PROSTHETICS AND

ORTHOTICS
Prosthetics and Orthotics by Shurr, Donald G., Michael, John
W. 2nd edition
Chapter 1: Introduction to prosthetic and orthotics
 Ch1. INTRODUCTION
Prosthesis: it is a device designed to replace a missing part of the
body or to make part of the body work better. A prosthesis is
designed for functional or cosmetic reasons or both.

Prosthetics: branch of mechanical and medical science that deals with

developing artificial replacements (Prosthesis) for body parts
Prosthetist: A medical Practioner who prescribes the prosthesis

Orthoses: it is a device that support or correct of the limb or torso

Introduction

• Amputation refers to the process whereby part is severed from the

body.

• The portion of the limb remaining following the amputation is referred

as the residual limb.

• The portion of the prosthesis that is fitted over the residual limb is
called the prosthetic socket.
 Introduction
• In 2007, there were approximately 1.7 million persons living with limb
loss in the U.S

• In (U.S.), the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists

projects that
The number of persons using orthoses is expected to increase from 5.6 million
in 1995 to 7.3 million by 2020;
The number of persons using prosthesis is expected to increase from 1.6 million
in 1995 to 2.4 million by the year 2020

Yu-an Jina,b,*, Jeff Plotta,, Roland Chena, Jeffrey Wensmanc , Albert Shih a,d“Additive Manufacturing of Custom Orthoses and Prostheses – A Review” Conference: CIRP 25th Design Conference Innovative Product Creation
 a 3,000-year-old false toe made of wood, which was found attached to a female
mummy in an ancient Egyptian grave site.

5
https://www.livescience.com/59581-ancient-prosthetic-toe-found-in-egyptian-grave.html
New Thought-Controlled Prosthetics Restore the Sensation of
Touch
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zg-FH1Gn2Ls

Engineers Created A New Bionic Arm That Can Grow With You
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luHmXHEpF7w&feature=youtu.be

How a new surgical procedure is helping some amputees walk without

pain
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0lWv2jtz4k&feature=youtu.be
 Top Advancements in Prosthetics in 2020
• Consciously controlled limbs: This technology is still in the
early stages, with a brain implant having to be used for the
user to control the limb.

• 3D printing: 3D printing is allowing for the cost-effective

creation of functioning, prosthetics, which is allowing both
children and adults the opportunity to utilize lightweight,
futuristic limbs in everyday life.

• Bionic Prosthesis /arms: The state-of-the-art prosthetics use

muscle sensors connected to the skin, allowing the user to
operate the limb effectively.

• Nerve detectors: nerve detectors control the prosthetic,

utilizing the user’s mind to think they are actually moving the
limb. (The technology behind it operates via spinal motor
neurons)

https://www.fishinsurance.co.uk/thehub/categories/prosthetics/top-advancements-in-prosthetics-in-2020/
The Modular Prosthetic Limb (MPL), developed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics
Laboratory with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency provides 26 degrees
of motion, including independent movement of each finger, in a package that weighs about nine
pounds and has the dexterity of a natural limb. ©JHU/APL WITH FUNDING FROM DARPA’S REVOLUTIONIZING
PROSTHETICS PROGRAM

https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnJmgNhJ25w?

https://dianerehm.org/shows/2013-05-16/scientific-advances-prosthetic-limbs
 Level of amputation:
Amputation may occur through joints or long
bone
 The site of amputation is described by the
joint or long bone through which the
amputation has been made.
Ex. Above knee, bellow elbow, elbow
disarticulation

Syme amputation amputation of the foot at the ankle joint.

https://www.physio-pedia.com/Amputations
 Scapula

https://www.mccleveop.com/you-have-a-choice-arizona-amputee-prosthetic-facilities/levels-of-amputation/
Cause of Amputation
Cause of Amputation
Diseases: The main cause of acquired limb loss is poor circulation in the limb owing to
vascular diseases including diabetes, arterial sclerosis, with more than half of all the
amputations occurring among people with diabetes. Blood supply is not sufficient leads
to necrosis or dry gangrene
Trauma: traumatic events like car accidents, firearms, freezing…..
Tumor: From the treatment of cancer, mainly bone cancer
Congenital malformation: Small percentage of individuals born without limbs or
deformed limbs . Incidents of Congenital deficiencies around 3.6 per 10,000 infants.
Orthoses
• Orthoses, known as braces, support and modify the structural and
functional characteristics of human neuromuscular and musculoskeletal
systems.

• Orthoses apply force to the body for biomechanical needs of patients

with impairments contributed to functional limitations
 Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering, 2019, 352–367

Yu-an Jina,b,*, Jeff Plotta,, Roland Chena, Jeffrey Wensmanc

, Albert Shih a,d“Additive Manufacturing of Custom Orthoses
and Prostheses – A Review” Conference: CIRP 25th Design
Conference Innovative Product Creation
Orthosis function
Purposes :
1) maintain or correct the alignment of a body segment
2) assist or resist joint motion during key phases of patient’s gait
3) relieve or distribute distal weight-bearing forces
4) protect from external stimuli
5) restore mobility
6) minimize risk of deformities.
Specification for ideal prosthesis/orthotics
1. Function:
a) Meet need of the user
b) Simple
c) Easy learned
d) Dependable
2.Comfort:
a) Fits well.
b) Easy to put on take off
c) Light weight
d) Adjustable
3. Cosmesis
a) Looks, smells, sounds normal
b) Easily cleaned
c) Stain resistance
4.Fabrication:
a) Fast, modular
b) Readily and widely available
5. Economics:
a) Affordable
b) Cost effective