University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Electronics Engineering Program

ECE 313
Lesson 6
Digital Modulation

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 1
Electronics Engineering Program
 Contents
• Digital Modulation Part 1
Ø ASK
Ø Modulation
Ø Demodulation
Ø Bit Rate, Baud and Minimum BW
Ø Pros and Cons
Ø Applications
Ø FSK
Ø Modulation
Ø Demodulation
Ø Bit Rate, Baud and Minimum BW
Ø Pros and Cons
Ø Applications
University of Southeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 2
Electronics Engineering Program
REVIEW: Types of Modulation Techniques

https://www.fmuser.net/wap/content/?2037.html

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 3
Electronics Engineering Program
Digital Modulation

ASK FSK PSK

QAM
University of Southeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 4
Electronics Engineering Program
Digital Modulation

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 5
Electronics Engineering Program
5
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

• A bit stream is encoded in the amplitude of the transmitted signal

• Simplest form: On-Off Keying (OOK)
‘1’→A=1, ‘0’→A=0

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 6
Electronics Engineering Program
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Ø a binary information signal directly modulates amplitude of an

analog carrier.
Ø Mathematically can be expressed as

VASK(t) = [ 1 + Vm(t)] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ]

Where
• VASK(t) = Amplitude Shift Keying Modulated wave
• Vm(t) = Amplitude of binary modulating (information) signal
• (Ac/2) = Amplitude of unmodulated high frequency carrier
• ωc = 2πfc = unmodulated high frequency carrier.

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 7
Electronics Engineering Program
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Vm (t) = logic 1 = +1V Vm (t) = logic 0 = -1V

VASK(t) = [ 1 + Vm(t)] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ] VASK(t) = [ 1 + Vm(t)] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ]

= [ 1 +1] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ] = [ 1 - 1] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ]
= [2] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ] = [0] [ (Ac/2) cos(ωct) ]
= [Ac cos(ωct) ] =0

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 8
Electronics Engineering Program
ASK Modulator

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 9
Electronics Engineering Program
9
M-ASK

• M-ary Amplitude-Shift Keying (M-ASK)

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 10
Electronics Engineering Program
ASK with more than two input levels

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 11
Electronics Engineering Program
ASK Detection

• Coherent Detection

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 12
Electronics Engineering Program
ASK Detection

• Non-Coherent Detection

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 13
Electronics Engineering Program
Detection of ASK

• Choosing the detector

Ø Optimum coherent detector
ü Best noise performance
ü More costly
Ø Non-Coherent detector
ü More error rate
ü Less costly
Ø Trade-off between
ü Cost / Noise Performance

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 14
Electronics Engineering Program
ASK Bit Rate, Baud and Minimum BW

• Determine the baud and minimum bandwidth necessary

to pass a 10 kbps binary signal using ASK.

• Solution:
ü For ASK, N=1
• Bmin = fb/N
• Bmin = 10k/1 = 10kHz
• Baud = fb/N = 10kbaud/sec

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 15
Electronics Engineering Program
Pros and Cons of ASK

• Pros
Easy to implement
Energy efficient
Low bandwidth requirement
• Cons
Low data rate
• bit-rate = baud rate

High error probability 1 baud

1 second
• Hard to pick a right threshold

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 16
Electronics Engineering Program
ASK Applications

1.Digital data through an optical fiber is

transmitted using ASK technique.
2.The technique was widely used in traditional
telephone modems.
3. NFC

https://www.elprocus.com/amplitude-shift-keying-ask-working-and-
applications/
University of Southeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 17
Electronics Engineering Program
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Vm(t) = logic 1 = +1V Vm(t) = logic 0 = -1V

VFSK(t) = Vc cos[ 2π (fc + Vm(t)Δf)t ] VFSK(t) = Vc cos[ 2π (fc + Vm(t)Δf)t ]

= Vc cos[ 2π (fc + 1xΔf)t ] = Vc cos[ 2π (fc – 1xΔf)t ]
= Vc cos[ 2π (fc + Δf)t ] = Vc cos[ 2π (fc - Δf)t ]

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 19
Electronics Engineering Program
 Space and Mark Frequencies

• Frequency Deviation (∆f )

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 20
Electronics Engineering Program
 FSK Bit rate, BAUD and Minimum BW
• It can be seen that the time of one bit (tb) is the same as the
time the FSK output is a mark or a space frequency (ts).
• Thus, the bit time equals the time of an FSK signaling
element and the bit rate equals the baud.
• The baud for binary FSK can also be determined by
substituting N = 1,

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 21
Electronics Engineering Program
 FSK Bit rate, BAUD and Minimum BW
• The minimum bandwidth for FSKis given as

• And since:

• Then the minimum bandwidth can be approximated as

• Where:
B = minimum Nyquist bandwidth (hertz)
f = frequency deviation (|fm - fs|/2) (hertz)and
fb = input bit rate (bps)

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 22
Electronics Engineering Program
 H-Factor in FSK
•The highest fundamental
frequency occurs when
alternating 1s and 0s are
occurring.
• therefore,

• where
fa = highest fund freq (hz)
fb = input bit rate (bps)

• H-factor= modulation index of FSK

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 23
Electronics Engineering Program
 Seatwork:

• Problem:
• A binary FSK with a mark frequency of 49kHz, a space
frequency of 51kHz and an input bit rate of 2kbps, Determine
the ff:
a. The peak frequency deviation
b. The minimum bandwidth
c. Baud

• Solution:
• a.) from 2Δf = |fm - fs| and Δf = |49kHz – 51kHz|/2 = 1kHz
• b.) Min BW, B = 2(Δf + fb) = 2(1KHz +2kbps ) = 6kHz
• c.) for FSK, N = 1, the baud is fb/N =2000/1 = 2000

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 24
Electronics Engineering Program
19
M-FSK

• M-ary frequency-shift keying (M-FSK)

• Example: Quaternary Frequency Shift Keying (QFSK)

Map ‘00’, ‘01’, ‘10’, ’11’ to four different frequencies

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 25
Electronics Engineering Program
FSK Modulator

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 26
Electronics Engineering Program
Continuous FSK Modulator

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 27
Electronics Engineering Program
5.26
Coherent and Non Coherent FSK

• In a non-coherent FSK scheme, when we change

from one frequency to the other, we do not
adhere to the current phase of the signal.

• In coherent FSK, the switch from one frequency

signal to the other only occurs at the same
phase in the signal.

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 28
Electronics Engineering Program
Non-Coherent FSK Demodulator

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 29
Electronics Engineering Program
Coherent FSK Demodulator

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 30
Electronics Engineering Program
 Full-duplex FSK

• Full-duplex transmission over voice grade line

- Two different carrier frequencies
• Based on the illustration:
• In one direction fc1 is ?
• In other direction fc2 is ?

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 31
Electronics Engineering Program
 Pros and Cons of FSK
• Pros
ü Easy to implement
ü Better noise immunity than ASK
ü It is suitable for long-distance data transmission.
ü Bit error rate performance is better than ASK.

• Cons
ü Low data rate
• Bit-rate = baud rate

ü Require higher bandwidth

http://ecomputernotes.com/computernetworkingnotes/computer-
network/frequency-shift-keying
University of Southeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 32
Electronics Engineering Program
 FSK Applications

ü It is used on voice grade lines for data rates up to 1200 bps.

ü It is used for high frequency radio transmission from 3 to 30
MHz.
ü It is also used in coaxial cable based LAN (Local Area
Network) at higher frequencies.

Stallings, W., & Manna, M. M. (2014). Data and computer communications.

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 33
Electronics Engineering Program
 References

• Books
Ø Advanced Electronic Communications – by Wayne Tomasi
Ø Stallings, W., & Manna, M. M. (2014). Data and computer
communications.
Ø Data Communications and Networking – by Forouzan
Ø Cheng, Z. & Liu, G. (2020). Communication Electronic Circuits.
Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.
Ø John W. Leis, "Modulation and Demodulation," in Communication
Systems Principles Using MATLAB , Wiley, 2019, pp.155-267, doi:
10.1002/9781119470663.ch3.
• Online
• https://electronicscoach.com/frequency-shift-keying.html
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_communication/digital_communication_quic
k_guide.htm

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 34
Electronics Engineering Program
 HOMEWORK (Individual)

• Look for one FSK modem in the market

• Provide the ff. specifications from its data sheet
ü Brand-model
ü Usage/Purpose
ü Block Diagram/Circuit Diagram
ü Input Voltage rating
ü Output Voltage rating
ü Carrier Frequency rating
ü Frequency Deviation
ü Baud rate rating
ü Data rate rating
ü Minimum BW rating

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 35
Electronics Engineering Program