1

IEEE PES POWERCON 2022

Monday (9/12)

Renewable & Sustainable Energy

D1 TS01
Panelists:
L. Fang
L. Saad
M. Gu
M. Nagrial
Development of T-Shaped Antenna
for RF Energy Harvesting System
 INTRODUCTION
• Energy conversion technique employed for converting energy
from the electromagnetic (EM) field .
• Compelling technology for use in body area networks.
• Technique for extracting energy from the external environment.
• Potential for replacing small batteries in low-power devices and
systems.
RENEWABLE SOURCE
 DIFFRENCE BETWEEN RENEWABLE AND
NON-RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

RENEWABLE SOURCE NON-RENEWABLE SOURCE

Definition: renewable energy can Definition: non-renewable energy

be generated continuously can’t be generated continuously
practically without decay of without decay of source
source

Responsible for 3-4% of carbon Responsible for 91-94% of carbon

dioxide in environment dioxide in environment

Not a reason behind “global Main reason behind “global

warming” warming”

Example: biomass, hydro power, Example: petroleum, coal,

wind energy, solar energy nuclear, uranium
PROBLEM STATEMENT

• battery is result on waste resulting in unhealthy environmental pollution

• solar energy and wind energy have high cost of installing
• Non-renewable energy is pollution and dangerous such as nuclear and fossil fuels
LITERATURE REVIEW
Shape of Patch Return loss vs Gain Lower cut off Higher cut off Bandwidth
frequency (dB) frequency frequency (GHz)
(GHz) (GHz)

Circle -16.50 8.1756 6.80 7.43 0.63

Rectangular -15 6.7619 7.33 8.47 1.14

Ellipse -25 7.2326 6.90 7.96 1.06

Hexagon -22 7.4406 7.30 8.52 1.22

Square -21 8.2799 6.53 7.45 0.92

Pentagon -23 9.0943 7.30 8.54 1.24

Comparison of various performance parameters of

different patches of microstrip antenna
METHODOLOGY
RF energy harvesting system block diagram
This research requires an antenna to capture signals from RF energy. In
addition, the matching network serves as the input of the harvesting circuit
to minimize the mismatch between the antenna and subsequent circuit
components. After that, RF-DC conversion circuit serves as a voltage
multiplier circuit. This is to convert the RF energy signal into a DC voltage
that can be used to provide energy to low-power electronic devices. DC-Load
circuit serves as a voltage storage.
Modelling Antenna T-shaped patch using CST Suite Studio
• The CST Studio Suite is a high-performance 3D electromagnetic (EM) analysis
software suite.
• CST Studio Suite is used by many world’s most prestigious technology and
engineering firms.
• T-shaped patch prefer to use CST Suite Studio.
Parameters Specifications
Length and Width of patch 80.18 x 102.38 mm
Length and Width of ground plane 50 x 50 mm
Length of feedline (s) 46.11mm
Width of feedline (t) 3.11 mm
Dielectric height 1.6 mm
Dielectric constant 4.4
Loss tangent 0.02
Thickness of substrate 0.035 mm
Prototype of Antenna
• This is a prototype for a T-shaped antenna
• Width is 38.39 mm
• Length is 29.77 mm and slot length is 7 mm
• Antenna has one port and SMA connector is 50 Ohm
Equipment Calibration for Antenna

• Before for S-parameter measurement, network analyser is

requirement to do measurement on return loss.
• This equipment is used for calibration on network analyser
• Calibration needs to be done to reduce the losses on process
measurement on S-parameter
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Simulation result S-parameter performance
from S11 return loss gain
• S11 is known as the return loss gain
• -26.09 dB is more than -10 dB
• Approaching the desired frequency is 897.86 MHz
Measurement result S-parameter performance
from S11 return loss gain

• Antenna frequency approaching 900 MHz which is 899.36 MHz

• the return loss gain obtained below -10 dB which is -26.84 dB
 CONCLUSION
▪ Successfully designed the microstrip patch antenna by using CST
Suite Studio 2020 into modelling antenna T-shaped single patch.
▪ Simulations were successfully performed using ADS software for RF
to DC conversion circuit in finding values ​for frequency which is 892
MHz and S11 is 1.931.
▪ Successfully analyzed the s -parameters for antenna performance that
reached the desired value of 899.36 MHz and return loss gain
obtained below -10 dB which is -26.84.
CONTRIBUTION OF RESEARCH
• Project presents the broadband performance and wide -side radiation of an
antenna design that is easy to use and store.
• Antenna cover has been designed to resonate at a frequency of 900 MHz.
• No time limit to use either night or day, 24 hour is available.
• Return loss gain above -10 dB which makes this antenna in better power of a
reflected signal from an antenna near a radio transmitter,, Return Loss is
significant to radio system designers for a number of different reasons: If a large
proportion of the incident radio waves are rejected by the antenna, this
represents a loss of signal and the antenna efficiency is therefore reduced.
Thank you!
Q&A
 RMIT Classification: Trusted

Impacts of Residential PV and BESS

on Distribution Network
Performance
Mingchen Gu1, Lasantha Meegahapola1, Hui Song1, Ali Moradi Amani1,
Chen Liu1, Mahdi Jalili1, Xinghuo Yu1, George Dickeson2

1School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia

2Ekistica, Kilgariff, Australia
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Outlines
Introduction

Theoretical Background

Distribution Network

Simulation Analysis

Summary
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Introduction
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Introduction
In recent years, residential photovoltaic (PV) panels and battery energy storage systems
(BESSs) are installed in many households.

Customers can receive a significant saving on electricity.

The BESS can store excess energy for later use.

From the power grid perspective, the utilization of PV

can reduce the load in the grid during the daytime, and
the BESS can achieve peak shaving and load levelling.

The residential PV and BESS are not controlled by the

power grid operator. Therefore, they can have adverse
effects on the grid.
https://www.irena.org/-/media/Images/IRENA/Agency/Blog/2022/May/Rooftop-solar-PV-
Australia.jpg?h=627&w=1200&la=en&hash=2BB5E3BDFA8082E3E091C95BF7A0AD1414DFAE24
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Theoretical Background
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Theoretical Background
Power consumption of each customer

S = PL + jQL - PPV + Pch arg e

• PL : the active power of the load

• QL : the reactive power of the load
• PPV : the active power of PV generation
• Pcharge : the active power of BESS charging/discharging
• Pcharge is positive when the BESS charges and negative when the BESS discharges
 RMIT Classification: Trusted

Theoretical Background
Voltage drop in a distribution feeder
Rk  k P + X k  k Q
Vk −1 − Vk =
Vk
The impedance of the The total power at
distribution cable between downstream of k
busbar k-1 and k (including k)

Rk+jXk ΣkP+jΣkQ

DER DER

Vk-1 Vk
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Distribution Network
 RMIT Classification: Trusted

Distribution Network Distribution transformer

11kV busbar

415V busbar
• 415 V 3-phase distribution network
P0257 P0258 P0276
• 56 customers in total Representative
upstream customers
• Each customer is connected to a 6kW 4kW 6kW 6kW 1.5kW 1.5kW

single-phase P0256 P0259 P0277

• All customers are distributed evenly

between three phases in the feeder 6kW
P0255 P0290
4kW 4kW4kW 4kW
P0278
4kW

• PV systems with the rated power are

presented in figure Representative 4kW 4kW 4kW 4kW 6kW 1.5kW 4kW4kW2.5kW
downstream customers P0291 P0279

Customer
PV system
6kW 5kW
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Simulation Analysis
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Simulations Scenarios
Scenario Details
No PV BESS charging BESS discharging Load (kW) BESS Penetration
(scale) (kW) (kW) PF=0.95
1 1.8
2
0 0 N/A
3.4
0 Load only
3 20% 0 N/A 3.4 0
4
100% 0 N/A
0
0
Load and PV
5 3.4
6 100% 2.5 N/A 3.4 All customers
7 100% Rest PV power N/A 3.4 PV customers
Load, PV and BESS
8 All customers
9 0 2.5 N/A 3.4 Upstream customers charging
10 Downstream customers
11 100% N/A 3 0 All customers
12 0 All customers
13
0 N/A 3
All customers Load, PV and BESS
14 3.4 Upstream customers
15 Downstream customers
discharging
16 0 N/A 3.4 3.4 All customers
17 0 5 0 3.4 All customers
18 100% 0 5 0 All customers Future assumption
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Simulations Results and Discussion

4 Influence of load
1.024
1.024
0.100.10
0 1.020
1.020
0.080.08 P0290

VUF (%)
V (p.u.) P0279

1.016
1.016
0.060.06 P0259 P0278

V (p.u.)

VUF (%)
Load 1.012
P0291

P0277
P0258

6
1.012
0.04 0.04 415V
busbar P0257 P0256 P0274 P0276
1.8 kW P0255

1.008
1.008
0.020.02
1.004
1.004
0 100 200 300 400 500 0.000.00
2 Phase A Feeder length
Length (m)
Phase B Phase C 415V busbars
415V Busbars

1.0151.015 0.200.20
1.0101.010 0.160.16 P0290

VUF (%)
P0279
8
V (p.u.)

1.0051.005 0.120.12 P0259 P0278

V (p.u.)

VUF (%)
P0291

Load 1.000 1.000

0.08 0.08 415V
busbar P0257 P0256 P0255 P0274
P0277
P0258

P0276

4
0 3.4100
kW 0.995
200 0.995 300 400 500 0.040.04
200 300 Length (m)
400 500
Phase
Length
400 (m)A 500 0.9900.990 0 Phase
100 B 200 300 Phase C
400 500 0.000.00 415V Busbars

C Feeder Phaselength 415V busbars

Length (m)

Phase B Phase
Phase A B Phase C

Phase C The 415V busbars voltage profile The VUF

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Simulations Results and Discussion

Influence of PV power
1.06 Scenario Details
No
PV (scale) Load (kW) PF=0.95
1.05
2 0 3.4
1.04 3 20% 3.4
1.03 4 0
100%
V (p.u.)

5 3.4
1.02
1.01 Scenario 2: The terminal voltage in [0.99,1.01] p.u.
1.00 Scenario 3: PV power is less than load.
Customer power consumption is reduced.
0.99
Scenario 5: Some customers’ PV power is higher than load.
0.98
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 The terminal voltage in [0.99,1.03] p.u.
Generation  Customer Power (kW) → Consumption Scenario 4: The worst case.
The terminal voltage in [1.02,1.06] p.u.
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Simulations Results and Discussion

Influence of BESS power Without PV
Scenario Details 1.05
BESS 1.04
No BESS charging BESS discharging Load (kW) Penetration 1.03
(kW) (kW) PF=0.95
1.02

V (p.u.)
2 N/A N/A 3.4 N/A
1.01
8 2.5 N/A 3.4 All customers 1.00
12 N/A 3 0 All customers 0.99
13 N/A 3 3.4 All customers 0.98
0.97
Scenario 2: The terminal voltage of each customer is in [0.99, 1.01] p.u. -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Scenario 8: Total load of each customer increases, and the terminal voltage Generation  Customer → Consumption
decreases. Also, the distribution line loss increases. Thus, the terminal Power (kW)
voltage differences between each customer are larger than in scenario 2.
Scenario 13: Total load of each customer decreases from 3.4 kW to 0.4 kW. Therefore, the terminal voltage increases,
and distribution line loss decreases. Consequently, the voltage differences between customers are small.
Scenario 12: Customers generate power for the network. Thus, the terminal voltage is higher than in other scenarios
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Simulations Results and Discussion

Influence of BESS power With PV (rated power)
1.08
Scenario 6: For customers without PV, the total 1.06
power consumption is around 5.9 kW. While for
1.04
customers with PV generation, the total load is less.

V (p.u.)
1.02
Scenario 7: The customers with PV and BESS are
1.00
islanded, and their power is 0 kW. For other
customers, the power consumption is 3.4 kW. 0.98

Scenario 11: The power values of all customers are 0.96

-8 -4 0 4 8
all negative, and the terminal voltage is higher than
Generation  Customer Power (kW) → Consumption
in the other two scenarios.
Scenario Details
BESS
No BESS charging BESS discharging Load (kW) Penetration
(kW) (kW) PF=0.95
6 2.5 N/A 3.4 All customers
7 Rest PV power N/A 3.4 PV customers
11 N/A 3 0 All customers
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Simulations Results and Discussion

Influence of BESS locations Charging mode
1.01
Scenario 2 to Scenario 9: The voltage deviation of the
1.005
customer with the highest terminal voltage is 0.005 p.u.
V (p.u.)

1
Scenario 2 to Scenario 10: The voltage deviation of the
0.995 customer with the lowest terminal voltage is 0.0052 p.u.

0.99 When BESSs in charging mode locate downstream of the

network, the terminal voltage of customers decreases
0.985 more significantly.
3 4 5 6
Customer Power (kW) →Consumption
Scenario Details
No PV BESS charging BESS discharging Load (kW) BESS Penetration
(scale) (kW) (kW) PF=0.95
2 0 N/A N/A 3.4 N/A
9 0 2.5 N/A 3.4 Upstream customers
10 0 2.5 N/A 3.4 Downstream customers
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Simulations Results and Discussion

Influence of BESS locations Discharging mode
1.008 Scenario 2 to Scenario 14: The voltage deviation of the
1.004 customer with the highest terminal voltage is 0.0023 p.u.
V (p.u.)

1
Scenario 2 to Scenario 15: The voltage deviation of the
0.996 customer with the lowest terminal voltage is 0.0061 p.u.
0.992 When BESSs in discharging mode locate downstream of
the network, the terminal voltage of customers increases
0 1 2 3 4 more significantly
Customer Power (kW) →Consumption
Scenario Details
No PV BESS charging BESS discharging Load (kW) BESS Penetration
(scale) (kW) (kW) PF=0.95
2 0 N/A N/A 3.4 N/A
14 0 N/A 3 3.4 Upstream customers
15 0 N/A 3 3.4 Downstream customers
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Simulations Results and Discussion

Distribution line loading under extreme cases
LV network voltage profile of scenario 17 Loading (%)
1.0125 Distribution line
1.000 Scenario 17 Scenario 18
V (p.u.)

1.000
Transformer- P0257 73.22 78.77
0.9875
upstream P0257-P0256 49.18 52.50
V (p.u.)

P0256-P0255 37.10 38.72

0.975 0.9750 downstream P0255-P0291 12.44 12.85
0.9625

Transformer-P0258 85.99 91.15

0.950 0.9500
0 100 200 300 400 500
upstream P0258-P0259 61.81 64.77
Length (m)
Phase A
Feeder length Phase B Phase C
downstream P0259-P0290 37.37 38.60

LV network voltage profile of scenario 18 Transformer-P0276 73.85 78.25

upstream P0276-P0277 61.66 65.01
1.09 1.09

downstream
P0277-P0278 37.28 38.86
P0278-P0279 12.36 12.94
1.07
V (p.u.)

Scenario Details
1.05 1.05
BESS
V (p.u.)

1.03
No PV BESS charging BESS discharging Load (kW) Penetration
1.01 1.01
(scale) (kW) (kW) PF=0.95
0.99
17 0 5 0 3.4 All customers
0 100 200 300 400 500

Phase A
Length (m)
Feeder length Phase B Phase C 18 100% 0 5 0 All customers
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Summary
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Summary
• In this paper, a series of simulations are conducted to explore the influence of distributed power
sources on a power network.

• Investigation including the influence of: PV generation power, BESS charging and discharging
power, and locations of BESS.

• The simulation results show that:

• PV generation and BESS discharging can reduce customer load and the terminal voltage of the
customer increases. When the power generation is higher than the customer's power consumption,
the terminal voltage increases further.

• BESSs located downstream can lead to a more significant influence on the network performance.

• The cluster can operate within the standard range with both existing PV penetration and expected
100% PV and BESS penetration in the future.
Forecasting Solar Irradiance using Hybrid SWT– QVNN
with a Softplus AMSGrad Learning Algorithm
We combined the stationary wavelet transform and quaternion
valued neural networks (SWT-QVNN) to forecast solar irradiance
Dr. Hasan AlMarzouqi
Khalifa University
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
• Solar forecasting allows grid
managers to estimate and balance
energy system operations

• Forecasting errors can cause

disruptions in energy supply and
enormous increases in costs
Small clouds, like the ones in this photo, are frequently
challenging to predict and can result in varying power
production from PV facilities over short time periods
(Photo courtesy of Alemu Tadesse)
THE HYBRID
SWT-QVNN
The proposed forecasting system
 THE HYBRID SWT-QVNN
The proposed forecasting system

Qsoftplus AMSGrad update equation:

THE HYBRID SWT-QVNN
Flowchart of the proposed model
RESULTS

Forecasting solar irradiance of Abu Dhabi

(UAE) and Tamanrasset (Algeria) cities
RESULTS
Performance comparison
RESULTS
Over all results
Forecaster Neurons Parameters nMAE (%) nRMSE (%) R2 (%)

Abu Dhabi Tamanrasset Abu Dhabi Tamanrasset Abu Dhabi Tamanrasset

RVNN 71 1461 8.25 32.93 17.96 48.54 98.13 86.83
CVNN 31 422 24.85 66.08 35.77 72.63 95.11 80.75
QVNN 31 364 41.11 33.88 63.63 49.17 76.48 86.48
QVNN+SWT 31 364 30.81 33.51 45.15 4981 88.16 8613
RVNN+SWT with 54 454 4.05 5.31 7.29 8.86 99.69 99.56
softplus AMSGrad
CVNN+SWT with 44 728 4.73 5.52 6.93 8.84 99.72 99.56
softplus AMSGrad
QVNN+SWT with 11 124 3.46 5.95 6.75 8.96 99.74 99.55
AMSGrad
QVNN+SWT with 11 124 3.01 5.04 5.62 8.16 99.81 99.63
softplus AMSGrad
RESULTS
Abu Dhabi study case
RESULTS
Tamanrasset study case
Conclusions
CONCLUSIONS

• A Hybrid SWT-QVNN model to forecast solar irradiance was proposed

• An adaptive learning algorithm AMSGrad was developed in a fully
quaternion form
• Results showed that the proposed model is advantageous when
compared to the baseline techniques

The improved performance can be attributed to three main factors:

1. The use of a stationary wavelet representation of the data
2. The adaptive learning rate algorithm
3. The softplus activation function
 A Solution to Microgrid Unit Commitment Problem
Considering Renewable and Battery Storage Using
Coot Algorithm

Md Mainul Islam, Mahmood Nagrial, Jamal Rizk, Ali Hellany

2022 IEEE International Conference on Power Systems Technology (POWERCON’2022)

10-12 September 2022, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Presentation Outline
Research background

Literature review

System models

Problem formulation

Coot algorithm

Results

Conclusion

References
Research Background
What is Microgrid?

• It is a small-scale power supply network that is designed to provide power for a

small community.
• It enables local power generation for local loads.
• It comprises of various small power generating sources that makes it highly
flexible and efficient.
• It is connected to both the local generating units and the utility grid thus
preventing power outages.
• Excess power can be sold to the utility grid.
• Size of the Microgrid may range from housing estate to municipal regions.
Research Background
Microgrid Components
• Distributed generation
✓ Renewable (solar, wind, hydro,…)
✓ Utility and generators

• Loads
✓ Constant/intermittent

• Immediate storage
✓ Batteries, fuel cells, capacitors…

• Controller
✓ Load leveling, charge control, power point tracking Fig.: Microgrid components

• Point of common coupling

✓ AC/DC inverters
Literature Review
• The effect of renewable energy sources (RESs) uncertainty and spinning reserve on
power networks has been studied (Fazlhashemi et al., 2020).
• A reserve power mechanism considering wind and load fluctuation and conventional
generation outages is proposed. However, the approach disregards the unpredictable
nature of PV electricity (Matos and Bessa, 2011).
• Cluster-based reserve management is introduced in the context of extensive PV and
wind power integration (Nikolaidis and Poullikkas, 2021).
• A cost-efficient reserve management method relying on the dynamic reserve
assessment model is proposed (Jiang et al., 2018).
• The effect of wind power forecast uncertainty on operating costs is studied. The load
uncertainty is temporarily neglected to focus more on predicting wind power (Wang et
al., 2021).
Literature Review
• A computational programme that takes the unpredictable nature of loads and RESs
into account is suggested for a unit commitment (UC) problem with security
constraints (Quan et al., 2015).

• A UC in battery energy storage (BESS)-incorporated MGs is proposed. Particle swarm

optimization (PSO) is used to solve the UC issue, which incorporates BESS
deterioration. (Jordehi, 2021).

• An improved mixed continuous-binary PSO is used to address the UC problem in MGs.

Various schemes are studied to verify the effectiveness of the recommended
optimization method (Jordehi, 2020).

• A UC with a demand response strategy was introduced in a modified electricity

network. The unpredictability of RESs is introduced using the point estimation
approach while ignoring the unpredictability of other factors (Harsh and Das , 2021).
System Models
Microgrid Model
• The MG considers three gas turbine generator units, 13 14

BESS plant, wind and PV farms. 10 W

9
12
11
• BESS functions as both a generator to deliver energy 7

when needed and a storage to hold excess energy PV 6 B

4 8

when energy rates are low. G

1
5

2 G

• A customized IEEE 14-bus system is used as an MG G

: Load
: Gas turbine 3
B
to test the suggested system under the voltage
: Battery Storage
W : Wind
G
PV : PV
limit constraints
Fig. Schematic of the MG
System Models
PV Array and Wind Power Modelling
• PV: The output power P regarding the solar irradiance present on the surface at time t
PV

can be defined using the following equation

t
PPV = RSt  AS   S
where RSt is the solar irradiance (kW/m2), AS and  S the area (m2) and solar efficiency

• Wind: The output power of a wind turbine can be expressed using the following
equation
 v k − vctk ,i
Prp k (vct ,i  v  vrp )
 v rp − v k
ct ,i

Pw (v) = Prp (vrp  v  vct ,o )

0 (v  vct ,i and v  vct ,o )


where Prp is the rated power, vct ,i and vct ,o are the cut-in and cut-out wind speeds, vrp is the rated wind speed, and k is the
Weibull shape parameter.
System Models
Gas Turbine Generator and BESS Modelling
• Gas: The fuel costs Fd for gas turbine can be expressed as follows
Fd ( Pdt ) =  d +  d Pdt +  d ( Pdt ) 2

• BESS: The battery unit runs as a generator when it is discharging and as a load when it
is charging.
1) Discharging state: The energy transferred from the BESS can be expressed using the
following equation
 CBt − T  dcrate
t
 
C t +1
= max  , CB,min 
B
 dc  

where CBt is the current battery capacity; is the time; CB ,min is the minimum battery capacity; t
dcrate and dc are the
discharging rate and discharging efficiency.

The battery SOC after discharging for a period T can be expressed as follows

SOCt +1 = max ( SOCmax − (C BES,max − C BES
t
)  (T / C BES,max )), SOCmin 
where is the SOC at time t+1; SOCmax is the max SOC; is the battery capacity at t; is the max battery capacity.
System Models
BESS Modelling
The incremental cost factor (Cf) for BESS while discharging at minimum SOC can be
expressed as follows
SOCt  C f ,t + (SOCt − SOCt +1 )  EtS
C f , t +1 =
SOCt +1
where EtS is the electricity selling price, C f ,t is the incremental cost factor at hour t.

2) Charging state: The energy transferred from the BESS can be expressed using the
following equation
(
CBt +1 = min CBt − T  Crate
t
)
  c , C B ,max 
where CBt is the current battery capacity; C B,max is the maximum battery capacity; t
Crate and c are the charging rate and
charging efficiency.

The incremental cost factor for battery charging can be expressed as follows
SOCt  C f ,t + ( SOCt +1 − SOCt )  Etb
C f , t +1 =
SOCt +1
where Etb is the electricity buying price.
System Models
Load Model
• The load model can be presented as a stable power absorber using the following equation
S = P + jQ
where P and Q are the active and reactive power. The power factor of the load should be kept between 0.85 to 1.

• The net load can be defined using the following equation

LtN = LtD − PWt T − PPV
t
− LP
t
where LN is the net load demand at hour t, LtD is the load demand at hour t, PWt T and PPV
t
are the wind power and solar power
at hour t, LP is the power loss.
Problem Formulation
• The unit commitment (UC) problem can be mathematically expressed as follows
D 
 
T
F ( P , X ) = min   Fd ( Pdt ) + STdt X dt + FBt X t 
d
t t
d
t =1  d =1 
where Fd is the fuel cost; Pdt is real power generation at hour t, STdt is the start-up cost, FBt is the battery energy cost at hour t
(either charging or discharging at hour t)

• The above objective function is subjected to the following constraints

I. Power balance constraint:
D

 (P X
d =1
d
t t
d + BESS t X t ) =PDm
t

where t
PDm is the net power demand, BESS t is the available battery energy storage.

II. Spinning reserve constraint:

D

 (P
d =1
d ,max X dt + BES X t ) =PDm
t
+ SRt

where SR is the spinning reserve; Pd ,max is the maximum real power generation of unit d.
Problem Formulation
III. Minimum up and down constraint:
1, if Td ,on  Td ,up

X dt = 0, if Td ,off  Td ,down

0 or 1 otherwise

where Td ,on and Td ,off are the duration of "on" and "off" of unit d; Td ,up and Td ,down are the minimum uptime and downtime of unit
d.

IV. SOC limits:

SOClb  SOC  SOCub
where SOClb and SOCub are the lowest and highest SOC of the battery.

V. The permissible voltage limits:

0.95  V j  1.05 j = 1,2,3...N
where Vj is the bus voltage
Coot Algorithm
• The optimization procedure is implemented by taking into account the four movements of
coots on the surface of the water.

1) Random movement:
𝑄 = 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑(1, 𝑛).∗ (𝑢𝑏 − 𝑙𝑏) + 𝑙𝑏
where n is the number of dimensions, ub and lb are the upper and lower limits.

The coot changes locations in the search space. Coot's new position is defined by the
following equation
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑜𝑠(𝑘) = 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑜𝑠(𝑘) + 𝐴 × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 × (𝑄 − 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑜𝑠(𝑘))

where A is calculated as follows

1
𝐴 = 1 − 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 × ( )
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑟

where iter and MaxIter are the current iteration and maximum iteration.
Coot Algorithm
2) Chain movement:
Cootpos(k ) = 0.5  (Cootpos(k − 1) + Cootpos(k ))
where Cootpos(k-1) is the previous (second) coot.

3) Position adjustment based on the group leaders: The leader is chosen utilizing the
following equation
D = 1 + (k MOD L)
where k and D are the index number of the current coot and the leader, and L is the number of leaders.

The coot’s next location is determined using the equation below following the best leader.
Cootpos(k ) = Leaderpos(d ) + 2  rand 
cos(2 R )  ( Leaderpos(d ) − Cootpos(k ))
where R is the random numbers in the range of [-1,1].
Coot Algorithm
4) Leader movement:
B  rand  cos(2 R )  rand  0.5 
( pBest − leaderpos(k )) + pBest 
 
Leaderpos(k ) =  
B  rand  cos(2 R )  rand = 0.5

( pBest − leaderpos(k )) − pBest 


where pBest is the global best location.

B is determined using the following equation

1
B = 2 − iter  ( )
MaxIter
where iter and MaxIter are the current iteration and maximum iteration.
Implementation of Coot Algorithm
Start

Initialize parameters

Randomly generate coot positions

Randomly select leaders from the coots

Evaluate fitness function

• For finding the best UC scheduling, coot algorithm Find the best coot/leader as global
optimum (pBest)

is applied to reduce the objective function while Update the position of the coot

fulfilling all the constraints. Evaluate fitness function

All No
constraints
satisfy?

•
Increase Yes
After evaluating the fitness function, the constraints iteration Update leader position

are checked to determine whether it is within limits Evaluate fitness function

every time. All

constraints
satisfy?
No

Yes
Update global optimum (pBest)

No
Max
iteration?

Yes
Global optimal output

End

Fig. Flow chart of CA for UC scheduling

Simulation Results
System Data
• The characteristics of MG elements are listed in the following Table.
Table: Unit Parameters
Characteristics TG1 TG2 TG3 BESS Wind PV
Pmax (MW) 250 80 100 20 10.41 23.80
Pmin (MW) 50 20 25 4 0 0
α ($/MW2h) 0.036 0.10 0.09 - - -
β ($/MWh) 6 6.5 6.65 - - -
γ ($/h) 1300 1350 1365 - - -
Start-up cost($) 976 935 965 - - -

• The hourly electricity prices are presented in the following figure.

Fig.: Data for electricity price

Simulation Results
Results of UC
• For the desired optimization solution, the Table: Unit commitment with BESS
Hrs GT1 GT2 GT3 BESS Reserve Cost ($)
significant parameters of coot algorithm such as P, (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW)
L, No of Coot and MaxIter are set as 0.5, 5, 30 1 136.86 0 0 4 12.81 2665.35
2 172.31 0 0 0 15.41 3375.07
and 50, respectively. 3 180.79 0 0 4.06 16.81 3396.09
4 198.18 0 0 4.27 18.41 3755.66
5 224.36 0 0 4.50 20.81 4361.82
• Table represents the power generation results of 6 193.24
201.89
65
0
0
81.25
0
0
23.24
25.51
5974.63
5299.69
7
committed units ('0' mean the unit is off), reserve 8 214.89 0 81.25 4.47 27.33 6561.12
234.37 0 81.25 0 28.49 7164.07
power, and hourly running costs with BESS. 9
10 228.95 0 81.25 0 28.20 7055.72
11 206.90 0 81.25 0 26.20 6580.70
12 203.73 0 81.25 0 25.91 6515.32
• A small BESS unit is used in this work, and it 13 226.60 0 0 0 20.60 4490.14
14 207.85 0 0 0 18.90 4087.13
can considerably minimize the operating expenses 15 202.88 0 0 0 18.44 3984.73
by up to 6% when scheduled to deliver power 16
17
193.44
222.61
0
0
0
0
0
4.46
17.38
20.64
3781.27
4335.14
during hours 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 17 and 20. 18 188.20 65 0 0 22.81 5877.26
19 204.41 0 81.25 0 25.75 6515.17
20 231.21 0 81.25 4.45 28.81 6881.35
• To avoid frequent charging and discharging cycles, 21
22
204.53
185.65
0
65
81.25
0
0
0
25.75
22.55
6517.09
3627.35
a small capacity of BESS (<5MW) is committed. 23 209.90 0 0 0 18.84 4114.43
24 178.61 0 0 0 15.99 3492.90
Simulation Results
Results of UC
Table: Unit commitment without BESS
Hrs GT1 GT2 GT3 Reserve Cost ($)
(MW) (MW) (MW) (MW)
140.86 0 0 12.81 2852.43
•
1
Table represents the power generation results of 2 169.46 0 0 15.41 3340.42
3 184.86 0 0 16.81 3627.34
committed units ('0' mean the unit is off) without BESS. 4 202.46 0 0 18.41 3975.95
5 228.86 0 0 20.81 4540.28
6 190.64 65 0 23.24 5938.71
• As illustrated in Tables with and without BESS, the 7
8
200.61
219.36
80
0
0
81.25
25.51
27.33
6454.77
6844.87
economic benefit of the MG system prevented all 9
10
232.09
228.95
0
0
81.25
81.25
28.49
28.20
7126.06
7055.72
generation capacity from being used in a single hour. 11 206.90 0 81.25 26.20 6580.70
12 203.73 0 81.25 25.91 6515.32
13 226.60 0 0 20.60 4490.14

•
14 207.85 0 0 18.90 4087.13
The total operating cost a day with and without 15 202.88 0 0 18.44 3984.73
16 191.22 0 0 17.38 3750.94
BESS are $120409 and $124193, and simulation 17 227.07 0 0 20.64 4500.63
times 527.877012s and 519.725659s, respectively. 18
19
185.86
202.00
65
0
0
81.25
22.81
25.75
5845.78
6479.98
20 235.66 0 81.25 28.81 7207.12
21 202.00 0 81.25 25.75 6479.98
22 248.05 0 0 22.55 4981.80
23 207.24 0 0 18.84 4074.55
24 175.89 0 0 15.99 3458.25
Conclusion

• An MG energy management approach based on the unpredictability of RESs, load

demand, power loss and BESS unit is integrated in the proposed work.

• A novel coot algorithm is utilized to address the issue of energy management.

• The obtained outcomes show that a small BESS unit can substantially minimize the
running costs up to 6% when allocated to supply power in the UC stage.
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Thank you for your attention