LECTURE TWO

METHOD OF CARRYING OUT SUBSTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION FOR SIMPLE

BUILDING PROJECT

1. Site Preparation and Excavation:

 Clear the construction site of any vegetation, debris, and obstacles.

 Excavate the area to the required depth, taking into account the type of foundation and
soil conditions.
2. Soil Analysis and Testing:
 Conduct soil tests to determine the soil's load-bearing capacity, drainage characteristics,
and other properties.
 This information will help in selecting the appropriate foundation type and design.
3. Foundation Design:
 Choose the suitable foundation type based on soil conditions, building loads, and local
building codes. Common types include strip foundations, pad foundations, and pile
foundations.
 Calculate the dimensions and reinforcement requirements for the foundation based on
structural engineering principles.
4. Formwork and Reinforcement:
 Construct formwork (temporary molds) to shape the concrete foundation.
 Place steel reinforcement bars (rebar) within the formwork to provide added strength to
the concrete.
5. Concrete Pouring:
 Pour concrete into the formwork, ensuring it's properly mixed and vibrated to eliminate
air pockets.
 Allow the concrete to cure and gain sufficient strength before removing the formwork.
6. Damp Proofing and Waterproofing:
 Apply a damp-proof course (DPC) to prevent moisture from rising into the structure.
 Depending on the project's requirements, apply waterproofing measures to protect against
water infiltration.
7. Backfilling and Compaction:
 Backfill the excavated area around the foundation, ensuring proper compaction to prevent
settlement.
 Install suitable drainage systems, if needed, to manage water runoff.
8. Utilities and Services:
 Install any necessary utility connections like water, sewage, and electrical lines that need
to enter the building through the substructure.
9. Base Slab or Ground Floor Construction:
 Construct the base slab or ground floor on top of the foundation, using appropriate
materials such as reinforced concrete or other flooring systems.
10. Substructure Inspection:
  Engage local building inspectors or relevant authorities to inspect the completed
substructure to ensure it complies with safety and building regulations.
11. Site Safety Measures:
 Maintain proper safety protocols and equipment throughout the construction process to
protect workers and the construction site..

SEQUENCE OF DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATION

1. Site Survey and Planning:

 Evaluate the water source, whether it's from a municipal supply, well, or other source.
 Determine the locations for water entry points, water storage (if needed), distribution
pipes, fixtures, and drainage connections.
2. Utility Connection:
 Obtain necessary permits and approvals from the local water utility.
 Coordinate with the utility company to arrange for the water supply connection to your
property.
3. Water Storage Tank Installation (if applicable):
 If your property requires a water storage tank, choose an appropriate location and install
the tank.
 Set up connections for water inflow, overflow, and outlet.
4. Water Pipe Installation:
 Plan the routing of water supply pipes throughout the building.
 Choose appropriate pipe materials (PVC, copper, PEX, etc.) according to local plumbing
codes.
 Install water supply pipes, ensuring proper slope and alignment.
5. Fixture Installation:
 Install plumbing fixtures such as faucets, sinks, toilets, showers, and appliances
(dishwashers, washing machines).
 Connect each fixture to the water supply pipes using appropriate fittings.
6. Hot Water System Installation (if applicable):
 If you have a hot water system, install water heaters and connect them to the water supply
and heating systems.
7. Drainage Installation:
 Lay drainage pipes and fittings to ensure proper wastewater disposal.
 Connect drainage pipes from fixtures to the main sewer line.
8. Pressure Testing and Leak Detection:
 Conduct pressure tests on water supply lines to identify leaks or weak points.
 Repair any leaks or issues found during testing.
9. Water Filtration and Treatment (if desired):
 Install water filtration or treatment systems if you want to improve water quality.
 Install these systems in line with the main water supply..
10. Final Inspection:
 Schedule a final inspection by local plumbing authorities to verify compliance with
plumbing codes and standards.
11. Water Quality Testing (if necessary):
 Perform water quality testing to ensure the water supply meets safety and health standard
 It's important to work with licensed plumbers and adhere to local plumbing codes and
regulations throughout the installation process. Proper installation and maintenance of your
domestic water supply system ensure safe, efficient, and reliable water distribution within your
property.

SEQUENCE OF DOMESTIC POWER SUPPLY INSTALLATION:

1. Site Survey and Planning:

 Assess the electrical load requirements of the building and plan the distribution of
electrical outlets, switches, and fixtures.
2. Utility Connection:
 Coordinate with the local utility company to get the necessary permits and arrange for the
connection of the main electrical supply.
3. Electrical Panel Installation:
 Install the main distribution panel or electrical service entrance panel where the main
supply enters the building.
 Install circuit breakers and protective devices in the panel.
4. Wiring and Conduit Installation:
 Lay electrical conduits and route wiring throughout the building, following electrical
codes and safety standards.
 Install wiring for lighting, power outlets, switches, and appliances.
5. Outlet and Switch Installation:
 Mount electrical outlets, switches, and junction boxes at appropriate locations as per the
design and functional requirements.
6. Light Fixture Installation:
 Install light fixtures and connect them to the wiring system.
 Ensure that all connections are properly insulated and secured.
7. Circuit Testing and Certification:
 Test each circuit to ensure proper wiring connections and functioning.
 Obtain necessary certifications and approvals from relevant authorities.
8. Final Inspection:
 Schedule a final inspection by local authorities or certified electricians to ensure
compliance with safety and electrical codes.