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ECE 313
Lesson 4

PCM,

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Contents

A. PCM Topics

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PCM

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PCM

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1. Sampling

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1. Sampling PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)

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2. Quantization

Quantization - is the process of converting an

infinite number of possibilities to a finite number of
conditions.

Quantization interval – the magnitude difference

between adjacent steps.

Resolution – the magnitude of a quantum, which is

equal to the minimum step size.

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9

2. Quantized PAM Signal

• The result of PAM is a series of pulses with amplitude
values between the maximum and minimum
amplitudes of the signal with real values.
•

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 4-bit QUANTIZATION
• 4-bit PCM

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11
3. Binary Encoding

- Each quantized samples is translated into equivalent

binary codes .

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4-bit PCM

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3-bit Folded PCM

Table. 1 Three-bit PCM

Code

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Con’t.
+2.6
+2.2

-1.4

Figure 1. Analog to PAM to PCM

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QUANTIZATION ERROR

Quantization error – is equivalent to additive white noise as

it alters the signal amplitude.
The folded PCM code is
Sample voltage =2.6 =2.6
resolution 1
+2.6V is then rounded off to the nearest valid code, which is
111 or +3V. thus with this the quantization error is 0.4V.

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Sample Problem

1.) For the PCM coding scheme shown in Figure 1, determine

the quantized voltage, quantization error (Qe), and PCM code
for the analog sample voltage of 1.07 V.
Solution:
• To determine the quantized level, simply divide the sample voltage by
resolution and then round the answer off to the nearest quantization
level:

• The quantization error is the difference between the original sample

voltage and the quantized level,or

• From Table 1, the PCM code for +1 is 101.

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PCM Encoded vs Restored Signal

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DYNAMIC RANGE

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Dynamic Range
Example: In Table 1
DR= 3V / 1V = 3
A dynamic range of 3 indicates that the ratio
of the largest decoded voltage to the smallest
decoded signal voltage is 3 to 1.

Dynamic range is generally expressed as a dB

value; therefore,
DR = 20 log (Vmax / V min)
For the system shown in Table 1,
DR = 20 log 3 = 9.54 dB
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 Dynamic Range
The number of bits used for a PCM code depends on the dynamic
range. The relationship between dynamic range and the number of
bits in a PCM code is

and for a minimum number of bits

where n = number of bits in a PCM code, excluding the sign

bit
DR= absolute value of dynamic range
n
Why 2 - 1? One positive and one negative PCM code is used for 0V,
which is not considered for dynamic range. Therefore,

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 Example:
To solve for the number of bits (n) necessary to produce a DR of 3, convert
to logs,
n
log 2 = log (DR+1)
n log 2 = log (DR+1)
n = log (3+1) / log 2 = 0.602 / 0.301
n=2
For a dynamic range of 3, a PCM code with two bits is required. Dynamic
range can be expressed in decibels as
DR(dB) = 20 log ( Vmax / Vmin)
n
or DR(dB) = 20 log (2 – 1)
where n is the number of PCM bits. For values of n>4, DR is approximated as
n
DR (dB) ≈ 20 log (2 )
≈ 20 n log (2)
≈ 6n

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DYNAMIC RANGE vs. PCM Bits

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 Example:
For a PCM system with the following parameters, determine (a)
minimum sample rate, (b) minimum number of bits used in the
PCM code, (c) resolution, and (d) quantization error.

a.)

b.)
therefore, eight bits must be used for the magnitude.

c.)

d.)

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 Coding Efficiency

The coding efficiency for previous Example:

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PCM Standards

• There are two standards of PCM namely

1) The European Standard
2 ) The American Standard
• European PCM = 30 channels
• North American PCM = 24 channels
• Japanese PCM = 24 channels

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BIT RATE AND BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS OF PCM

• The bit rate of a PCM signal can be calculated form the number of
bits per sample x the sampling rate

• The bandwidth required to transmit this signal depends on the

type of line encoding used. Refer to previous section for discussion
and formulas.

• A digitized signal will always need more bandwidth than the

original analog signal. Price we pay for robustness and other
features of digital transmission.

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Example

We want to digitize the human voice. What is the

bit rate, assuming 8 bits per sample?

Solution
The human voice normally contains frequencies from 0 to 4000 Hz.
So the sampling rate and bit rate are calculated as follows:

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Homework (Sept. 14 @11:59pm)

A. Search for a PCM Codec, in its data sheet extract the ff.:
ü Model
ü N-bit length
ü Dynamic Range (dB)
ü Companding type
ü Sampling Rate
ü Applications/Usage

B. Search for audio and video formats that uses PCM.

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