

I I I I II

The Central Sumatra Alluvial Plain actually
consists of a present day basin of Tertiary
strata, conveniently called the "Central Suma-
tra Basin". To the west of this basin, thick
Tertiary strata in relatively smaller basins are
found high in the elevated Barisan Mountains,
forming the present day I n t r a m o n t a n e Basins.
Along the westcoast the existing Sibolga and
Bengkulu Basins extend offshore to the
Westcoast Islands. These present day differently
located Tertiary basins constitute the Central
Sumatra Basinal Area.
The base of this Tertiary Basinal Area is
formed by metamorphosed rocks of Pretertiary
age, named "Basement" or "Pretertiary".
Presently, this Basement depicts the following
configuration:
1. The highly elevated Pretertiary in the
Barisan Range, outcropping as patchy,
NW-SE elongated massives among
younger volcanic cover (Figure No.2).
This direction is the Sumatran direction
of y o u n g tectonic activity. These massives
are fault b o u n d e d to the Tertiary
intramontane basins, indicating intensive
uplift in recent times.
2. In the Central Sumatra Basin, configurati-
on of the basement may be divided into
five structural units (Figure No. 1).
To the west, the "Mountain F r o n t " or
" F o o t h i l l " belt of the Barisan Range,
where Pretertiary rocks are eXposed in
the anticlinal cores. To the north the
southern dipping flank of the Asahan
high extends well into the basin. This flat,
relatively undisturbed feature is called the
" K u b u " high o r platform. Farther to the
s o u t h the high plunges steeply in a
SS.E direction, constituting the "Central
Deep", The thickest accumulation of Ter-
tiary ~ediments constitutes this Central
Deep. The Deep is b o u n d e d to the east by
the highly faulted basement high called
the " R o k a n Uplift", -which trends
N N W - S S E . The "Coastal Plain" is the
gently westwards dipping structural unit
forming the eastern border of the entire
Central Sumatra Basinal Area.
Structural lineaments of basement show two
important directions : (Figure No. 3):
- N N W - S S E lineaments, found mainly in
65
the Central Sumatra Basin. This direction
is believed to be associated with Preterti-
ary lineaments as found at present in the
neighbouring Malaysian Peninsula.
N W - S E lineaments of younger age,
particularly evident in the Barisan Moun-
tains and Mountainfront areas. This
direction is regionally found in Sumatra
and is known as the Sumatran Trend.
STRATIGRAPHY
Correspondent to basement configuration,
stratigraphy of the Tertiary is best grouped
around three areas:
- West Coast Islands.
- I n t r a m o n t a n e Basins
- Central Sumatra Basin
Terminology of the stratigraphic units in the
first t w o a b o v e is chiefly based on prewar
fieldwork. The very recent work of the
Geological Survey in the Padang area describes
various rock units. Commitments in formal
stratigraphic names have not yet been made.
The Central Sumatra Basin, scene of extensive
petroleum exploration, has developed its own
nomenclature.
Existing terminology in the three areas,
therefore, may be different. However, litho-
stratigraphically it is possible to correlate
existing units as shown in Figure No.4. Figure
No~5 represents a generalized lithostratigraPhic
description of the Basinal Area.
Tertiary sedimentation is believed to have
commenced in Paleogene. In Mid Tertiary there
is a phase of nondeposition or erosion in
several parts of the Basinal Area. This phase
marks the Intra Miocene Orogeny. This orogeny
occurred at a . regional scale throughout
Indonesia (Umbgrove, 1949). Thicknesses of
sediments " are extremely Variable in the
different parts of the area. Presently, the
Central Deep shows a m a x i m u m thickness of
7500 - 9000 feet in some areas.
IlL CENTRAL SUMATRA BASIN.
TECTONIC PATTERN
The tectonics of the Central Sumatra Basin
are characterized by block faulting and
transcurrent faulting, as well as uplifting,
gravity -tectonics, gliding, and compressional
folding.
66

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LEGEND
ANTICLINE
PRETERTIARY FAULT
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PRETERTIARyBASEMENTWITH
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PBENGKAL~S

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FIGURE No.3 TECTONIC SKETCH MAP

FIGURE No.4 CENTRAL SUMATRA S T R A T I G R A P H I C C O R R E L A T I O N CHART

UJ t~ ~ WEST COAEI INTRA- MOUNTAIN KUBU CENTRAL ROKAN UPLIFT

.i~ZNOi ~.. ISLANDS MONTANE AND
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68

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The block faulting systems that had a
predominantly north-south alignment formed a
series of horst and graben, which controlled the
depositional pattern of the lower Tertiary
sediments, particularly the Paleogene rocks.
Figure No. 6 depicts this situation. These block
faults have vertical throws ranging from 2000
feet to 7000 feet.
Two major structural trends are recognized
in the Central Sumatra Basin, an older
northerly trend (NNW-SSE) and a younger
north-westerly (NW - SE) trend. The northerly
structural grain is. believed to be associated
with the Pretertiary orientation found in the
Malaysian Peninsula.. This is the grain that
influenced and controlled the depositional
trend of the Paleogene rocks. The northwest-
erly trend, which is a younger Tertiary grain,
controlled the present-day structural fabric.
The younger trend is superimposed on the older
one, and both have influenced the deposition of
Tertiary sediments and the growth of Tertiary
structures, and subsequent faulting. Figure
No.3 shows the approximate position of the
major structural trends and fault-bounded
troughs.
At least three main tectonic disturbances,
which are important in shaping and controlling
the d e p o s i t i o n and structural features of the
Tertiary, are recognized in the Central Sumatra
Basin : at the end of the Cretaceous time; at the
end of Early Miocene or beginning of Middle
Miocene (Intra Miocene) and in the Pliocene-
Pleistocene.
In the basin, structuring took place during
the Intra Miocene uplift with gentle and mild
folding and faulting at first then continuing:to
the Plio-Pleistocene orogeny where structuring
and faulting became more prominent.
The present structural configuration came
into being during or after the Pleistocene
orogeny, which marked the end of Tertiary
sedimentation.
STRATIGRAPHIC SETTING
At the beginning of Tertiary time, the
Central Sumatra Basin was an extensive
landmass with numerous fault bounded troughs
and grabens formed during the Late Cretaceous
orogeny Subsequently, continental clastic sedi-
mentation began filling the troughs. The actual
age of continental deposition is not established
69
yet due to the lack of paleontological data.
ttowever, this deposition marked the initial
phase of Tertiary sedimentation in the basin.
Following the continental deposition, a regional
marine transgression began in late Oligocene or
Early Miocene. Several localities show a marked
angular unconformity between the continental
and marine sedimentation.
Neogene strata record a transgressive-regres-
sive cycle of sedimentation, consisting of an
older transgressive phase of fluvial-deltaic-near-
shore to shallow marine sediments. Deeper
marine shales were recorded in some areas When
transgression reached its maximum.
Quaternary alluvial deposits rest unconform-
ably on Tertiary strata and represent a return to
the continental phase.
Sediments in the Central Sumatra Basin
range in age from questionable Paleogene to
Early Miocene and up through the Pliocene and
Quaternary. They have been divided into five
rock-stratigraphic units.
These are (in ascending order):
Pematang Formation
Sihapas Group
Telisa Formation
Petani Formation
Minas/Alluvium Formation
Generalized lithostratigraphic columns of
Central Sumatra Basin are shown on Figure
No. 5.
DISCUSSION OF LITHOLOGY AND DEPO-
SlTIONAL ENVIRONMENTS..
The predominant Pret~rtiary basement rock
is a hard, indurated graywacke. Some granitic
and quartzitiC rocks of presumably Late
Paleozoic to Mesozoic in age are also present.
Pematang Formation
The Pematang Formation consists of unfos-
siliferous, varicolored and mottled claystone,
carbonaceous shale, fine-grained sandstone, and
siltstone. This unit is believed to have been
deposited as continental deposits and represents
a complex environment of fluvio-lacustrine-
p a l u d a l conditions. The Pretertiary basement
troughs o r grabens and low-lying areas, were
filled by these sediments. The variegated color
• claystone most likely represents a fresh-water
lacustrine environment with an extensive
70

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subaerial exposure. Whereas tile organic shale is
thought to be stagnant water conditions, such
as swamps and marshes with a typical reducing
environment. Streams deposited fine to medi-
um gr~/ined sands along the low-lying areas. No
fossils have been found to date in this
sediment. The age is probably an undifferentiat-
ed Paleogene to Early Miocene. Tile source of
sediments appears to be t h e surrounding and
nearby Pretertiary highs.
Sihapas Group and Telisa Formation
The transgressive phase of the Neogene cycle
is represented by the Sihapas Group and Telisa
Formation. The Sihapas Group is comprised
mostly of sands with minor shale intercalations.
Local limestolie beds are found at the base. The
sands are medium to coarse grained and exhibit
good reservoir characteristics. The Sihapas-
shows an overall fining upward through the
sequence. Very sparse fauna, brackish forams
may be present. The overall group records
sedimentation in environments varying from
fluvial channel to coastal plains and coastal
barrier complexes.
The Telisa Formation is composed mostly of
shales with minor siltstone intercalation. The
shales are rich in foraminifera and have
complex shallow to open marine environments.
In several places, calcarenite and limestone,
shoaling under open marine conditions, are
found.
Early Miocene marine transgression came
from the southwest and northwest. Figure No.7
shows the regional paleogeography and the
major geologic ~vents of the Early Miocene.
The significant effect of the direction of
transgression and subsidence of the basin
produced two different facies during the time
of deposition. A deep marine basinal facies,
where transgression was very rapid, to the west,
and laterally, interfingering with a shallower
shelf facies to the east and northeast.
On a regional scale, the Sihapas Group is the
shallower water lateral time equivalent of the
deep marine Telisa shale. The Sihapas/TeliSa
lithologic contact is a migrating" lithofaeies
boundary occupying a different stratigraphic
position at different places. The relations are
diagrammatically shown on Figure No.8 and
No.9.
The preponderance of quartz in the Sihapas
71
Group very obviously suggests that the major
source was from the Malayan Shield, which
remained emergent during the entire Tertiary
time. The Shield is believed to the the primary
source of elastics due to the abundance of acid
plutonics, such as granite and granodiorite
intrusions. However, there is evidence for some
scattered local basement highs within the basin,
which were still emergent and therefore,
contributed some coarse clastics to the adjacent
lows.
Petani Formation
The Petani Formation represents the regres-
sive phase of the Tertiary depositional cycle.
The sediments become progressively less marine
into brackish to non-marine environm,.nts
upward. The lithology consists of greenish gray
shales and some sand interbeds. Forams are
abundant at the b o t ~ m but decrease upward.
The Petani Formation is assigned to be
undifferentiated Middle Miocene to Plio-Plei, to-
cene in age. These sediments are thought to be
derived from two major source areas, namely
from the erosion of the emerging Barisan
Mountains and from the Malayan Shield. Figure
No. 10 shows the paleogeography and the major
geologic events during the Petani deposition.
Reconstruction of the Petani depositional
history is rather difficult, as subsequent uplift
and erosion have, in many areas, removed large
portions of the Petani section.
Quaternary
The Quaternary is represented by the
Minas/Alluvium Formation. A marked uncon-
formity separates Quaternary sediments from
the Petani Formation. The Quaternary, where
preserved, consists of a thin veneer of
continental gravelsl sands and clays.
NOTE ON OCCURENCE OF PETROLEUM
The Central Sumatra Basin is presently the
principal oil producing area of Indonesia. In
1973 some 360 millions barrels of oil were
produced, or about 74% of total 1973
Indonesian production. Most of the oil fields
have been discovered within the last 10 years.
Surface occurrences of petroleum are, if
compared to other oil areas of Indonesia,
relatively scarce. Most occurrences are related
to outcropping Sihapas or equivalent clastics,
72

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76
particularly situated in tile Intramontane
Basins.
The Sihapas Group and Telisa Formation
form a genetic sequence and the source
reservoir system for hydrocarbons generation
and accumulation in Central Sumatra Basin.
The Telisa marine shale, rich in organic matter,
is thought to be the major source of
hydrocarbons. The overburden load produced
the necessary pressure and temperature conditi-
ons for the generation and migration of
hydrocarbon to the nearby reservoir system of
the Sihapas Group by means of lateral
migration. Structural trapping is predominant.
IV. CONCLUSIONS.
The stratigraphy of the Tertiary of Central
Sumatra basinal area is best grouped around
three areas, namely the West Coast Islands, the
Intramontane Basins, and the Central Sumatra
Basin. Lithostratigraphically, the three areas
may, in general, be correlated.
Tertiary sedimentation started in Paleogene.
In the Central Sumatra Basin it developed into
a transgressive-regressive cycle of deposition.
During Early Miocene, two facies of depositon
are distinguished in the Central Sumatra Basin;
i.e. deep marine basinal facies to the west
(Telisa shales) and shallower water shelf facies
to the east and northeast (Sihapas Group). In
this respect, the Sihapas Group is the shallower
water, lateral time equivalent of the deeper
marine Telisa shales.
Two major structural lineaments are recog-
nized. A Pretertiary northerly structural grain
and a younger northwesterly trend. Both
structural fabrics influenced and controlled
subsequent Tertiary d e p o s i t i o n , folding and
faulting. The Intra Miocene Orogeny expresses
itself as a period of uplift, erosion, and n o n
deposition, which are recogiaized in several
places. Incipient structuring in Central Sumatra
Basin formed during the lntra Miocene uplift.
More pronounced folding and faulting took
place at the end of the Pliocene or the
beginning of Pleistocene.
Hydrocarbon generation, migration and
accumulation within the Central Sumatra Basin
are closely associated with the source-reservoir
system of the Sihapas and Telisa lithologic
units.
The tectonic style and framework, which
controlled the Tertiary deposition, may be
caused by and as the consequence of a
converging margin of plate tectonic coming
from the Indian Ocean, within the new global
tectonic model.
V. A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
Acknowledgements are respectfully submit-
ted to the Board of Directors of PERTAMINA
and P.T. CALTEX PACIFIC INDONESIA for
permission granted to publish this paper.
VI. SELECTED PUBLISHED REFERENCES.
BEMMELEN, R.W. VAN, 1949, The Geology of
Indonesia: the Hague, Martinus Nyhoff, 2 vo-
lumes (2nd. edition 1970).
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