NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-MANILA

COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE- LECTURE
Relationship Function as Do not
to coenzymes function as
coenzymes coenzymes
Lesson 5: VITAMINS AND
MINERALS
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
- Vitamin A
VITAMINS - Vitamin D
- Organic compound - Vitamin E
- Essential in small amount → proper - Vitamin K
functioning of the body
- Must be obtained from dietary sources RETINOL
- Body cannot synthesize Vitamin A
- Water → soluble (9)
- Fat → soluble (4) - Preformed vitamin A (Retinoids)
o Retinal
FUNCTIONS OF VITAMINS o Retinol
- Antioxidants o Retinoic acid
- Enzyme cofactors (organic)
- Hormones
- Important in blood cell maturation
- Bone formation
- Active energy metabolism

GENERAL PROPERTIES - Precursor forms of vitamin A

(Carotenoids)
Water Fat soluble o Beta-carotene → yields 2
soluble vitamins molecules of vitamin A
vitamins (provitamin A)
Absorption Directly into Enters into
the blood the lymph
system first
Transport Travel Requires
without protein
carrier carriers
Storage Circulate in Found in the
the water- cells Functions
filled parts associated 1. Vision
of the body with fat 2. Regulating cell differentiation
Excretion Kidney Remain in fat 3. Immune function → maintenance of the
remove storage site health of epithelial tissues
excess in 4. Reproduction and growth
urine
Vitamin A deficiency
Toxicity Unlikely to More likely
- Night blindness
be toxic to be toxic
- Growth retardation
unless taken
- Dermatitis
in unusual
large dose
_____________________________________
Dosage Frequent Periodic
frequency doses doses

‘ 1
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-MANILA
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE- LECTURE
CALCIFEROL
“sunshine vitamin”
Vitamin D
- Vitamin D2 → Ergocalciferol
- Vitamin D3 → Cholecalciferol
o Produced in skin by direct
sunlight → sunshine vitamin
SUNLIGHT AS A SOURCE
‘ 2
Functions
1. Regulation of calcium and phosphate
blood levels
2. Bone mineralization
3. Control of cell proliferation and
differentiation
4. Modulation of immune system
Vitamin D deficiency
- Rickets (young)
- Osteomalacia (adult)
- hypocalcemia
______________________________________
TOCOPHEROLS
Vitamin E
- Vitamin E forms
o Alpha tocopherol
o Beta tocopherol
o Delta tocopherol
o Gamma tocopherol
Functions
1. Major fat-soluble antioxidant of the body
2. Non-antioxidant functions in cell
signaling, gene expression and
regulation of other cell functions
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-MANILA
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE- LECTURE

Vitamin E deficiency
- Mild hemolytic anemia (premature WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
infants) - Vitamin C
- RBC fragility - Vitamin B
- Ataxia o Thiamin → B1
______________________________________ o Riboflavin → B2
o Niacin → B3
Vitamin K o Pantothenic acid → B5
o Pyridoxine → B6
o Biotin → B7
o Folate → B9
o Cobalamin → B12
____________________________________

ASCORBIC ACID
Vitamin C

- Vitamin K1 → Phylloquinone
- Simplest structure
- Exists in 2 active forms ; (oxidation and
reduced form)

- Vitamin K2 → Menaquinone

Functions of Vitamin C
1. Collagen synthesis
2. General antioxidant
3. Synthesis of nuerotransmitters

Functions Vitamin C deficiency

1. Coenzyme for a vitamin K-dependent - Scurvy
carboxylase
2. Blood coagulation ____________________________________
3. Blood metabolism
VITAMIN B
Vitamin K deficiency
- Bleeding disorder
- Hemorrhage

______________________________________

‘ 3
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-MANILA
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE- LECTURE
1. Thiamin (Vitamin B1) Functions of Riboflavin
- Free and coenzyme form 1. Growth and overall good health
o Free 2. Helps the body break down
▪ Central carbon atom to carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to
which is attached a six produce energy
membered heterocyclic 3. Allows oxygen to be used by the body
amine and a five
membered thiazole
(sulfur nitrogen)
o Coenzyme
▪ Thiamin pyrophosphate
(pyrophosphate group)
2 phosphates bonded to
each other

Vitamin V2 deficiency
- Angular stomatitis
- Dermatitis
- Photophobia

_____________________________________

NIACIN
Vitamin B3
Functions of Thiamin
- Coenzyme TPP needed in step 4 of the - 2 diifferent forms : NICOTINIC ACID
citric acid cycle and NICOTINAMIDE
- Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA o Both forms convert to the same
coenzymes
Vitamin B1 deficiency o NAD → Nicotinamide Adenine
- Infants Dinucleotide
o Dyspnea o NADP → Nicotinamide Adenine
o Cyanosis DInucleotide Phosphate
o Diarrhea - Nicotinic acid + vitamin = niacin
o Vomiting
- Adults
o Beri-beri
o Wernicke-korsakoff syndrom
____________________________________

2. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

- Involves 3 fused six membered rings
with the monosaccharide ribose
- Yellow vitamin Functions
- 2 riboflavin-based cofactors exists 1. Coenzymes NAD and NADP in redox
o FAD → Flavin Adenine reactions
Dinucleotide 2. NAD is a substrate for nonredox
o FMN → Flavin Mononucleotide reaction

Vitamin B3 deficiency

‘ 4
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-MANILA
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE- LECTURE
- Pellagra
Functions
_____________________________________ 1. Neurotransmitter synthesis
2. Red blood cell formation
PANTOTHENIC ACID 3. Niacin formation
Vitamin B5
Vitamin B6 deficiency
- Found in almost every plant and animal - Irritability
tissue - Seizure
- CoA contains pantothenic acid - Anemia
- Facial seborrhea
_____________________________________

BIOTIN
Vitamin B7

- Can be obtained both from dietary

Functions
1. Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins,
and fats
2. Supply of energy from foods
3. Synthesis of essential lipids, sterols,
hormones neurotransmitters, and
porphyrin
4. Metabolism of drugs and alcohol
detoxification
intake and also via biotin-producing
bacteria
- Biotin → fused 2 ring system with 1 ring
containing sulfur and the other ring
containing nitrogen
- Attached to the sulfur containing ring is
a pentanoic acid residue

Vitamin B5 deficiency
- Fatigue
- Depression
- Irritability Functions
- Insomnia 1. Synthesis of fatty acids, amino acids,
- Stomach pains and glucose
- Vomiting 2. Energy metabolism
- Burning feet 3. Excretion of by-products from protein
- Upper respiratory infections metabolism
- Muscle cramps 4. Maintenance of healthy hair, toenails,
and fingernails
______________________________________
Vitamin B7 deficiency
VITAMIN B6 - Dermatitis
- Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine - Alopecia
- Coenzyme forms of these contain an - Brittle nails
added phosphate group - Fatigue
- Vitamin B6 coenzymes participate in - Depression
reactions where amino groups are - Nausea
transferred between molecules - Loss of appetite
- Muscle pain
______________________________________

‘ 5
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-MANILA
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE- LECTURE
FOLATE
“folic acid”
Vitamin B9
- Contains 3 parts
o Pteridine
▪ A nitrogen containing
double ring system
o PABA
▪ Para aminobenzoic acid
o One or more residues of the
amino acid glutamate
o Coenzyme
▪ THF →
Tethrahydrofolate
▪ Needed in methylation
reactions
Functions
1. Essential growth factor
2. Formation of blood cells and nerve
sheaths
3. Regeneration of folic acids
4. Coenzyme-function in the intermediary
metabolism, especially in cells of the
nervous tissue, bone marrow, and
gastrointestinal tract.
Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Megaloblastic anemia → Pernicious
anemia
- Atrophic gastritis
- Neurologic abnormalities
SUMMARY OF VITAMIN B’s

B Vitamin Coenzyme form Groups

transferre
d
Thiamin Thiamin Carbon
pyrophosphate dioxide
Functions (TPP) (carbonyl
1. Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism group)
2. Coenzyme in the synthesis of nucleic Riboflavin Flavin Hydrogen
acids mononucleotide atoms
3. Blood cell formation in the bone marrow (FMN)

Vitamin B7 deficiency Flacin adenine

- Megaloblastic anemia dinucleotide
______________________________________ (FAD)
Niacin Nicotinamide Hydrogen
adenine atoms
COBALAMIN
Vitamin B12 dinucleotide
(NAD)
- COBALT + AMINE group
- Only vitamin that contains a metal atom Nicotinamide
- Free form → cynocobalamin adenine
- Coenzyme → methylcobalamin dinucleotide
- Only vitamin that can be produce by phosphate
microorganisms (NADP)
Pantotheni Coenzyme A Acyl
c acid (CoA) groups
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxal-5’- Amino
phosphate (PLP) groups

Pyridoxine-5’-
phosphate
(PNP)

‘ 6
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-MANILA
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE- LECTURE
Pyridoxamine-5’- - Nerve
phosphate function
(PMP) Phosphorus - Bone and
Biotin Biotin Carbon teeth
dioxide formation
(carboxyl - Energy
group) transfer
Folate Tethrahydrofolat One (ATP)
e (THF) carbon - Component
groups o nucleic
other than acids
CO2 Magnesium - Coenzyme
Vitamin Methylcobalamin Methyl constituent
B12 groups, - Bine
hydrogen formation
atoms - Muscle and
nerve
function
Sodium - Osmotic
MINERAL pressure
regulation
- Inorganic elements essential to the - Nerve and
nutrition of humans muscle
- Play several key roles in overall health function
and well being Chloride - Blood acid-
o Help chemical reaction take base
place in cell balance
o Help muscles contract - Hydrochloric
o Keep the heart beating acid
- Two groups produced in
o Major minerals stomach
o Trace minerals Potassium - Muscle and
nerve
function
Sulfur - Component
of hormones
- Several
vitamins
- Proteins

TRACE MINERALS
Trace elements
MAJOR MINERALS
- Iodine
Calcium - Bone and - Iron
teeth - Zinc
formation - Copper
- Blood - Fluoride
clotting - Selenium
- Muscle - Chromium
activity - Molybdenum
- manganese

‘ 7