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THE EFFECT OF THE INDUSTRIAL AREA ON AIR POLLUTION OF AL-FATHA, AL-

ALAM AND BAIJI ARES-IRAQ Air pollution of industrial area in Baiji-Iraq THE
EFFECT OF THE INDUSTRIAL AREA ON AIR...

Research · December 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29301.63200

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 International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
THE EFFECT OF THE INDUSTRIAL AREA ON AIR POLLUTION OF AL-FATHA, AL-
ALAM AND BAIJI ARES-IRAQ
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number:

Full Title: THE EFFECT OF THE INDUSTRIAL AREA ON AIR POLLUTION OF AL-FATHA, AL-
ALAM AND BAIJI ARES-IRAQ

Short Title: THE EFFECT OF THE INDUSTRIAL AREA ON AIR POLLUTION

Article Type: Original Paper

Keywords: Key words:Air pollution, pollution, GIS, predictions map.

Corresponding Author: salwan sabbar Al-Hasnawi, Ph.D

university of mustansiryah
Baghdad, IRAQ

Corresponding Author Secondary

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Corresponding Author's Institution: university of mustansiryah

Corresponding Author's Secondary

Institution:

First Author: salwan sabbar Al-Hasnawi, Ph.D

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Order of Authors: salwan sabbar Al-Hasnawi, Ph.D

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Abstract: ABSTRACT
This research aims to study the polluters of total suspended particles (TSP) and some
heavy metals (Cd, Co, and Ni) concentrations in the areas of Al-Fatha, Al-Alam and
Baiji of Iraq. These concentrations were measured for selected 22 sample locations for
two periods, January and July 2013. The analyzed values of (TSP) and (Cd) were
exceeds the limits of Iraqi National and the WHO limits for the two periods. Also, the
(Ni) values exceed the limits for July only, while (Co) values were under the limits for
the two periods. The difference between the two periods reflects the effect of the wind
speed and direction, rainfall, and the intensity of the dust storms during the two months
respectively. GIS technique makes optimal predictions possible by examining the
relationships between all the sample points and producing a continuous surface of
polluters concentration. Therefore, the GIS used to produce predictions and
probabilities maps that critical polluter values are exceeded in the study area.

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Title Page

THE EFFECT OF THE INDUSTRIAL AREA ON

AIR POLLUTION OF AL-FATHA, AL-ALAM AND
BAIJI ARES-IRAQ

Air pollution of industrial area in Baiji-Iraq

Dr.S. S. Al-Hasnawi /Chemistry Department, Collage of Science, Mustansirya

University, E.mail: salwansabbar@yahoo.com. Tel:+9647902170247
Title Page
Click here to view linked References

1
THE EFFECT OF THE INDUSTRIAL AREA ON
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3 AIR POLLUTION OF AL-FATHA, AL-ALAM AND
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5 BAIJI ARES-IRAQ
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7 Air pollution of industrial area in Baiji-Iraq
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9
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11 ABSTRACT
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13 This research aims to study the polluters of total suspended particles (TSP) and some heavy
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15 metals (Cd, Co, and Ni) concentrations in the areas of Al-Fatha, Al-Alam and Baiji of Iraq. These
16 concentrations were measured for selected 22 sample locations for two periods, January and July 2013.
17
18 The analyzed values of (TSP) and (Cd) were exceeds the limits of Iraqi National and the WHO limits
19 for the two periods. Also, the (Ni) values exceed the limits for July only, while (Co) values were under
20
21 the limits for the two periods. The difference between the two periods reflects the effect of the wind
22 speed and direction, rainfall, and the intensity of the dust storms during the two months respectively.
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24 GIS technique makes optimal predictions possible by examining the relationships between all the
25 sample points and producing a continuous surface of polluters concentration. Therefore, the GIS used
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27 to produce predictions and probabilities maps that critical polluter values are exceeded in the study
28 area.
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31 Key words:Air pollution, pollution, GIS, predictions map.
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33 INTRODUCTION
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35
Air pollution is caused by both natural and man-made sources. Major man-made sources
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37 include automobiles, power generation and the industrial activities, which represent the main source of
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39 air pollution, especially oil industry activities using huge amount of consumable fuel like power plants
40 and oil refineries; due the high rate emission of fume, solid particulates and toxic gases in quantity
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42 more than every other industry. These industries will be more hazardous upon its existence inside the
43 limits of the cities, or its existence inside urban area (Masitah, et al., 2007).
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45
Suspended solids particle, which are air pollutants stuck in the air with a small volume ranges
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47 between (0.01-200) Microns. Studying those particles is important because of their long survival
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49 periods in the atmosphere. The impact of suspended particles is significant to human health because
50 exposure to these particles for a long time increases the respiratory diseases, especially asthma, and
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52 may lead to lung tissue damage. Unlike the other big particles which will settle down more rapidly. In
53 addition to that smaller particles seem to interact with other air pollutants, leading to severe damages.
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55 (WHO, 1996; Hashim , 2009; Al-Saadi, 2012; and Leili, et al., 2008). Suspended solids are important
56 pollutions which consist of suspended minerals and Heavy metals. The sources of heavy metals in air
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58 may be natural (soils, and transported sediments by winds), or artificial include industrial sources that
59 supply the heavy metals to the air and cause contamination of the atmosphere.
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 The trace elements (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Cd) are designated as priority pollutants by many
1 researchers and are associated with a variety of health effects (Masitah, et al., 2007, Hashim , 2009).
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3 Limited surveys on air pollution have indicated in Iraq, particularly those on the air pollution from oil
4 industrial activities, (Al-Saadi , 2012).
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6
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8 THE STUDY AREA
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11 The study area lies in the northern of Iraq within Salah Al-Dien governorate between latitudes
12 (34' 56'' – 35' 34'') and longitude (43' 30'' – 43' 34'') (Figure.1).
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60 Figure 1: Location of Study Area with Samples Location
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 The study area consist areas of Al-Fatha, Al-Alam and Baiji, with its populations. Study the
1 pollution effects of industrial area must be concern in order to make a vision of its affecting on the all
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3 population activities in the study area. Figure (1) also shows the samples location in the study area.
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8 AIM OF STUDY
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10 The aim of this study is to analyses the pollution levels in the air of the area in and around the
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12 industrial area by examining samples for total suspended solids concentrations (TSP) and some heavy
13 metals in air, and using GIS technique to give an indication of the environmental impacts on the
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15 residential areas near and around the industrial area.
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17 Farther aim is to produce a Predication and Probability maps using GIS technique for these
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19 polluters in the study area.
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23 GEOLOGIC SETTING
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26 The study area have outcrop of formation rocks in study area have age (Miocene -
27 Pleistocene). The formations sequence are; Fatha Formation (M. Miocene), Injana Formation
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29 (L.Miocene), and Mukdadiyah Formation (Pliocene) in addition to Quaternary deposits. (Jassim, and
30 Goff, 2006).
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35 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSES (MATERIALS AND METHODS)
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37 The (TSP) and some heavy metals concentration in air at the industrial area and the areas
38 around were determined for two periods January and July 2013. The air samples have been collecting
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40 by using Low volume air sampler (Sniffer) equipment for twenty two different sites inside and outside
41 the industrial area taking into consideration the prevailing wind direction that is an important factor in
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43 pollutants distribution (Figure. 1). The air samples were prepared Laboratory to measuring the (TSP)
44 concentrations in unit microgram/m3 (μg/m3). Also, the same air samples were used to measure the
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46 concentrations of some heavy metals ((Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni)) in the Laboratory
47 by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry equipment.
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52 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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55 The statistical Table (1) shows that all constituents exhibit mean values in excess of median
56 values and high standard deviation reflecting positively skewed distribution and a high degree of
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58 variation.
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 1-Total suspended particles (TSP): The environmental impacts of total suspended solids
1 concentrations (TSP) on the residential areas near and around the industrial area were indicated. The
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3 median of (TSP μg/m3) values in study area which has been measured to be 794.2 (min. 311.9, max.
4 1280.0) for January 2013, and 2807.5 (min. 1669.0, max. 3985.0) for July 2013. Although the (TSP)
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6 values are within the same range of Ali (2013) (TSP) results from the Kirkuk oil refinery (min. 230,
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max. 3555.6).
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10 The (TSP) compared with guidelines of Iraqi National Standards (Ministry of Environment,
11 2008) 350 μg/m3, and World allowable limits (WHO, 1996) 60-90 μg/m3. The comparison reflect that
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13 (TSP) median of two periods was exceeded the national and world limits (Table 1).
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15 The difference between the three periods reflects the effect of the wind direction, wind speed
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17 and the intensity of the dust storms during these months respectively (Figure 2). It was also observed
18 that the TSP concentrations increased at the direction away from the industrial area that coincides with
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20 the prevailing wind direction during these months and may indicate that the area of about 5 Km from
21 the industrial area represent the maximum pollution ( Direct Pollution ).
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26 Table (1): The statistical calculation results for all constituents.
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28 Characteristics μg/m3 TSP Cadmium Cobalt Nickel
29 Concentration of January 2013 period Min. 311.9 0.02 0.01 0.01
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31 Max. 1280.0 0.10 0.27 0.45
32 Median 794.2 0.07 0.08 0.09
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34 Sd. 264.1 0.03 0.07 0.13
35 1669.0 0.01 0.02 0.02
Concentration of July 2013 period Min.
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37 Max. 3985.0 0.14 0.38 0.63
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Median 2807.5 0.07 0.10 0.19
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40 Sd. 775.6 0.03 0.11 0.17
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Iraqi National standards 350 μg/m3 3 μg/m3
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43 (MOE,2008)
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45 World allowable limits 60-90 μg/m3 0.05 3 0.2
46 (WHO, 1996)
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51 While the neighbouring villages affected be dense pollution which is within 10 Km from the
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industrial area. The city of Baiji got its share from the industrial area by the wide pollution which is
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54 within 15Km from the industrial area, (Figures 3) (Al –Afraji, 2012).
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24 Figure 2: The relationship between the monthly average wind speed (m /sec) for January, April,
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26 July and October in Baiji meteorological station for period 1980-2011.
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57 Figure 3: The pollution levels of the industrial area according to the wind direction (Al –Afraji,
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59 2012).
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2 2-Heavy metals analyses: The median of ((Cd, Co, and Ni) μg/m3) values in study area which has
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4 been measured to be 0.07 (min. 0.02, max. 0.10), 0.08 (min. 0.01, max. 0.27) and 0.09 (min. 0.01, max.
5 0.45) respectively for January 2013. Also, The median of ((Cd, Co, and Ni) μg/m3) were measured to
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7 be 0.07 (min. 0.01, max. 0.14), 0.10 (min. 0.02, max. 0.38) and 0.19 (min. 0.02, max. 0.63)
8 respectively for July 2013.
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11 Although the (TSP) values are within the same range of Ali (2013) (TSP) results from the
12 Kirkuk oil refinery (min. 230, max. 3555.6).
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15 The comparison Heavy metals with guidelines showed that the (Cd) median was exceeded the
16 Standards and World allowable but under the Iraqi National limits for the two periods. While the (Co
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18 and Ni) medians stay under these limits for the two periods.
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20 The increasing of concentration in July can be referred to the increasing fuel combustion
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22 operations at the location such as the operations of the power plant which functions increasingly during
23 the July month as well as the effect of meteorological factors on the air quality of the studied area at
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25 this period.
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29
GIS MODELLING FOR POLLUTERS IMPACTS
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32 Air pollution modelling is a numerical tool used by researchers to describe the causal
33 relationship between emissions, meteorology, atmospheric concentrations, deposition, and other factors
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35 [Matejicek, 2005, Leili, et al, 2008, Hashim , 2009, and Al-Saadi , 2012 ]. For present study, the
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was applied Arc GIS 10.2 modelling for measurements
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38 polluters in the air for the sampling periods January and July 2013.
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43 ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst
44 With ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst, you can easily create a continuous surface, or map, from
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46 measured sample points like levels of pollution which stored in a point feature layer or raster layer or
47 by using polygon centroids.
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50 When used in conjunction with ArcMap, Geostatistical Analyst provides a comprehensive set
51 of tools for creating surfaces that can be used to visualize, analyze, and understand spatial phenomena
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53 (ESRI, 2013).
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55 The polluter concentration was measured at 22 site location over study area (Figure 1), but the
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57 polluters values for other (unmonitored) locations in study area are also of interest. However, due to
58 cost and practicality, the samples cannot be tacked from everywhere.
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 Geostatistical Analyst provides tools that make optimal predictions possible by examining the
1 relationships between all the sample points and producing a continuous surface of polluters
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3 concentration, standard errors (uncertainty) of predictions, and probabilities that critical values are
4 exceeded.
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9 Mapping the Predictions of polluters concentration over study area
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12 Produce a map that creates a surface that incorporates spatial relationships among the sample
13 points by using geostatistical options to removing trends and modeling spatial autocorrelation of
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15 sample values to create a more accurate prediction surface (prediction map) (ESRI, 2013).
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17 For present work, ordinary kriging interpolation method incorporates trend removal and
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19 anisotropy to create better predictions. Ordinary kriging is the simplest geostatistical model because the
20 number of assumptions behind it is the lowest.
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The statistical analyses of data discovered a global trend. After refinement with the Trend
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24 Analysis tool, the result determined that a second-order polynomial seemed reasonable.
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The formula was used to produces a surface that is too smooth to accurately. This trend can be
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28 represented by a mathematical formula and removed from the data.
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30 Once the trend is removed, the statistical analysis will be performed on the residuals or the
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32 short-range variation component of the surface. The trend will automatically be added back before the
33 final surface is created so that the predictions produce meaningful results.
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36 Figures (4: a-b) and (5: a-f) shows the GIS maps with prediction (trend removal) layers for
37 polluters in study area for the two periods. The prediction surfaces of these maps took into
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39 consideration the global trends in the data and adjusted for the local directional influence which
40 provides a better prediction of unknown values. The GIS maps show the prediction values as filled
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42 contour (zones) for all polluters. It can be noted that polluters concentration have global trend of north
43 and northwest to south and southeast. Also, the polluters concentration most rapid change in the
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45 southwest–northeast direction and a more gradual change in the northwest–southeast direction. This
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contributed by the prevailing wind direction in the study area.
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51 Mapping the Probability of polluters exceeding a critical threshold
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54 In the decision-making process, care must be taken in using maps of predicted polluters for
55 identifying unsafe areas. That means determine if any locations exceed the Standards (critical
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57 threshold) values of polluters when the samples were taken in the study area.
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27 (a): TSP January concentration in study area
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56 (b): TSP July concentration in study area
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58 Figure 4: Prediction and Probability GIS maps for TSP concentration in study area
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27 (a): Cd January concentration in study area
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27 (e): Ni January concentration in study area
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56 (f): Ni July concentration in study area
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58 Figure 5: Prediction and Probability GIS maps (a-f) for heavy metals concentration in study area
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 For present work, the (WHO, 1996) standards was depended. To aid the decision-making
1 process, the Geostatistical Analyst with indicator kriging model was used to map the probability that
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3 polluters values exceed the threshold. The indicator kriging transformed the polluters values to a series
4 of 0s and 1s according to whether the values of the data are below or above a threshold (ESRI, 2013).
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6 For example, if a threshold of Cd (0.05) is used, any value below this threshold will be assigned a value
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of 0, whereas the values above the threshold will be assigned a value of 1. Indicator kriging calculated
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9 from the 0–1 dataset and go on for all polluters threshold.
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11 The GIS maps (Figures (4: a-b) and (5: a-f)) shows the probability map (Indicator
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13 Kriging layer) for polluters in the study area. There is no need to create the probability map for Cobalt
14 (Co) concentration because of not exceeded the standard for two periods. Also, all (TSP)
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16 concentrations exceed the standard for July, and no probability map creates for this period. The maps
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displays the indicator prediction values, interpreted as the probability of exceeded the threshold value.
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19 The GIS maps show the probability values as contour for all polluters. These contours represent the
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area of exceeding threshold (standard) values with different probability values. That means each
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22 contour value represents the level of concentration value for specific polluter.
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The GIS maps now show areas of high and low predicted of polluters values and areas of high
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26 probability that the polluters concentrations exceeded the Air Quality Standard when the samples were
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taken.
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30 CONCLUSION
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32 1. The difference of TSP concentrations between the three periods reflects the effect of the wind
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34 direction, wind speed and the intensity of the dust storms during these months respectively.
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36 2. The increasing of Heavy metals concentration in July can be referred to the increasing fuel
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38 combustion operations at the location.
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40 3. ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst save the cost and practicality to collect samples from
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42 everywhere.
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44 4. The GIS Predictions (trend removal) mapssucceed to predict the vlues for all polluters for
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46 whole study area. Also, the GIS Probability maps idicate the Probability of som polluters
47 exceeding a critical standards in the study area.
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52 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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54 I grateful for my colleagues in the work fro your coorpration to praper the research.
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2 Al –Afraji, A.K. (2012) The Environmental Impacts of the existing refineries on the surrounding
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5 Planning for post graduate studies, University of Baghdad.
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7 Ali, L. A. (2013) Environmental Impact Assessment of Kirkuk Oil Refinery. Unpub. ,Ph.D. thesis,
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9 College of Science, University of Baghdad.
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11 Al-Saadi G.M. (2012) Assessment of Air and Water Pollution Due To Operation South Of
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13 Baghdad Power Plant. M.Sc. Thesis, Building and Construction Engineering Department,
14 University of Technology.147p.
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17 ESRI. (2013) The Manual of ArcGIS 10.2.
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19 Hashim B.M. (2009) Measurement and study concentrations some air pollutants in Baghdad city”.
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M.Sc thesis College of Science Al- Mustansiriyah Univ. in Atmospheric Sciences, 95p.
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23 Jassim, S.Z. and Coff, J.C. (2006) Geology of Iraq. Published by Dolin, Prague and Moravian
24 Museum, Brno.
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27 Leili M., Naddafi K., Nabizadeh R. &Yunesian M. (2008) The study of TSP and
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30 atoms health, 1: 159-166.
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32 Masitah A., Zaini H., and Lee S. K. (2007) PM10 and Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)
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34 Measurements in Various Power Stations. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol. 11,
35 No 1: 255-261.
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38 Matejicek L. (2013) Spatial modeling of air pollution in urban areas with GIS: a case study on
39 integrated database development. Advances in Geosciences, 4, 63–68., 2005.
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42 Ministry of Environment of Iraq. (2008) Determinants of local and global air pollutants. Report
43 and the reality of the situation, the air quality department.
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46 World Health Organization (WHO) (1996) Revised WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Europe.
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