The commonwealth of the philippines

2. The Commonwealth of the Philippines After the Filipinos lost the war to the Americans in 1901, they
did not really stop fighting for independence. Although their military leaders surrendered, the Filipinos
carried on the fight for freedom in three ways:

3. • The Commonwealth of the Philippines After the Filipinos lost the war to the Americans in 1901, they
did not really stop fighting for independence. Although their military leaders surrendered, the Filipinos
carried on the fight for freedom in three ways:

4. I. Theater and Literature; II. Peasant revolts and the Communist Party of the Philippines; III. Peaceful
pressure by the Filipino Politicians;

5. Freedom Theater and Literature (1902-1905) • Zarzuela were banned by American Authorities •
Dramas Championed Philippine Freedom

6.  Example: Tanikalang Ginto – Juan Abad Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas – Aurelio Tolentino Song: Bayan
Ko – (popularized by Freddie Aguilar in 1980s in Marcos Dictatorship) Banaag at Sikat – Lope K. Santos
first socialist Tagalog novel (1935)

7. PEASANT REVOLTS AND THE COMMUNIST PARTYOF THE PHILIPPINES - (CPP) Communist Party of the
Government. - SAKDALITAS (1935) most serious peasant revolt.

8. PEACEFUL PRESSURE BY THE FILIPINO POLITICIANS ENDING IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OFTHE

COMMONWEALTH OF THE PHILIPPINES IN 1935 1. Political Campaign for Independence In 1932, the
American Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law. In 1934, the American Congress passed a better
independence law at the Tydings McDuffie Law.

9. 2. The 1935 Philippine Constitution Now, a constitution was needed for the soon-to be proclaimed
Commonwealth. A constitutional convention was convened in Manila in July 1934, and the document
was written with an eye to meeting the approval of the United States Government as well, so as to
ensure that the U.S. would live up to its promise to grant the Philippines independence. The completed
constitution was overwhelmingly approved by plebiscite in March 1935, and then signed into law by
President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

10. 3. The Commonwealth of the Philippines The Commonwealth of the Philippines was the political
designation of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 when the country was a commonwealth with the
United States. Before this, the Philippines had been a U.S. territory. The creation of the Commonwealth
was envisioned under the Tydings McDuffie Act, as a ten-year transitional government in preparation for
full Philippine independence and sovereignty, which was scheduled for 1946.

THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

3. AGUINALDO ERA
4. 1897 BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC 1899THE MALOLOS CONGRESS 1898 THE AMERICAN INTERVENTION
1898 THE RETURN OF AGUINALDO 1898 THE TREATY OF PARIS 1902 END OF FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

5. The Republic of Biak-na-Bato is officially referred to in its constitution as the Republic of the
Philippines was the first republic ever declared in the Philippines by revolutionary leader Emilio
Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries. Despite its successes, including the establishment of the
Philippines' first ever constitution, the republic lasted just over a month. It was disestablished by a peace
treaty signed by Aguinaldo and the Spanish Governor-General, Fernando Primo de Rivera which included
provision for exile of Aguinaldo and key associates to Hong Kong. BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

6. The Republic of Biak-na-Bato was one of a number of unrecognized insurgent polities which existed
during the time in which the Philippines was under Spanish colonial government as the Spanish East
Indies. It was preceded and succeeded by two similarly unrecognized polities, the Tejeros government
and the Central Executive Committee. The constitution of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato was written by
Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho, who copied the Cuban Constitution of Jimaguayú nearly word-for-
word. It provided for the creation of a Supreme Council, which was created on November 2, 1897, with
the following as officers having been elected: BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

7. Elected Officers Name Position Emilio Aguinaldo President Mariano Trias Vice President Antonio
Montenegro Secretary of Foreign Affairs Emiliano Reigo de Dios Secretary of War Isabelo Artacho
Secretary of Interior Baldomero Aguinaldo Secretary of Treasury

8. After its defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the
Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. On February 4, 1899, just two days before the U.S.
Senate ratified the treaty, fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by
Emilio Aguinaldo who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers. The ensuing
Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over
20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and
disease. THE AMERICAN INTERVENTION

9. The decision by U.S. policymakers to annex the Philippines was not without domestic controversy.
Americans who advocated annexation evinced a variety of motivations: desire for commercial
opportunities in Asia, concern that the Filipinos were incapable of self-rule, and fear that if the United
States did not take control of the islands, another power (such as Germany or Japan) might do so.
Meanwhile, American opposition to U.S. colonial rule of the Philippines came in many forms, ranging
from those who thought it morally wrong for the United States to be engaged in colonialism, to those
who feared that annexation might eventually permit the non-white Filipinos to have a role in American
national government. THE AMERICAN INTERVENTION

10. After the Spanish-American War, while the American public and politicians debated the annexation
question, Filipino revolutionaries under Aguinaldo seized control of most of the Philippines’ main island
of Luzon and proclaimed the establishment of the independent Philippine Republic. When it became
clear that U.S. forces were intent on imposing American colonial control over the islands, the early
clashes between the two sides in 1899 swelled into an all-out war. Americans tended to refer to the
ensuing conflict as an “insurrection” rather than acknowledge the Filipinos’ contention that they were
fighting to ward off a foreign invader. THE AMERICAN INTERVENTION

11. In April 1898, the Spanish-American War broke out over Spain’s brutal suppression of a rebellion in
Cuba. The first in a series of decisive U.S. victories occurred on May 1, 1898, when the U.S. Asiatic
Squadron under Commodore George Dewey annihilated the Spanish Pacific fleet at the Battle of Manila
Bay in the Philippines. From his exile, Aguinaldo made arrangements with U.S. authorities to return to
the Philippines and assist the United States in the war against Spain. He landed on May 19, rallied his
revolutionaries, and began liberating towns south of Manila. On June 12, he proclaimed Philippine
independence and established a provincial government, of which he subsequently became head. THE
RETURN OF AGUINALDO AND THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

12. The Philippine Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on 12 June 1898 in Cavite II el Viejo
(present-day Kawit, Cavite), Philippines. With the public reading of the Act of the Proclamation of
Independence of the Filipino People Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo
proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from the colonial rule of Spain.
THE RETURN OF AGUINALDO AND THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

13. The Philippine Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on 12 June 1898 in Cavite II el Viejo
(present-day Kawit, Cavite), Philippines. With the public reading of the Act of the Proclamation of
Independence of the Filipino People Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo
proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from the colonial rule of Spain.
THE RETURN OF AGUINALDO AND THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

14. The Political Constitution of 1899 informally known as the Malolos Constitution, was the constitution
of the First Philippine Republic. It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as an
alternative to a pair of proposals to the Malolos Congress by Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno. After
a lengthy debate in the latter part of 1898, it was promulgated on 21 January 1899. THE MALOLOS
CONGRESS

15. The constitution placed limitations on unsupervised freedom of action by the chief executive which
would have hampered rapid decision making.As it was created during the fight for Philippine
independence from Spain, however, its Article 99 allowed unhampered executive freedom of action
during wartime. Unsupervised executive governance continued throughout the Philippine– American
War which erupted soon after proclamation. After the Malolos Congress was convened on 15
September 1898, a committee was selected to draft a constitution for the republic.[5] The committee
was composed of Hipólito Magsalin, Basilio Teodoro, José Albert, Joaquín González, Gregorio Araneta,
Pablo Ocampo, Aguedo Velarde, Higinio Benitez, Tomás del Rosario, José Alejandrino, Alberto Barretto,
José Ma. de la Viña, José Luna, Antonio Luna, Mariano Abella, Juan Manday, Felipe Calderón, Arsenio
Cruz and Felipe Buencamino.They were all wealthy and well educated. THE MALOLOS CONGRESS
16. The Treaty of Paris of 1898 (Filipino: Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898; Spanish: Tratado de París de 1898)
was a treaty signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish–
American War. Under it, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba and also ceded
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a
compensation of $20 million from the United States to Spain. The treaty came into effect on April 11,
1899, when the documents of ratification were exchanged.[2] It was the first treaty negotiated between
the two governments since the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty. THE TREATY OF PARIS AND FILIPINO-
AMERICAN WAR

17. The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish Empire, apart from some small holdings in
Northern Africa and several islands and territories around the Gulf of Guinea, also in Africa. It marked
the beginning of the United States as a world power. Many supporters of the war opposed the treaty,
which became one of the major issues in the election of 1900 when it was opposed by Democrat William
Jennings Bryan, who opposed imperialism. Republican President William McKinley supported the treaty
and was easily reelected. THE TREATY OF PARIS AND FILIPINO- AMERICAN WAR

18. The Philippine–American War,also referred to as the Filipino–American War, the Philippine War, the
Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency(Filipino: Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano; Spanish:
Guerra filipino–estadounidense), was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the
United States that lasted from February 4, 1899, to July 2, 1902.While Filipino nationalists viewed the
conflict as a continuation of the struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine
Revolution, the U.S. government regarded it as an insurrection. The conflict arose when the First
Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took
possession of the Philippines from Spain, ending the Spanish–American War. THE TREATY OF PARIS AND
FILIPINO- AMERICAN WAR

19. Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and those of the Philippine Republic on
February 4, 1899, in what became known as the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the First
Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States.The war officially ended on July 2,
1902, with a victory for the United States. However, some Philippine groups— led by veterans of the
Katipunan, a Philippine revolutionary society—continued to battle the American forces for several more
years. Among those leaders was General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the
presidency of the proclaimed Tagalog Republic, formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio
Aguinaldo. Other groups, including the Moro, Bicol and Pulahan peoples, continued hostilities in remote
areas and islands, until their final defeat at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913. THE TREATY OF
PARIS AND FILIPINO- AMERICAN WAR

20. The war resulted in the deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians, mostly due to famine and
disease. Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to a million. The war and especially the
following occupation by the U.S., changed the culture of the islands, leading to the rise of Protestantism
and disestablishment of the Catholic Church in the Philippines and the introduction of English to the
islands as the primary language of government, education, business, industry and, in future decades,
among upper-class families and educated individuals. END OF FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

21. In 1902, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act, which provided for the
creation of the Philippine Assembly, with members to be elected by Filipino males (women did not have
the vote until after the 1937 suffrage plebiscite).This act was superseded by the 1916 Jones Act
(Philippine Autonomy Act), which contained the first formal and official declaration of the United States
government's commitment to eventually grant independence to the Philippines. The 1934 Tydings–
McDuffie Act (Philippine Independence Act) created the Commonwealth of the Philippines the following
year, increasing self-governance in advance of independence, and established a process towards full
Philippine independence (originally scheduled for 1944, but interrupted and delayed by World War II).
The United States granted independence in 1946, following World War II and the Japanese occupation
of the Philippines, through the Treaty of END OF FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

22. AMERICAN CIVIL GOVERNMENT

23. 1898 FORM OF GOVERNMENT 1901PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT 1902 PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY 1937
SUFFRAGE AND QUALIFICATIONS 1901 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 1902 PREVAILING POLITICAL
CULTURE

24. The United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands was a military government in the
Philippines established by the United States on August 14, 1898, a day after the capture of Manila, with
General Wesley Merritt acting as military governor. During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military
commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as Commander-in-Chief
of the United States Armed Forces. After the appointment of a civil Governor-General, the procedure
developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control,
responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian. FORM OF GOVERNMENT

25. General Merritt was succeeded by General Otis as military governor, who in turn was succeeded by
General MacArthur. Major General Adna Chaffee was the final military governor. The position of military
governor was abolished in July 1902, after which the civil Governor-General became the sole executive
authority in the Philippines. Under the military government, an American-style school system was
introduced, initially with soldiers as teachers; civil and criminal courts were re- established, including a
supreme court; and local governments were established in towns and provinces. The first local election
was conducted by General Harold W. Lawton on May 7, 1899, in Baliuag, Bulacan. FORM OF
GOVERNMENT

26. The Philippine Assembly (sometimes called the Philippine National Assembly) was the lower house
of the Philippines from 1907 to 1916, when it was renamed the House of Representatives of the
Philippines. The Philippine Assembly was the first national legislative body fully chosen by elections. The
Assembly was created by the 1902 Philippine Organic Act of the United States Congress, which
established the Insular Government of the Philippines. Along with an upper house (the appointed
Philippine Commission), it formed the bicameral Philippine Legislature during the American colonial
period. In 1916, the Jones Act replaced the Philippine Organic Act and the Assembly became the current
House of Representatives of the Philippines. PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY

27. The first Philippine Assembly elections were held on July 30, 1907.[ These were the first nationwide
elections ever held in the Philippines. The Assembly was inaugurated on October 16, 1907 with Sergio
Osmeña as Speaker of the Assembly, Manuel L. Quezon as majority leader, and Vicente Singson as
minority leader. The inauguration of the assembly marked a "turning point in the country’s history, for
its creation marked the commencement of Filipino participation in self-governance and a big leap
towards self-determination." PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY

28. The National Assembly in the Philippines announced the plebiscite in 1937, which would decide
whether or not women should gain the right to vote. Multiple women's movement started during 1910
which led to the plebiscite in 1937 where women voted for or against for women's suffrage rights.
Filipino women worked hard to mobilize and fight for women's suffrage in the early 1900s and gained
victory after 447,725 out of 500,000 votes affirmed to having women's right to vote. Arguments against
women gaining the right to vote in the Philippines were stated due to the fact that it would ruin family
unity, giving less power to the husband or man of the house in the family. SUFFRAGE AND
QUALIFICATIONS OF SUFFRAGE

29. Prior to the plebiscite, electors voted on the approval of the new Philippine constitution.
Approximately 1,213,934 of the electors voted in favor of the new constitution while 42,690 electors
voted against. The new constitution, which contains a provision for the mechanism of extending the
right to vote to women, was also the shortest constitution that was ratified during modern times. This
new constitution contained only a small number of 17 articles. Before women gained the right to vote,
they had no legal rights during that time period. Even with the proper consent from their husbands,
women still could not obtain any legal rights. SUFFRAGE AND QUALIFICATIONS OF SUFFRAGE

30. Governor General Dwight F. Davis made it legal for women to have some legal rights when it came to
disposition of property. This allowed for women to own personal items within their marriage. The issue
concerning women's suffrage in the Philippines was settled in a special plebiscite held on 30 April 1937.
Ninety percent of voters were in favor of the measure. SUFFRAGE AND QUALIFICATIONS OF SUFFRAGE

31. Beginning in 1901, the military government was replaced by a civilian government—the Insular
Government of the Philippine Islands—with William Howard Taft serving as its first Governor-General.
Also, a series of insurgent governments that lacked significant international and diplomatic recognition
existed between 1898 and 1904. The Insular Government of the Philippine Islands was a territorial
government of the United States that was established in 1901 and was dissolved in 1935. The Insular
Government was preceded by the United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands and was
followed by the Commonwealth of the Philippines. MUNICIPAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

32. The Philippines were acquired by the United States in 1898 as a result of the Spanish–American War.
In 1902, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act, which organized the government
and served as its basic law. This act provided for a governor-general appointed by the president of the
United States, as well as a bicameral Philippine Legislature with the appointed Philippine Commission as
the upper house and a fully elected, fully Filipino elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly.
MUNICIPAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

33. The term "insular" refers to the fact that the government operated under the authority of the U.S.
Bureau of Insular Affairs. Puerto Rico and Guam also had insular governments at this time. From 1901 to
1922, the U.S. Supreme Court wrestled with the constitutional status of these governments in the
Insular Cases.In Dorr v. United States (1904), the court ruled that Filipinos did not have a constitutional
right to trial by jury. In the Philippines itself, the term "insular" had limited usage. On banknotes,
postage stamps, and the coat of arms, the government referred to itself simply as the "Philippine
Islands." MUNICIPAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

34. The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was replaced in 1916 by the Jones Law, which ended the Philippine
Commission and provided for both houses of the Philippine Legislature to be elected. In 1935, the
Insular Government was replaced by the Commonwealth. Commonwealth status was intended to last
ten years, during which the country would be prepared for independence. MUNICIPAL AND PROVINCIAL
GOVERNMENT

35. The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was a constitution for the Insular Government, as the U.S. colonial
administration was known. This was a form of territorial government that reported to the Bureau of
Insular Affairs. The act provided for a Governor-General appointed by the U.S. president and an elected
lower house, the Philippine Assembly. It also disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion. The
United States government, in an effort to resolve the status of the friars, negotiated with the Vatican.
The church agreed to sell the friars' estates and promised gradual substitution of Filipino and other non-
Spanish priests for the friars. It refused, however, to withdraw the religious orders from the islands
immediately, partly to avoid offending Spain. In 1904 the administration PREVAILING POLITICAL
CULTURE

36. It refused, however, to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately, partly to avoid
offending Spain. In 1904 the administration bought for $7.2 million the major part of the friars' holdings,
amounting to some 166,000 hectares (410,000 acres), of which one-half was in the vicinity of Manila.
The land was eventually resold to Filipinos, some of them tenants but the majority of them estate
owners. In socio-economic terms, the Philippines made solid progress in this period. Foreign trade had
amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895, 13% of which was with the United States. By 1920, it had
increased to 601 million pesos, 66% of which was with the United States. PREVAILING POLITICAL
CULTURE
37. A health care system was established which, by 1930, reduced the mortality rate from all causes,
including various tropical diseases, to a level similar to that of the United States itself. The practices of
slavery, piracy and headhunting were suppressed but not entirely extinguished. Two years after
completion and publication of a census, a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to
a popular assembly. An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a
bicameral legislature, with the Philippine Commission as the upper house. PREVAILING POLITICAL
CULTURE

38. Every year from 1907 the Philippine Assembly and later the Philippine Legislature passed resolutions
expressing the Filipino desire for independence. Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L. Quezon and
Sergio Osmeña enthusiastically endorsed the draft Jones Bill of 1912, which provided for Philippine
independence after eight years, but later changed their views, opting for a bill which focused less on
time than on the conditions of independence. The nationalists demanded complete and absolute
independence to be guaranteed by the United States, since they feared that too-rapid independence
from American rule without such guarantees might cause the Philippines to fall into Japanese hands.
The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a later date of independence.
PREVAILING POLITICAL CULTURE

39. 1935 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

40. 1935 FORM OF GOVERNMENT 1935 BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT 1935 OTHER PROVISIONS
1935 THE COMMONWEALTH

41. The 1935 Constitution provided the legal basis of the Commonwealth Government which was
considered a transition government before the granting of the Philippine independence with American-
inspired constitution; the Philippine government would eventually pattern its government system after
American government The organization of constitutional Convention that would draw up the
fundamental law of the land based on the American model was one of the salient provisions of the
Tydings-McDuffie Act. Delegates to the convention were subsequently elected in 1934. In the first
meeting held on July 30 at the session of the House of Representatives, Claro M. Recto was unanimously
elected as its President. FORM OF GOVERNMENT

42. Salient features of the 1935 Constitution include the following: a bicameral legislature composed of
a senate and House of Representatives. The President is to be elected to a four-year term together with
the Vice-President without re-election; rights of suffrage by male citizens of the Philippines who are
twenty-one years of age or over and are able to read and write; extension of the right of suffrage to
women within two years after the adoption of the constitution. FORM OF GOVERNMENT

43. The draft of the constitution was approved by the convention on February 8, 1935 and ratified by
Pres. Roosevelt in Washington D.C on March 25, 1935. Elections were held in September 1935, Manuel
L. Quezon was elected as the president of the Commonwealth. The 1935 Constitution provided the legal
basis of the Commonwealth Government which was considered a transition government before the
granting of the Philippine independence with American-inspired constitution; the Philippine government
would eventually pattern its government system after American government. It has been said that the
1935 Constitution was the best-written Philippine charter ever. FORM OF GOVERNMENT

44. Philippine independence was eventually achieved on July 4, 1946. The 1935 Constitution, which
featured a political system virtually identical to the American one, became operative. The system called
for a President to be elected at large for a 4-year term (subject to one re-election), a bicameral
Congress, and an independent Judiciary. BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

45. 1940 Amendments The amendments restored a two-chamber legislation. The appointments
commission was also restructured as a joint Senate-House body composed of twelve Senators and
twelve House Members with the Senate President as ex- officio Chairman. OTHER PROVISIONS

46. On March 11, 1947, the Filipino people ratified in a nationwide plebiscite the "parity amendment" to
the 1935 Constitution. The plebiscite and the approval of three-quarters of the members of the House
and Senate, were required to amend the 13th article of the 1935 constitution which reserved the
exploitation of natural resources only for Filipinos. OTHER PROVISIONS

47. Earlier, there were fraud and violent campaign tactics during the April 1946 election which resulted
in the denial of the seats of some members of the house and the senate. The definition of three-
quarters became an issue because three-quarters of the sitting members, not the full House and Senate,
had approved the amendment. The supreme court however, ruled in favor of the administration's
interpretation, enabling then president Manuel Roxas to gain legislative approval on September 18,
1946 OTHER PROVISIONS

48. Thus, the amendment that granted United States citizens and corporations equal rights with the
Filipinos in the utilization and exploitation of its natural resources and the operation of public utilities
was approved. The Philippine Trade Act, commonly known as the Bell Trade Act, passed by the United
States Congress in 1946, and approved by the Philippine legislature on July 2, two days before the
Philippine independence, stipulated that free trade be continued until 1954, thereafter, tariffs would be
increased 5 percent annually until 1974. Quotas were established for Philippine products both for free
trade and tariff periods. At the same time, there would be no restrictions on the entry of United States
products to the Philippines, nor would there be Philippine import duties. The Philippine peso was tied at
a fixed rate to the United States dollar which was 2 to 1. OTHER PROVISIONS

49. The draft of the constitution was approved by the convention on February 8, 1935 and ratified by
Pres. Roosevelt in Washington D.C on March 25, 1935. Elections were held in September 1935, Manuel
L. Quezon was elected as the president of the Commonwealth. The 1935 Constitution provided the legal
basis of the Commonwealth Government which was considered a transition government before the
granting of the Philippine independence with American-inspired constitution; the Philippine government
would eventually pattern its government system after American government. It has been said that the
1935 Constitution was the best-written Philippine charter ever. THE COMMONWEALTH
50. The Commonwealth was the culmination of efforts to secure a definitive timetable for the
withdrawal of American sovereignty over the Philippines. Early on, at the start of the American
occupation, the United States had established local governments with local elected town and provincial
officials. Afterward came a gradual expansion of national legislative representation, beginning with the
Philippine Assembly (or Lower House) in 1907. It was not until the Jones Law of 1916 that the pledge of
eventual independence—once Filipinos were ready for self-governance—was made. The Jones Law led
to the creation of an all-Filipino legislature composed of the Philippine Senate and House of
Representatives. THE COMMONWEALTH

50. The Commonwealth was the culmination of efforts to secure a definitive timetable for the
withdrawal of American sovereignty over the Philippines. Early on, at the start of the American
occupation, the United States had established local governments with local elected town and provincial
officials. Afterward came a gradual expansion of national legislative representation, beginning with the
Philippine Assembly (or Lower House) in 1907. It was not until the Jones Law of 1916 that the pledge of
eventual independence—once Filipinos were ready for self-governance—was made. The Jones Law led
to the creation of an all-Filipino legislature composed of the Philippine Senate and House of
Representatives. THE COMMONWEALTH

51. However, the position of Chief Executive—the Governor-General—and what was considered the
most important cabinet portfolio—Public Instruction (precursor to the Department of Education)—were
reserved for American officials appointed by the President of the United States. Half of the Philippine
Supreme Court was reserved for Americans as well. The Constitution of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines provided for a presidential system of government with a unicameral legislature. It had the
power to enact laws for the Philippines, known as Commonwealth Acts, through the National Assembly.
THE COMMONWEALTH

52. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and
infographics & images by Freepik END OF PRESENTATION THANK YOU

The Malolos Constitution

Achievements

He issued a circular urging his people to stop the disgraceful treatment of the spanish prisoners

all classes of crime were to be tried by competent military tribunals. He impressed upon the people of
the necessity of respecting the persons and property of the enemy
He issued a decree setting aside June 12, 1898, as the day for the proclamation of Philippine
Independence.

Proclamation of Independence at Kawit Cavite June 12,1989

Official unfurling of the Philippine National Flag; by Marcela Agoncillo and assisted by Lorenzo Agoncillo
& Delfina Barbosa

Birth of the Philippine National Anthem

Revolutionary Government

AIMS:

to Struggle for the Philippine Independence

To prepare the country for the establishment of a real republic

Achievements

Provided that in those provinces which had not taken by the Spaniards the delegates of the said
provinces were to be appointed by the president

He appointed his first cabinet consisting of Baldomero Aguinaldo, Leandro Ibarra, Mabini

First convention of town provinces was held in Kawit Cavite and ratified the "Declaration of Philippine
Independence

He increased the numbers of departments of six: Foreign Affairs, War, Interior, Welfare, justice, and
Treasury

Officers of the Congress

Officers of the Congress

Powers of the Congress

to watch over the general interest of the Filipino People

To carry out the revolutionary view

to discuss & approve, prior to their ratification, treaties, and loans

to examine and approve the accounts presented annually by the Secretary of Finance as well as
extraordinary and other taxes which maybe hereafter imposed

Achievements
The ratification of the Philippine Independence on September 29, 1898

The approval of the domestic loan of P20,000 redeemable in 40 years after the date of issue

The framing of the Malolos Constitution

The Malolos Constitution

First democratic constitution made by Asians.

Authored by Felipe G. Calderon

Calderon submitted his constitution to the Malolos congress for approval and was approved with some
amendments

the constitution was sent to Pres. Aguinaldo for approval but he refused to sign it.

the malolos congress had no power to make a constitution because it was not a constitutional
convention.

country's condition were still unsettled owing to the war

if constitution were to be made, the President should be given more powers than the legislature.

PROVISIONS

it established a free and Independent Republic in the Philippines

It provided for a popular, representative,alternative,and responsible government based on the principle

of 3 separate powers: LEGISLATIVE,EXECUTIVE,and JUDICIAL

recognized the freedom of religion and the separation of church and state

contained a Bill of Rights which safeguarded the rights of the citizens as well as aliens

BILL OF RIGHTS:

Right to live

Right to own a Property

Right to equal protection of the law

Right to choose one's religion

Right to choose one's residence

Right to privacy of correspondence

Right to Vote

Right of an Accused

Freedom from slavery

Freedom from imprisonment

Freedom of speech

Freedom of press

Right of people to information on matters of public concern

3 Powers:

The Legislative Power - was vested in the Assembly of Representative, whose numbers were elected by
the people.

The Executive Power - was exercised by the President of the Republic, who was elected by the assembly
of representatives and is assisted by a cabinet composed of 7 secretaries.

The Judicial Power- was vested in the Supreme court of Justice and in other courts to be created by law.

it makes the assembly or the legislative branch superior to either the executive or judicial branch

it provided for a permanent commission to sit as a Legislative body when the assembly is not in session.

it established a unicameral legislature

The Philippine Republic

The First Philippine Republic was Inaugurated By Aguinaldo on 23rd of January, 1899, after having been
improved that Aguinaldo has been proclaimed as the President of Republic.

Apolinario Mabini - President & Secretary of Foreign Affairs

Teodoro Sandico - Secretary of Interior

Baldomero Aguinaldo - Secretary of war

Mariano Trias - Secretary of Finance

Gracio Gonzaga - Secretary of Welfare, Public Instructions, Public Works, Communication,
Agriculture,Industry and Commerce

The Treaty of Paris

• Protocol of peace (August 12, 1898)- Signed by 5 American commissioners and 5 Spanish
commissioners were appointed to meet in Paris.

• The American Commissioners:

Cushman Davis

William p. Frye

Whitelaw Reid

George Gray

William R Day.

The Spanish commission included the Spanish diplomats Eugenio Montero Ríos, Buenaventura de
Abarzuza, José de Garnica,Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa-Urrutia, Rafael Cerero, as well as the French
diplomat Jules Cambon.

THE PEACE COMMISSION (OCT- DEC.1898)

• Discussed about the legal points but both sides refused to give in. The Spanish commissioners who
believed that the Americans should be gracious and gallant in their hour of victory.
• Having being instructed, the American commissioners demanded the cession of the entire Philippines
to the United States, were not in a mood to humor their Spanish counterparts and insisted on their main
demand. Helpless, The Spanish Commissioners finally agreed.

• The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1989

• It provided that Spain would cede the Philippines to the United States in return for 20,000,000 USD
form United States for the agreed to give the Spaniards the right to commodities to the Philippines for
10 years on the same terms as those of the United States.

• The Treaty of Paris of 1898 is considered a notable treaty as it transformed the United States of
America into a colonial nation with foreign colonies under its control.

• Done in duplicate at Paris, the tenth day of December

Gen. Agoncillo went to United States to work for American Recognition of Philippine Independence, but
his attempts to secure an official audience with President McKinley failed.

Main Provisions:

Spain ceded the Philippines, Guan and Puerto Rico to the United States

United States pain Spain the Amount of $20,000.00

Spain withdraw her sovereignty over Cuba

The civil and political status of natives in the ceded territories were to be determined by the American
Congress

All Spanish troops, arms and movable property would be shipped back to Spain at the expense of U.S

THE END.

Jeanlet Soreno

Luzette Marie Perez

Ria Bayadog
Josephine Batucan

Lorenz Diola

Malolos Constitution is Unique for Three Reasons:

The Dictatorial Government

Vice President - Benito Legarda

The First Philippine Republic

President - Pedro Paterno

Secretary - Gregorio Araneta & Pablo Ocampo

Mabini became the Adviser of Aguinaldo

Aguinaldo changed the Dictatorial to Revolutionary Government

Aguinaldo gave up his title of "Dictator" and assumed a new one - "President of the Revolutionary
Government"

Aguinaldo provided for the election of a representative to a republican assembly w/c was to constitute
the law-making body of the nation - the Malolos Congress

• The treaty ended in Spanish- American War

• The Treaty of Paris of 1898 is considered a notable treaty as it transformed the United States of
America into a colonial nation with foreign colonies under its control.

• Spain ceded the Philippines to the U.S and in return would receive $20,000,000 as payment for
improvements made in the colony

• President McKinley issued his “Benevolent Assimilation” proclamation on December 21, 1898, which
formally indicated American Intention to annex the Philippine

• Gen. Elwell Otis published the proclamation only on January 4 1899 after changing some inflammatory
terms such as “sovereignty.”

The Malolos Republic

The Malolos Republic

RB

Raffael Black

Tue Aug 27 2013

Outline

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The Malolos Republic

The Dictatorial Government

The Malolos Republic, also commonly known as the First Philippine Republic, was a short-lived insurgent
revolutionary government in the Philippines.
In the wake of his military victories, Aguinaldo decided that it was time to establish a Filipino
government. He had with him a draft of a plan prepared by Mariano Ponce for the establishment of a
revolutionary government, but both Consul Wildman and Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista advised him to
form a dictatorial government.

It only lasted for a month, from May 24 to June 23, 1898

Treatment of Enemy

Apolinario Mabini

Declaration of Independence

Mabini was Aguinaldo's unofficial adviser, and eventually became the Prime Minister of his government.
Mabini was also part of

Rizal's La Liga Filipina. He was known as the "Dark Chamber of the President", "The Sublime Paralytic",
and the "Brains of the Revolution."

Aguinaldo, wishing his people to to follow the paths of righteousness and justice, appealed to them to
treat the Spanish prisoners humanely. He issued a circular, dated May 29, 1898, urging the people to
stop maltreating the prisoners.

Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine Independence at Cavite el Viejo (Kawit) on June 12, 1898. However, the
proclamation was promulgated on August 1, when many towns had been already organised under the
rules laid down by the Dictatorial Government.

The Revolutionary Government

On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a decree setting up the Revolutionary Government. The object of
the Government is the "struggle for the independence pf the Philippines until all nations, including
Spain, shall expressly recognise it, and to prepare the country so that the true republic may be
established."
The Malolos Congress

In accordance with the decrees of June 18 and 23, Aguinaldo convoked the Revolutionary Congress at
Barosoain, Malolos.

The Malolos Republic

Provisional Constitution of the Philippines (1897)

1897 Constitution.

1897 Biac-na-Bato Constitution

Isabelo Artacho and Félix Ferrer

1 November 1897

In Biac-na-bato on the first day of the month of November of the year one thousand eight hundred and
ninety-seven, the Representatives of the people of the Philippine Islands, assembled for the purpose of
modifying the Constitution of this Republic of the Philippines, drawn up and proclaimed in the town of
Naic. province of Cavite, on the twenty-second of March of this year, in accordance with the provisions
of Decree No. 29 of current year after a long discussion, [the Representatives] have unanimously agreed
upon the following:

The separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their formation into an independent
state with its own government called the Philippine Republic has been the end sought by the Revolution
in the existing war, begun on the 24th of August, 1896; and therefore, in its name and by the power
delegated by the Filipino people, interpreting faithfully their desires and ambitions, we, the
representatives of the Revolution, in a meeting at Biac-na-bato, Nov. 1st. 1897, unanimously adopt the
following articles for the Constitution of the State:
Article I. The supreme government of the Republic shall be vested in a Supreme Council, composed of a
President, a Vice-President and four Secretaries, for the conduct of our Foreign Relations, of War, of the
Interior, and of the Treasury.

Article II. The powers of the Supreme Council of the government shall be:

1st. To adopt measures for maintaining and developing its existence, issuing such orders as it believes
adequate for the preservation and security of the civil and political life of the nation.

2nd. To impose and collect taxes, to issue foreign and domestic loans, when necessary, and to issue
paper money, to coin money and to appropriate the funds collected to the purposes required by the
several branches of the State.

3rd. To authorize privateering and issue letters of marque and reprisal, to raise and organize troops and
to maintain them, to ratify treaties, and to make a treaty of peace with Spain , with the ratification of
the Assembly of Representatives.

4th. To try as a judicial body, should they think necessary, the President or any of the members of the
Council, who should be accused of crimes, cognizance of which appertains to the Judicial Power.

5th. To have the right of supervision and supreme direction of military operations, when they believe it
to be necessary for the consummation of high political ends. To approve, reform or modify the
Regulations and orders for the Army, prepared by the Captain-General of the Army; to confer grades
and promotions, from that of first lieuten[a]nt and to confer honors and rewards granted for services in
war, at the recommendation of the said Captain-General of the Army.

6th. To select and nominate a Captain-General and a Lieutenant General.

7th. To convene the Assembly of Representatives when necessary, in accordance with the provisions of
the Constitution.
Article III. The Vice-President shall fill ad interim the office of President in case of vacancy.

Article IV. For each Secretary there shall be a Sub-Secretary, who shall aid in the dispatch of business
and shall in case a vacancy-occurs fill ad interim the place of such Secretary. He shall have while so
acting a vote in the Council of Government.

Article V. The President. Vice-President, Secretary, and Sub-Secretary can hold no other office in the
Republic.

Article VI. The President, Vice-President, Secretary and Sub-Secretary shall be more than twenty-three
years of age.

Article VII. The basis of every election and appointment to any office in the Republic shall be aptitude for
the discharge of the office conferred.

Article VIII. Tagalog shall be the official language of the Republic.

Article IX. The decisions of the Council of Government shall be determined by a majority vote, and all the
members of the same shall take part in its deliberations.

Article X. The executive power shall be vested in the President, or in his absence in the Vice-President,
and shall have these powers: To approve and promulgate the acts of the Supreme Council of the
Government; To provide for their execution within the period of nine days: To issue decrees, rules or
instructions for their execution: To receive ambassadors and to execute treaties.

Article XI. In case of definite vacancies, in the office of President, Vice-President, and Secretaries, by
death, resignation or other legal causes, the Assembly of Representatives shall meet for the election of
others to fill the vacant offices.
Article XII. Each Secretary shall have a vote in the passage of all resolutions and measures of whatever
kind, and shall be able to take part in the deliberations thereon.

Article XIII. The Secretaries shall have the right to choose and nominate their own assistants and other
officials of their respective departments.

Article XIV. The Secretary of Foreign Affairs shall have charge of: All correspondence with foreign nations
regarding treaties and agreements of all kinds; appointment of Representatives to said nations, issuing
instructions for and authorizing the expenses of such officials, as by act of the Council of Government
reside in foreign parts, and preparation of passports for foreign lands.

Article XV. The Secretary of the Interior shall be charged with: Collection of all statistics concerning the
Republic; opening of roads and bridges; the advancement of agriculture, industry, commerce, art,
professions and manufactures, public instruction and posts, depots of cattle and horses for the use of
the Revolution: establishment of police for the protection or security of public order, and for the
preservation of the liberties and individual rights established by this Constitution, and the custody of the
property of the State.

Article XVI. The Secretary of War is in charge of all military correspondence; of the increase and
decrease, of the organization and instruction of the army; is head of the staff, is in charge of enlistment
and of providing clothing, hospitals, rations and ordnance.

Article XVII. The Secretary of the Treasury shall have under his charge all receipts and payments of the
Treasury, making collections and payments in accordance with the regulations and decrees issued by the
Council of Government; coining of money and issuance of paper money; the public debt; administration
of the property of the State, and the further duties pertaining to the Treasury Department.

Article XVIII. The Secretaries shall have charge of the drafting of all laws, correspondence, regulations
and decrees appertaining to their respective offices.

Article XIX. The Captain-General of the Army shall have command of all the armed troops in the towns,
forts or detachments; the direction of the operations of war, except in the case reserved for the Council
of Government, as set forth in Article 2, No. 5, and shall give such orders as he deems necessary for the
discipline and safety of the troops.

Article XX. The Lieutenant-General shall serve as Captain-General of the Army, ad interim, in case of
vacancy.

Article XXI. Each province of the Philippines may have a representative delegate elected by universal
suffrage , who shall represent it in the Assembly.

Article XXII. Religious liberty, the right of association, the freedom of education , the freedom of the
press , as well as freedom in the exercise of all classes of professions, arts, trades and industries are
established.

Article XXIII. Every Filipino shall have the right to direct petitions or present remonstrances of any import
whatsoever, in person or through his representative, to the Council of Government of the Republic.

Article XXIV. No person, whatever may be his nationality, shall be imprisoned or held except by virtue of
an order issued by a competent court, provided that this shall not apply to crimes which concern the
Revolution, the government or the Army.

Article XXV. Neither can any individual be deprived of his property or his domicile, except by virtue of
judgment passed by a court of competent authority.

Article XXVI. Every Filipino is obliged to serve the Revolution with his services, and property to the
extent of his capacity.

Article XXVII. The debts and other obligations contracted prior to the promulgation of this Constitution
by the Generals and other Chiefs of the Revolutionary Army, as well as their notes and orders, are
hereby recognized and ratified to-day, also all subsequent debts, certified to by the government.
Article XXVIII. The officials of the Council of Government are entitled to the consideration and respect
due to their rank, and if they be constant in them they shall be entitled to pensions according to
regulations to be published on the subject.

Article XXIX. The Council of Government has the power to remove any official from office if there be
sufficient reason for it. Formal charges will be laid for the action of a court to be called the “Sworn
Tribunal.”

Article XXX. The Supreme Council of Grace and Justice to be established by the Supreme Council of
Government, shall have authority to make decisions and affirm or disprove the sentences rendered by
other courts, and to dictate rules for the administration of justice.

Article XXXI. The Supreme Council of Grace and Justice shall be independent in its functions and shall not
be interfered with by any power or authority.

Article XXXII. Every official of the Republic shall render assistance to the others in the discharge of his
duties.

Article XXXIII. When the necessary Army is organized, a navy shall be created for the protection of the
coasts of the Philippine Archipelago and its seas; then a Secretary of the Navy shall be appointed and the
duties of his office shall be added to this Constitution.

Article XXXIV. This Constitution shall be in force here in the Philippines for the period of two years from
the date of its promulgation, in case that the Revolution shall not have terminated within that time.
Upon the expiration of said period, a session of the Assembly of Representatives shall be called for a
new Constitution and the election of a new Council of Government and Representatives of the people.

As it has been thus decreed by the Representatives of the Filipino people, and in the name of the
Republic ordered by the Assembly thus constituted,—We, the undersigned, pledge with our word and
honor fulfillment of what is set forth in this Constitution at Biac-na-bato. November 15, 1897.
President, Emilio Aguinaldo . Severino de las Alas . Pascual Alvarez. Mariano Llanera. Mamerto
Natividad. Isabelo Artacho. Vicente Lucban y Rilles. Melecio Carlos. Simeon Tecson. Mariano Noriel.
Baldomero Aguinaldo . Salvador Estrella. Pantaleon Garcia. Escolastico Viela. Julian de la Cruz. Ciriaco
Sartore. Jose Ignacio Paua . Agustin de la Rosa. Celestino Aragon. Gregorio H. del Pilar . Andres
Presbitero. Benito Natividad. Pedro Dungon. Eduardo Llanera. Herminio Miguel. Deodato Manajan.
Pedro Gualdes (?). Ambrosio de la Cruz. Matias San Bno. Miguel Catahan. Clemente Valencia. Modesto
Porciuncula. Claro Fuelo (?). Emiliano Tecson. Benvenuto Ramirez. Francisco M. Soliman. Maximo
Cabigting. Ramon Tombo. Artemio Ricarte Vibora . Sinforoso de la Cruz. Agapito Bonson. Valentin Diaz.
Tomas Aquino Linares (?). Cipriano Pacheco. Manuel Tinio . Anastacio Francisco. Serviliano Aquino.
Wenceslao Viniegra. Doroteo Lopez. Vito Belarmino , Secretary. Antonio Montenegro, Secretary.
Teodoro Gonzalez, Secretary.

Endnotes:

1. A copy in Tagalog with paragraphs 28 and 33 omitted, and with some other discrepancies in wording,
but which is certified to as a true copy by Francisco Macabulos y Soliman, November 12, 1897, is on file
in the Philippine Revolutionary Records (P.I.R.) folder 55, document number 6. A Spanish translation is
also printed on page 8, “La Politica de Espana en Filipinas”/ Wenceslao. E. Retana, Vol. 8, 1898

2. The date of promulgation of the Constitution of the Biac na Bato in the original Spanish and Tagalog
versions is 1 November 1897.

Original Filipino Version

Sa Biaknabato ngayong unang araw ng buan ng Noviembre ng taong isang libo, walong daan at siyam na
puo’t pito; nagkatipon ang mga Taga Pamagitang bayan (Representantes) nang Sangkapuluang Filipinas,
upang mabago ang Kautusang halal (Constitucion) nitong Republika de Filipinas, na napagsuri na at
naipahayag na sa bayang Naik, Sakop ng hokomang Cavite ng ikadalawang puo’t dalawa ng Marso nitong
tumatakbong taon; at sa pagtupad sa inilagda sa kautusan 29 at pagkatapos ng mahabang pagsusuri ay
pinagkaisanhan nang kalahatan ang mga talatang sumusunod:

Constitucion o Halal na Kautusan subaling susundin nitong Republica nang Filipinas

Ang paghiwalay ng Filipinas sa kahariang España, sa pagtatatag ng isang bayang may sariling
pamamahala’t kapangyarihan na panganganlang “Republika ng Filipinas” ay siyang layong inadhika
niyaring Paghihimagsik na kasalukuyan, simula pa ng ika 24 ng Agosto ng taong 1896; kaya nga’t sa
kaniyang pangalan at sa kapahintulutan ng sa kaniya ay ipinagkaloob ng bayan ng katagalugan, sa
paghahangad na matupad ang kaniyang mga pita’t nasa, ang mga halal na nangangalinga nitong
Paghihimagsik sa pagkakatipon sa kanilang kapulungan na itinatag dito sa Biyak-na-bato ngayong unang
arao ng Noviembre ng taong 1897, binuko nilang pinagkaisanhan ang mga kasunod ng mga liham utos
ng bayan, na siyang aalinsunurin.

Unang-utos. Ang kataas-taasang kapangyarihan ng Republica (Gobierno Supremo de la Republica) ay

mananatili sa isang Kataas-taasang Sangunian (Consejo Supremo) na pamamahalaan ng isang Unang
Pangulong Taga Pangasiwa (Presidente), isang Pangalawang Pangulo Taga Pangasiwa (Vice-Presidente)
at apat na Kalihim ng Bayan (Secretarios de Estado) sa paga-ayos at pagpapalakad sa lahat ng bagay na
nahihingil sa pakikipagtalastasan sa iba’t ibang kaharian o lupain (Relaciones Exteriores). Sa pakikilaban
(Guerra) Sa pamamahala sa loob ng bayan (Interior) at sa natutunkol sa kaniyang mga pag-aari o yaman
(Hacienda).

Ikalawang-utos. Ang katungkulan ng kataas-taasang Sangunian ng taga Pangasiwaang bayan (Consejo-

Supremo de Gobierno) ay ito: Una. Magnunukala ng lahat ng mga nararapat na nahihigil sa ikapananatili
at ikalalago ng kaniyang sariling pamumuhay, ipag-utos na matupad ang mga kautusan na inaakalang
makapagbibigay ng kalingaan at katibayan ng bayan (Vida Civil y Politica de la Nacion). Ikalawa: Lumikha
at lumangap ng mga kabuisan, magtatag ng mga emprestito sa loob ng bayan o sa labas man kung
inaakalang kinakailangan, magpalimbag ng salaping papel, gumawa ng salapi at ipatungkol ang nai-ipong
kayamanan sa mga kailangan ng bayan, alinsunod sa mga iba’t ibang bahagi. Ikatlo. Magkaloob ng
kapahintulutan kailangan sa panghaharang sa dagat (Patentos de Corso), maghiganti sa hindi natupad ng
pinagkasunduan (Represalias), magtayo at magtatag ng mga hukbo, papagtibayin ang mga
pinagkasundoan, at makipagkasundo’t tumahimik sa España na pagtitibayin ng pulong ng kanikaniyang
tagakalingang bayan (Asamblea de Representantes). Ikaapat: Idulog sa Hokom na may kapangyarihan,
kung minamarapat ang unang-Pangulo Taga Pangasiwa (Presidente) o sino man kaya sa mga galawad ng
Sangunian (Consejo) kailan pa man at sila ay maparatangan ng mga bagay bagay na dapat kilanlin ng
Pangulong Hokom (Poder Judicial) at sumuri ng lahat ng mga panaing ng alin mang mamamayan, tangi
ang natutungkol sa mga Hokom na tagalining Sala. Ikalima: Mamagitan at magbigay ng lubos na
pagmamalasakit sa mga bagay na nau-ukol sa mga labanan, kailan man at nararapat sa paghahangad na
datuin ang mga layong ninanasa: papagtibayin o subaling palitan ang mga Kautusan o bandong
tinatawag at Ordenanzas ng Hokbo, na ipaunawang nararapat ng Pang-Ulong Hokbo, magkaloob ng mga
katungkulan at kataasang buhat sa 1st Teniente, at magbigay ng dangal at mga ganting-pala na dapat
kamtan, ayon sa kanilang pamamahala’t pagsisiyasat sa Hokbo na ipagpauna ng Pang-Ulong Hokbo
(Capitan General) Ikaanim: Maghalal at magbuko ng isang Pangulong Hokbo (Capitan General) at isang
Pangalawang Pangulo (Teniente General). Ikapito: Ipag utos ang pagtitipon ng pulong ng mga Taga
Kalingangbayan, kailan man at alinsunod sa mga kautusan nitong Constitucion ay kinakailangan.
Ikatlong Utos. Ang ikalawang Pangulo (Vice-Presidente) ay siyang gaganap ng katungkulan ng Unang
Pangulo (Presidente) kailan man at ito’y hindi makaganap.

Ikaapat na Utos. Ang bawa’t isang Kalihim (Secretario) magkakaroon ng isang pangalawa (Sub
Secretario), na tutulong sa pagpapalabas ng mga bagay bagay na kaniyang nasasakop at hahalili sa tunay
na Kalihim (Secretario) kung ito’y hindi makaganap; at sa bagay na ito ay magkakaroon siya ng bibig o
boto sa Sangunian ng Pamahalaang bayan (Consejo de Gobierno).

Ikalimang Utos. Sa alin mang katungkulan sa Republica ay hindi magagamit ang Unang-Pangulo
(Presidente), Ang Ikalawang Pangulo (Vice-Presidente), mga Kalihim (Secretarios) at ang kanikanilang
mga pangalawa (Sub-Secretarios).

Ikaanim na Utos. Isa sa mga kinakailangan para maging Pangulo (Presidente), Ikalawang Pangulo (Vice-
Presidente), Kalihim (Secretario) at pangalawang Kalihim (Sub-Secretario) ay ang gumaganap sa gulang
na 23 taon.

Ikapitong Utos. Sa mga paghahalal at pagkakaloob ng katungkulan sa alin mang Taga Pangasiwa ng
Republica ay kinakailangan sanguni-in ang kaniyang karapatan ayon sa katungkulang sa kaniya’y
ipagkakaloob.

Ikawalong Utos. Ang wikang tagalog ay siyang mananatiling wika ng Republika.

Ikasiam na Utos. Ang mga tatag ng Sangunian ng Taga Pangasiwang bayan ay dapat pagkayariang
masunod ang buko at bibig ng karamihan at sa kanilang mga pulong dapat umabuloy ang lahat ng
kaniyang galawad.

Ikapulong Utos. Ang kapangyarihan sa pagtupad ng lahat ng pinagkayarian (Poder Ejecutivo) ay nalalagi
sa Pangulong Taga Pangasiwa (Presidente) sa kanyang ikalawa (Vice-Presidente) at sa bagay na ito ang
kaniyang katungkulan ay ang kasunod; bigyan ng lakas at ilathala sa nasasakupan ang lahat na itinatag
ng Kataastaasang Sangunian ng taga Pangasiwang bayan (Consejo Supremo de Gobierno); ipatupad sa
loob ng siyam na araw na ikalat ang mga kalatas (Secreto) kautusan (Reglamento) o kabilinan
(Instrucciones) na nauukol sa kaniyang katuparan. Tangapin ang mga sugong embajada, makipagyari ng
pakikipagkasundo at maggawad ng mg katibayan sa lahat ng mga nangangatungkulan.
Ikalabing isang Utos. Kung sakali’t alin man sa mga katungkulan ng Pangulong Taga Pangasiwa
(Presidente), ikalawang Taga Pangasiwa (Vice-Presidente) ang mga Kalihim (Secretarios) ay mawalan ng
gumanap gaya nanga kung mamatay, magpahalili o iba pang bagay na nararapat dingin, ay dapat tipunin
sa pulong ng mga Tagakalingang bayan (Asamblea de Representantes) sa paglalagay at pagbubuko ng
sukat gumanap na humalili sa mga nasabing katungkulan.

Ikalabing dalawang Utos. Ang mga Kalihim (Secretarios) ay magkakaroon ng sariling bibig o voto sa mga
pagbibigay liwanag sa lahat ng itatatag sanhi sa anomang bagay.

Ikalabing tatlong Utos. Ang mga Kalihim (Secretarios) sila ang pipili ng kanikanilang kahalili o pangalawa
(Sub-Secretario) at iba’t iba pang mga kawani sa kanikanilang pinamamahalaan, na siyang dapat na
ihalal.

Ikalabing apat na Utos. Ang Kalihim sa pakikipagsalitaan sa iba’t ibang kaharian (Secretario de Relaciones
Exteriores) ay siyang mamamahala ng lahat ng pakikipagsagutan sa lahat ng bayan ng naturang ibang
kaharian; ang pakikpagkayari ng pakikipagkasundo sa anomang bagay sa paghahalal ng mga Taga
Pamagitan sa mga nasabing bayan, at sa pagbibigay ng kanilang katibayan: bumalak at iliham ang mga
kakailanganin ng nasabing mangangatungkulan na niyari sa Sangunian ng Mag Pangasiwang bayan
(Consejo de Gobierno) na dapat mangagtumira doon sa mga bayan sa itaas nito’y nababangit, at gayon
din naman sa pagkakaloob ng mga katibayang kinakailangan.

Ikalabing limang Utos. Ang Kalihim sa loob ng nasasakupan (Secretario del Interior) ay ang
pangangasiwaan: ang gumawa ng kabilangan ng lahat ng nasasakupan ng Republica, ang pagbubukas ng
mga daan sa loob at labas ng bayan mga tulay at iba’t ibang gagawin sa pag-i-ingat at ikapagtitibay ng
mga nasabing bagay, ang pagbibigay ginhawa at pagpapala sa mga pagtatanim sa lupa (Agriculttura); sa
paghahanap buhay (Industria); sa pangangalakal (Comercio); mga Artes, oficios at manufacturas, ang
pagtuturo sa bayan (Instruccion Publica) sugong sulat (Correos) habilinan ng mga hayop at kabayo na
gagamitin nitong Paghihimagsik (Revolucion), pagkakalinga ng ikatatahimik ng mga bayanbayan at gayon
din naman ang pagpapaganap ng nau-ukol sa mga kalayaan at kaginhawahan ng isa’t isa na
ipinagkakaloob nitong Halal na Kautusan (Constitucion) at ang pag-i-ingat ng mga kayamanan ng Bayan.

Ikalabing anim na Utos. Ang Kalihim sa pakikibaka (Secretario de Guerra) siyang mangangasiwa at
tatangap ng lahat ng mga sugong sulat na natutungkol sa Hokbo: sa pagdaragdag o pagbabawas sa
pagkakalinga, sa pagtuturo sa mga kawal ng Hokbo: sa mga pagtatatag ng kaniyang Estado Mayor sa
mga nayon na may hokbo, Taga Pangasiwa ng kawal (Gobernadores Militares) mga pananamit sa mga
alagaan ng mga sakit, sa mga kinakailangan ng hokbo sa pagkain at sa laban, sa pag-gawad ng ganting
biyaya bagay sa mga pagkakalinga sa laban, at sa paghahalal ng mga pulong na mananatili (Comisiones
Permanentes) na mga mangangasiwa sa gagamitin ng hokbo (Administracion Militar) at sa isang
katawang bilang na mangangasiwa sa may sakit na kawal (Sanidad Militar).

Ikalabing pitong Utos. Ang Kalihim sa pag aaring bayan (Secretario de Hacienda) ay siyang
mangangasiwang magbibigay ukol at magkakalal ng Kayamanang Bayan alinsunod sa mga kautusan at
kalatas na mangagaling sa pagkakayarian ng Sangunian ng Taga Pangasiwang bayan (Consejo Gobierno):
gumawa ng salapi at lumikha ng salaping papel at liningen, siyasatin at pamahalaan ang utang ng Bayan
(Deuda publica).

Ikalabing walong Utos. Ang lahat ng Kalihim (Secretarios) siyang mangangasiwa ng pagtatatag ng lahat
ng pagbibigay utos Punong kautusan (Leyes) at Likhang Liham na aalinsunurin sa kanikaniyang
pinamamahalaan.

Ikalabing siyam na Utos. Ang Pangulong Digma ng kawal (Capitan General del Ejercito) siyang may lubos
na kapangyarihan sa lahat ang kawal nabarilan at sandatahan na namamalagi sa mga bayanbayan, nayon
at pulutong; ang pamamahala sa mga labanan, tangi ang nau-ukol na sarili sa Sangunian ng taga
Pangasiwang bayan (Consejo Gobierno) na natatala sa ikalawang utos sa ikalimang tagubilin; at siya rin
naman ang magpapahayag ng balang kautusan na inaakalang ikagagaling sa pagpapasunod, pagbibigay
lakas at pagpapasunod ng kawal.

Ikadalawang puong Utos. Ang Pangalawang Pangulong Hokbo (Lugar-Teniente General) ay siyang
gaganap ng pamamahala kung sakali at magkakahilanan ang unang Pangulo (Capitan General del
Ejercito).

Ikadalawang puo’t isang Utos. Ang bawa’t bayan ng Sangkapuluang Filipinas ay dapat magkaroon ng
kanikanilang halal na taga Pamagitan na ibinuko ng kalahatan na siyang haharap nilang kahalili sa mga
pulong (Asamblea).

Ikadalawang puo’t dalawang Utos. Ipinahihintulot na makapagtatag ng sarisaring kaniyang

pananampalataya (Libertad de Cultos) mga Katipunan (Libertad de Asociaciones) mga pagtuturo
(Libertad de Enseñanza) at paglilimbag (Libertad de imprenta) gayon din naman ipinahihintulot sa lahat
ang makapagtatag ng sarisaring profesion, Artes, Oficios at iba’t iba pang pagkakakitaan.

Ikadalawang puo’t tatlong Utos. Ang lahat ng sakop na mga mamamayan ay may kapahintulutang
humingi o manaing ng sa ano pa mang bagay kahi’t pa kanya rin tunay o isang kahalili kay sa harap ng
Sangunian ng Taga Pangasiwaang bayan nitong Republica (Consejo de Gobierno de la Republica).

Ikadalawang puo’t apat na Utos. Ang alin man at sino kahit taga ibang bayan ay hindi maibibilango o
maaabala kaya kundi rin lamang sa isang kautusan na dapat ipagkaloob ng tunay na Hokom, liban
lamang kung sakali’t ang salang nagawa ay ang laban sa Bayan at sa Hokbo.

Ikadalawang puo’t limang Utos. Tangi rin namang ipagbabawal na ang alin ma’t sino ay hindi
mababawian ng kaniyang paga-ari kahit taga ibang bayan kundi rin lamang ayon sa pagtupad ng isang
ganap na hatol ng Hokom na may kapangyarihan.

Ikadalawang puo’t anim na Utos. Ang lahat ng mamamayang kadugo ay may katungkulang gumanap na
sumuyo sa Panghihimagsik sa katawan niya at pagaari sa nakakaya.

Ikadalawang puo’t pitong Utos. Ang manga-utang-utangan at iba pang sinasagot na nangyari una dito sa
pagkalathala nitong halal na kautusan (Constitucion) ng mga Pangulong Hokbo nitong paghihimagsik o
kaya ng mga utusan o katiwala na binibigian nilang kapahintulutan ay kinikilala at pinagtitibay ngayon,
gayon din naman ang lahat ng naging utang sa dakong huli kailan man at may pagkakakilanlang
katibayan, gawad ng Taga pangasiwang bayan (Gobierno).

Ikadalawang puo’t walong Utos. Ang mga nangangatungkulan sa Sangunian Taga- Pangasiwang bayan
(Consejo de Gobierno) ay dapat pagbigian ng tanging galang na nararapat ayon sa kanilang mga
katungkulan samantalang kanilang ginaganap, sa bagay na ito sila’y magkakaroon ng isang ganting
biyaya (jubilacion) alinsunod sa mga tatag na naliliham na aalinsunurin.

Ikadalawang puo’t siyam na Utos. Ang Sangunian ng Taga pangasiwang bayan (Consejo de Gobierno) ay
may kapahintulutan, alisin o bawian ng katungkulan ang sino mang sa kaniyang mga galawad, kung may
totoo’t tunay na kadahilanan na dapat liningin sa isang hablang-sulat (Expediente) na dapat itatag ng
isang tanging halal na tagasuri, na magbibigay bahala, kalakip ang kaniyang palagay sa isang Hokom na
tatawagin na “Tribunal Jurado.”

Ikatatlong puong Utos. Ang kapangyarihan sa paghatol ng matuwid ay matangi sa isang kataastaasang
Sangunian ng Biyaya at parusa (Consejo Supremo de Gracia y Justicia) na dapat itatag at bigian ng
sariling kapamahalaan ng kataastaasang Sangunian ng Taga Pangasiwang bayan (Consejo Supremo de
Gobierno).

Ikatatlong puo’t isang Utos. Ang Sangunian ng Biyaya at parusa (Consejo de Gracia y Justicia) ay
mangangasiwa sa kaniyang sarili, na tanging di mapaghihimasukan ng ibang kapangyarihan tungkol sa
pagtupad ng mga kautusan ng katwiran.

Ikatatlong puo’t dalawang Utos. Ang lahat ng Tagapangasiwa ng Republica ay dapat magtulong-tulong sa
kanikanilang dapat tupdin sa kanilang pangangasiwa.

Ikatatlong puo’t tatlong Utos. Sa pagtatatag sa kapanahunan ng kinakailangang hokbo sa dagat na

magtatangol ng lupain nitong SangKapuluan Filipinas at pagkakalinga sa dagat ay maglilikha ng isang
Kalihim sa Hokbo sa dagat (Le cretario de Marina) na ang kaniyang ganap na pangangasiwaan ay
magiging adhika nang isang kautusang magdaragdag dito sa nasabing Halal kautusan (Constitucion).

Ikatatlong puo’t apat na Utos. Ang Constituciong ito ay siyang gaganapin, aalinsunurin dito sa Filipinas sa
loob ng dalawang taon buhat sa araw ng kaniyang pagpapaganap kung sakaling hindi sa magkatapos
itong paghihimagsik. Kung sakali’t matapos itong panahong ito ay muling tatawagin sa Pulong ang mga
Halal na taga kalingang bayan at ayon dito ay mababago itong nasabing Halal-Kautusan (Constitucion) at
maghahalal ng bagong Sanguniang Taga-pangasiwang bayan at sa pagsusuri sa hinahalinhan.

Ganito ang pinagkayarian ng mga Taga Pamagitang bayan (Representantes) ng bayang Tagalog at sa
pangalan ng Republica ay ipinaguutos nitong itinatag na Pulong na ipinangakong tutuparin ng lahat sa
ilalim ng kanilang pangungusap ang lahat ng natatala dito sa Halal Kautusan at sa lubos na katotohanan
ay nagpirma kaming mga halal na Tagakalinga ng bayang Katagalugan na naghihimagsik=
nangasapagitang talata=mga=bi=hawang kasama = mga ginuhitan= Pangalawang Kalihim (Sub-
Secretario) at=gagamitin ng hokbo=pawang walang saysay=marurumi=at=ang=l=b=ay=pawang may
halaga.=Presidente; Emilio Aguinaldo= Severino de las Alas = Pascual Alvarez, Mariano Llanera=
Mamerto Natividad=Isabelo Artacho= Vicente Lukban y Rilles = Melecio Carlos = Simeon Tecson =
Mariano Noriell = Baldomero Aguinaldo = Salvador Estrella = Pantaleon Garcia = Escolastico Viola =
Julian de la Cruz = Ciriaco Sartore = Jose Ignacio = Agustin de la Rosa = Celestino Aragon = Gregorio H.
del Pilar = Andres Presbitero = Benito Natividad = Pedro Dungon = Eduardo Llanera = Herminio Miguel =
Deodato Manahan = Pedro Gualdes = Ambrocio de la Cruz = Matias Gan-Borra = Miguel Catajan =
Modesto Porciuncula = Clemente Valencia = Claro = Emiliano Tecson = Bembenuto Ramirez = Francisco
M. Soliman = Maximo Kabigting = Ramon Tombo = Artemio Ricarte Vibora = Sinforoso de la Cruz =
Agapito Buson= Valentin Diaz = Tomas Ago Suzano = C. Pacheco = Manuel Tinio = Anastasio Francisco =
Serviliano Aquino = Wenceslao Viniegra = Doroteo Lopez = Secretario, Vito Belarmino, Teodoro
Gonzales, Antonio Montenegro. = Ito’y Salin.