GENERAL EDUCATION - PHYSICAL SCIENCE AND CHEMISTRY

Phycial Sciences

Branches of Physical Science

Physics - deals with matter and energy and of the interactions between the two

Chemistry - deals with the composition and properties of matter

Physics

Scientific Notation

-short-hand writing extremely large or small numbers using power of ten notation

-takes the form “A x 10” where A is an integer from 1 to 9.9999 and n is the exponent in the power of ten.

-The exponent n may be dealth also as the number of times the decimal point is moved; positive if moved to the
left, and negative when moved to the right

Example: 361000 = 3.61 x 10⁵ - decimal point is moved to the left 5 times so that the number to the left of the
decimal point is less than ten.

Example: 000361 = 3.61 x 10⁻⁴ - decimal point is moved to the right 4 times so that the number to the right of the
decimal point is less than ten.

Measurement

- the process of comparing the quantity to be measured and the corresponding standard

-The quantity is the one being measured, not the object.

Physical Quantities

- There are two types of physical quantities, namely: the fundamental quantities and the derived quantities.

-The fundamental quantities are also called basic quantities. The following are the fundamental quantities, together
with their corresponding standards units:

* lenght meter

* mass Kilogram
* time second

* temperature Kelvin

* luminous intensity candela

* electric current ampere

Derived quantities are quantities taken from fundamental quantities

Example: Area = I x I, area is taken form the fundamental quantity, length

Density = mass/volume and volume = I x I x I, density is derived from fundamental quantities length and mass.

Relationship between Quantities

* Directly Proportionality - when one quantity increases, the other quantity increases also in proportion to each other.

- A is directly proportional B

- A/B = K

- If A is plotted against B, the resulting graph line is straight line slanting to the right

*Direct-square Proportionality - when one quantity increases, the other quantity increase also, but faster and greater
than the other.

- is directly proportional to B2

- A/B2 = K

- If A is plotted against B, the resulting graph line is parabola.

*Inverse Proportionality - when one quantity increase the other quantity decrease.

- A is inversely proportional to B.

- AB = K

- If A is plotted against B, the resulting graph line hyperbola

Physical Quantities are aslo classified as vector and scalar quantities

Scalar quantities are quantities with magnitude only.

Ex. Area, density, distance, speed

Vector quantities are quantities with both magnitude and direction

Example: Displacement, velocity, force

 - vector quantities can be presented by an arrow, the tail represents the magnitude and the arrowhead represents
the direction.

Post Test Question

1. What is 710,000 in scientific notation?

a. 7.1 x 10^5 b. 7.1 x 10^-4 c. 7.1 x 10 ^-5 d. 7.1 x 10 ^6

Answer: A

2. What is 950,000,000 in scientific notation?

a. 9.5x10^-8 b. 9.5 x 10^9 c. 9.5 x 10^8 d. 9.5 x 10^-7

Answer: C

3. Write in standard notation : 2.68 x 10^6.

a. 26,800,00 b. 268,000 c. 0.00000268 d. 2,680,000

Answer: D

4. What is 17,000,000 in scientific notation ?

a. 1.7 x 10^-6 b. 1.7 x 10^7 c. 1.7 x 10^-7 d. 1.7 x 10^8

Answer: B

5. Write in standard notation: 1.91 x 10^3

a. 1910 b. 191 c. 19,100 d. 0.00191

Answer: A

6. Substance which larger masser are usually measured in

a. Kilograms b. grams c. tones d. metric tones

Asnwer: D

7. An instrument which gives a level of high accuracy than mechanical watch is

a. Electric stopwatch b. stop clock c. pendulum clock d. hour glass

Answer: A

8. In SI system the unit of area is

a. Meter b. square c. meter square d. meter cube

Answer: C

9. A single system on which all scientists all over the world agree for units of measurement is called

a. SI units b. International System Unit c. Both A and B d. Universal System

Answer: C

10. The standard unit of time according to SI system is

a. Minute b. second c. hour d. day

Answer: B

11. “If speed is more than time to cover a fixed distance would be less” this is a ease of:

a. Inverse variation b. direct variation c. indirect variation d. none of the above

Answer: A

12. If A can finish a work in “n” days then part of the work finished in 1 day is:

a. 1-n b. 1/n c. n-1 d. none of these

Answer: B

13. Which of the following is ease of direct variation;

a. If the length of radius is increased the circumference will be increased

b. If number of students is a hostel are increased then fixed food provision will last for less days

c. For fixed duration, more the periods, lesser will be the duration of one period.

d. In case of a cylindrical vessel, lesser the diameter more is the level of water in it.

Answer: A

14. If x and y vary inversely. Then using the following table?

x 5

Y 30

The value of x for y = 10 is

a. 10 b. 15 c. 40 d. 20

Answer: C

15. Iif an increase in one quantity brings about a corresponding decrease in the other and vice versa. Then two
quantities vary:

a. Directly b. inversely c. sometimes directly and sometimes inversely d. none of these

Answer: B

Mechanics
Force

-push or pull that changes or tends to change the motion of the body

-it is a vector quanitity

- its unit is newton or kg-m/sec2 in MKS.

- sets of forces

- Parallel forces - forces whose lines of action are parallel to each other

- Concurrent forces - forces whose lines of action meet at a common point

Friction - a force between two surfaces that opposes the motion of the body

Laws of Equilibrium

First law of equilibrium - for a body to be at rest, the sum of all the forces should be equal to zero

Second law of equilibrium- for a body to be at rest, the sum of all the torques should be equal to zero

Motion

-continuos change in position of the body with respect to a reference point

Speed is the rate of motion

V = d/t where v = speed , d = distance and t = time

Velocity - is also the rate of motion, only it is a vector

Uniform motion is one where in the speed or velocity remains contants.

Acceleration - is the change in velocity at a given time interval.

Rectilinear Motion - motion along a straight path. An example of this is the motion o a freely-falling body.

Curvilinear motion - motion along a curved path. Circular motion and projectile motion are examples of curvilinear
motion.

Newston’s Three Law of Motion

* Law of Inertia - a body at rest will remain at rest and body in motion will continue to move in uniform motion
unless acted upon by unbalanced force.

*Law of Acceleration - when acted upon by a net force, the body will accelerate, and that acceleration of the body
is directly proportional to the force applied and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. F = ma.

*Law of Interaction - for every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction.

Post Test Question

1. Friction between two objects is reduced by using

a. a rough surface b. a lubricant c. a vacuum d. a spring balance

Answer: B

2. What type of force causes a stone to fall?

a. Magnetic b. Weight c. Electric d. Friction

Answer: B

3. The force which opposes motion between two bodies is ?

a. Magnetic b. stretching c. friction d. gravity

Answer: C

4. A duck flies 60 meters in 10 seconds. What is the duck’s speed ?

a. 600 m/s b. 50 m/s c. 6m/s d. 70 m/s

Answer: C

5. A beetle crawls 2 cm/ minute for ten minutes. How far did it crawl ?

a. 8 centimeters b. 5 centimeters c. .20 centimeters d. 20 centimeters

Answer: D

6. A foce is decribed as …

a. a push only b. a pull only c. a push or a pull d. a push and a push

Answer: C

7. What unit do scientists use to measure force ?

a. Newton b. grams c. meters d. meter per second

Answer: A

8. When you slide a box across the floor what force must you push be stronger than ?

a. Support force b. Friction force c. gravity d. air resistance

Answer: B

9. The moon has a smaller mass than the Eartg. If you were able to travel to the moon your weight would …

a. Increase b. decrease c. stay the same d. vary with day and night

Answer: B

10. Which force always pulls downward on objects?

a. Support force b. friction force c. gravity d. air resistance

Answer: C

11. This test paper is sitting at rest on your desk. Which of the following statements best describes this situation?
a. There are no forces acting on your paper

b. Your paper pushes on thr desk only

c. The desk pushes on your paper only

d. The forces acting on the paper are balanced.

Answer: D

12. What forces are acting on a dropped book that falls to the floor?

a. Gravity only

b. Gravity and Air resistance

c. Air resistance

d. Friction only

Answer: B

13. A changed to an objects motion is caused by

a. Balanced forces

b. Unbalanced forces

c. Acceleration

d. Velocity

Answer: B

14. Which one of the following objects has the greates inertia ?

a. Ping pong ball

b. A golf ball

c. A soft ball

d. A bowling ball

Answer: D

15. Gravity affects projectile motion _____.

a. Vertically b. horizontally c. sometimes d. never

Answer: A

Work

-The product of the force applied and the displacement through which the force is directed

W=Fd, measured in N.m or joule ( J )

- can be done easier and faster with the use of machines

◼ Machine is any device that helps in doing work.

◼ The six simple machines are: lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane. Screw and wedge.

◼ Mechanical advantage is the number of times a machine can do work compared to the work done without
machine.

◼ The efficiency if a machine is the ratio of work output to work input efficiency = work output/ work input x 100%

Power

Rate of doing work

P = W/t, measured in joule/sec or watt

Energy

 Ability of doing work

 Forms of Energy

➢ Mechanical Energy

⚫ Potential Energy (PE) - energy due to position of the body

PE = mgh , whre m = mass of the body, h = height and g = acceleration due to gravity which is 9.8 m/s²

⚫ Kinetic Energy ( KE ) energy of the body which is in motion KE = 1/2 mv²

⚫ Electrical Energy - energy of the moving electrons

⚫ Chemical Energy - energy in the atoms and molecules of matter

⚫ Nuclear Energy - energy resulting from fission ir fusion reactions in atoms

⚫ Radiant Energy - energy in the form of electromagnetic waves

⚫ Thermal Energy - internal energy of a body which is the total kinetic energy of the molecules of a
body.

Post Test Question

1. When a body falls freelu under gravity, then the work done by the gravity is _______.

a. Positive b. negative c. zero d. infinity

Answer: A

2. When a gas filled in a cylinder fitted with a movable piston is allowed to expand, the work done by the gas is positive.

a. Yes, becasue of the force due to gas pressure and displacement in the same direction

b. No, becasue of the force due to pressure and placement in the same direction

c. Yes, because it is fitted with movable piston.

d. No, because the work done by the gas is positive.

Answer: A

3. When a body slide against a rough horizontal surface, the work done by the friction is _______.

a. Positive b. zero c. negative d. constant

Answer: C

4. When a body is lifted, the work done by the gravitational force is positive.

a. Yes, because the work done by the gravitational force is positive.

b. No, because when body is lifted the work done by the gravitational force is negative.

c. No, because the gravitational force is negative

d. Yes, because the gravitational force is done.

Answer: B

5. For body moving in a circular path, the work done by the centripetal force is _______.

a. Negative b. positive c. constant d. zero

Answer: D

6. A gardener pushes lawn roller through a distance of 20m. if he applies a force of 20kg weight in a direction inclined at
60⁰ to the ground, find the work done by him. ( g=9.8m/s²)

a. 400 b. 1960 c. 250 d. 2514

Answer: B

7. A person is holding a bucket by applying a force of 10N. He moves a horizontal distance of 5m and then climbs up a
vertical distance of 10m. Find the total work done by him ?

a. 50 b. 150 c. 100 d. 200

Answer: C

8. A bullet fired from a gun can pierce a target due to its _________.

a. Mechanical energy b. heat energy c. kinetic energy d. acceleration

Answer: C

9. The transfer of energy to a body by the application of a force that causes the body to move in the direction of the
force is called

a. Mechanical energy b. work c. power d. distance

Answer: B

10. A boy exerts an average force of 65N when he lifts a box 1.2m. how much work does he do ?

a. O J b. 78 J c. 66 J d. 54 J

Answer: B

11. _______is defined as the rate at which work is done.

a. Power b. joule c. speed d. mechanical advantage

Answer: A

12. How much power is required to do 180 J of work in 2.4 s?

a. 430 W b. 7.5 W c. 178 W d. 75 W

Answer: D

13. How much power is required to lift a 30N chair. 20m in 2s?

a. 15 W b. 1.0 W c. 12W d. 3.0W

Answer: 3.0 W

14. A boy pushes on a parked car with a force of 200N. The car does not move. How much work does the boy do ?

a. None of the above b. 0 N c. 200 N d. 200 J

Answer: B

15. What are the units of work ?

a. m/s b. kg x m/s c. J d. W

Answer: C

Fluids

Density - if the mass of the substance at a given volume, d=m/V

If the density of the material or substancen is greater than the density of the liquid, the material will sink in the liquid; if
the density of the material or substance is less than the liquid, the material will float in the liquid.

The greater the density of the liquid, the greater is the bouyant force.

Pressure is the force exerted at a given unit area, p = F/A

Liquid Pressure - depends on the density and height of the liquid. Liquid pressure , p=dhg where p is the liquid pressure,
d is the density of the liquid and h is the height of the liquid, g is a constant and does not affect the pressure.

Atmospheric pressure or Air pressure depends on the height. The higher the position, the thinner is the air, and the
lesser is the air pressure.

Heat and Temperature

 Heat - is the total kinetic energy of molecules of a body

Temperature is the average kinetic energy of molecules

Temperature conversion

- oC = 5/9 (oF - 32o)

- oF = 9/5 C + 32o

- oK = oC + 273o

Methods on Heat Transfer

◼ Conduction - heat transfer from one molecule to adjacent molecule

◼ Convection - heat transfer by the actual movement of heated molecules. The circulation of the heated
molecules is called convection current.

◼ Radiation - transfer of heat across space in the form of electromagnetic waves.

Change of Phase

⚫ Melting or Fusion - change of phase from solid to liquid at its normal melting point

⚫ Freezing or Solidification - change of phase from liquid to solid at its normal freezing point

⚫ Vaporization - change of phase from liquid to gas at its normal boiling point

⚫ Condensation - change of phase from gas to liquid

⚫ Sublimation - change of phase from solid to gas without passing the liquid state

Wave and Sound

-A wave is a disturbance propagated through a medium. There are two kinds of waves: transverse wave and
longitudinal wave.

- The properties of waves are reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference.

- Sound is a longitudinal wave, coming from a vibrating source, transmitted through a medium and interpreted by
the sense of hearing.

Light

The theories about the nature of light:

- Corpuscular theory - light is made up of particles known as corpuscles

- wave theory - light wave is a wave.

- electromagnetic Wave theory - light is composed of electric field and magnetic field
❖ Since light behaves as a wave, it can be reflected, refracted, diffracted and interfered.

❖ The image formed by a mirror is due to reflection of light. The kinds of mirror are plane and curved mirrors. Curved
mirrors can be convex or concave.

❖ The image formed by a lens is due to refraction of light. Lenses are categorized as diverging and converging.

Post Test Question

1. An object is most likely to sink in water if ______.

a. It has a large mass

b. It has a large volume

c. It has a low density

d. It has a high density

Answer: D

2. Which of the following is a unit for density?

a. Cmᵌ b. g/mL c. mL d. g

Answer: B

3. What is density?

a. The compariosn of how much matter in an object to how much space it takes up

b. A ratio of mass to volume

c. How tightly packed the molecules are in an object

d. All of the above

Answer: D

4. Liquid is more dense than ice because _______

a. When ice melts there is an increase amount of molecules

b. Liquid water molecules have more mass than ice molecules

c. A chemical change occurs as ice melts that causes the mass of the water to increase

d. The volume of the liquid increases when it freezes

Answer: D

5. An object has a mass of 10 grams and a volume of 2 mL. What is the density of the object?

a. 5 g/mL b. 20 g/mL c. 12 g/mL d. 0.2 g/mL

Answer: A
6. If the substance is hot, its particles will

a. Move fast than the cooler object

b. Move slow than the cooler object

c. Move as the cooler object

d. May move fast or slow than the cooler object

Answer: A

7. One example of bad thermal insulator is _____.

a. Potasium b. paper c. cork d. wool

Answer: A

8. Handles of saucepans and other cooking utensils are

a. Thermal conductors b. thermal insulators c. electrical conductors d. metalloids

Answer: B

9. Metals are the best

a. Insulator of heat b. conductors of heat c. conductors of light d. insulators of electricity

Answer: B

10. An example of conductor of heat is

a. Paper b. cloth c. air d. aluminum

Answer: D

11. Sound waves are produced by

a. Linear motion

b. Circular motion

c. Vibrating bodies

d. Transitional motion

Answer: C

12. The human ear responds to intensities in range.

a. 10⁻ⁱ² Wm⁻² to 1Wm⁻²

b. 15Wm⁻² to 18Wm⁻²

c. 10⁸Wm⁻² to 2Wm⁻²

d. 10⁻ᵌWm⁻ⁱ to 10⁻⁶Wm⁻ⁱ

Answer: A

13. The loudnes of sound varies directly with the vibrating body’s

a. Intensity
b. Amplitude

c. Pitch

d. Quality

Answer: B

14. The sensation of sound persist in our brain for about

a. 0.001s b. 0.2s c. 0.1s d.10s

Answer: C

15. Sound energy passing per second through a unit area held perpendicular is called

a. Intensity b. frequency c. amplitude d. quality

Answer: A

Electricity

Classfication of Electricity

Electrostatics is electricity at rest. It only involves electric charges and their behavior. Electric charges are two
kinds:

Negative Charge - when there is an excess of electrons

Positive Charge - when there is deficiency of electrons

Current Electricity - electricity due to moving charges.

Basic components of electric circuit:

Quantity Unit Measuring Device

Current Ampere Ammeter

Voltage Volt Voltmeter

Resistance Ohm Ohmmeter

Ohm’s Law states that the current flowing is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to
resistance. I = V/R

Electromagnetism

Magnetism - derived from Magnesia, an island in the Aegean Sea.

Magnet - an object that attracts magnetic objects like metals

A magnet has two poles, north and south

Like poles repel, unlike poles attract

Generator - a device that changes mechanical energy to electrical energy.

Motor - a device that changes electrical energy to mechanical energy.

Nuclear Energy

Atom - smallest and invinsible particle of matter. It is composed of sub-particles, namely: electron, which carries
negative charge, proton which is posotively charged and neutron which is neutral.

Type of Nuclear Reaction

* Fision - when a heavy nucleus splits together with the release of energy

*Fusion - when two light nucleus combine with the release of energy.

Post Test Questions

1. In a transformer, the primary coil is connected to____

a. Alternating current (AC) source

b. Direct current (DC) soource

c. Resistor

d. Inductor

Answer: A

2. Weak ionic current in our body that travels along the nerve can produce the ______.

a. Atoms b. heat c. potential difference d. magnetic effect

Answer: D

3. Electric motors works on the principle of

a. Capacitors b. friction c. couple d. torque

Answer: D

4. A transformer is designed to convert the voltage from 240 V a.c mains to 12 V, and has 4000 turns on its primary coil.
The turns on its secondary coil should be.

a. 100 b. 200 c. 120 d. 480

Answer: B

5. In transformer the changing current in primary coil induces changing magnetic field in

a. Resistor b. inductor c. insulator d. secondary coil

Answer: D

6. The efficiency of a nuclear power plant in comparison to a conventional thermal power plant is

a. Same b. more c. less d. may be less or more depending on size

Answer: C
7. Isotopes of same elements have_____

a. Same atomic number and different masses.

b. Same chemical properties but different atomic numbers

c. Different massess and different atomic numbers

d. Different chemical properties and same atomic numbers

Answer: B

8. Atomic number of an element in the periodic table represents the number of

a. Protons in the nucleus

b. Electrons in the nucleus

c. Neutrons in the nucleus

d. Electrons in the atom

Answer: A

9. Which is not identical for an atom and an isotope?

a. Mass number

b. Atomic number

c. Chemical properties

d. Position in periodic table

Answer: A

10. The nuclear energy is measured as ?

a. MeV b. curie c. farads d. MW

Answer: A

11. The total energy released in fission of U is

a. 5 MeV b. 10 MeV c. 199 MeV d. 11 MeV

Answer: C

12. Boiling water reactor employs

a. Unity b. more than unity c. less than unity d. infinity

Answer: B

13. Which of the following nuclear reactor does not need a heat exchange for generation of steam

a. Gas cooled b. liquid metal cooled c. pressurised water d. boiling water

Answer: D

14. The number of isotopes of hydrogen are

a. 1 b. 2 c. U d. 3
Answer: C

15. The main interest of shielding in nuclear reactor is protection againsts

a. X-rays b. infra-red rays c. A , P, and Y rays d. neutrons and gamma rays

Answer: D

Chemistry

- Study of the composition and changes in matter

Matter

Anything that has mass and has volume

Mass - amount of the substance indicative of the inertia it possesses.

Volume - space occupied

Classification of Matter:

Pure Substances - made of definite kind of material

Elements - made of the same atoms

Ex: Gold, Aluminum, oxygen , carbon, platinum, etc.

Compounds - made of 2 or more different atoms in definite composition or ratio which cannot be seperated
by ordinary physical means

Ex. Water - H20 - composed of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen

Glucose - C6H1206

Mixtures - physical combination of 2 or more substances which can be seperated by mechanical means.

Homogenous Mixture - a mixture in which the molecules are thoroughly mixed; a mixture that is uniform throughout.

- Solutions are homogenous mixture. The components of the solution are solute, which is dissolved particles, and
the solvent which is the dissolving particles.

Heterogenous Mixture

Suspensions - heteregenous mixture where particles are too large that they settle at the bottom of the container.

Colloids - heterogenous mixtures whose particles are not large enough to settle nor small enough to be dissolved,
like the Tyndall Effect, which is the scattering of light by the particles.
Methods of Separating Mixtures

Filtration - use of filter paper to separate liquid from solid components.

Filtrate - liquid that passess through filter paper

Residue - substance that did not pass through filter paper.

Decantation - pouring off a layer of liquid from a mixture.

Magnetism - use of magnets to separate magnetic materials from the nonmagnetic ones

Centrifugation - substance is subjected to circular or rotational motion in a centrifuge.

Distillation - liquid is set to boiling. Vapour is collected and later cooled to condense

Chromatography- passing mixture in solution or suspension or as a vapour ( as in gas chromatography ) through a

medium in which the components move at different rates.

Properties of Matter

Physical Properties:

Extensive - depends on the amount of the substance

Ex: mass, volume, weight, pressure

Intensive - does not depend on the amount of substance

Ex. Density, taste, colour, smell, specific heat capacity, melting or boiling point, malleability, etc.

Chemical Properties:

Property exhibited due to composition of the substance

Ex: combustion, corrosion , decomposition, etc.

Changes in Matter

Physical Change - change in form and appearance but not in the composition

Change in phase: melting, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, freezing

Change in forma and shape: cutting, breaking, folding, etc.

Chemical Change - change in the composition resulting to formation of a new substance.

Observed when substances react with other and form a different substance

Forming precipitates, evolution of gas, release or absorption of heat, change in color and taste, productio of
sound and light.
Post Test Question

1. Which below is NOT a state of matter?

a. Liquid b. water c. plasma d. solid

Answer: B

2. Which state of matter is found in stars and has electron-less atoms?

a. Solid b. liquid c. plasma d. gas

Answer: C

3. Which below best describes the Bose-Einstein condensate state of matter?

a. An ice cube is a glass of soda is an example

b. Occurs at extremely low temperature and causes atoms to function as a single particle

c. Found at super-high temperature and has a definite shape.

d. The desk sitting in your sciences classroom is an example.

Answer: B

4. Gallium is a metal that will melt when exposed to the heat of your hand. The state of matter change Gallium
undergoes is____.

a. Liquid to a gas

b. Solid to a liquid

c. Gas to a solid

d. Solid to a gas

Answer: B

5. Water droplets forms on cold glass of ice tea. What state of matter was the water before if formed on the glass and
where did it come from ?

a. It was a gas in the air

b. None of these answers are correct

c. It was a liquid that leaked through the glass

d. It was a solid in the ice cube and teleported onto the side

Answer: A

6. When a salt is mixed into water it becomes

a. Element b. compound c. mixture d. solute

Answer: B

7. Alloys include

a. Steel b. brass c. bronze d. all of them

Answer: D
8. The point at which solid substance changes into liquid state, is called

a. Melting point

b. Boiling point

c. Power point

d. Complex point

Answer: A

9. The techniques which help to seperate mixtures, involve.

a. Filtration b. distillation c. chromatography d. all of them

Answer: D

10. In clean air, percentage of oxygen is

a. 0.07 b. 0.1 c. 0.15 d. 0.17

Answer: A

11. Two chemical properties of matter of a firework exploding would be ?

a. Change of color and ductile

b. Malleable and flammable

c. Flammable and reactive

d. Explosive and color change

Answer: C

12. Two physical properties of an apple

a. Flammable and reactive

b. Has luster and is red

c. Red and ductile

d. Malleable and reactive.

Answer: B

13. Which is NOT an example that proves that molecules are made of tiny particles that are always in motion.

a. Air freshener

b. Tables, books and papers

c. Food coloring spreading out inside of glass of water

d. Smelling vanilla from inside a balloon.

Answer: B

14. Temperature ____ when ice cream melts. The motion of the molecules ______.

a. Increase,decreases
b. Decrease, increases

c. Increase, increases

d. Decrease, decreases

Answer: C

15. An object has a mass of 20g and a volume of 5mL. What is the density of that object?

a. 4 g/mL b. 0.25 mL c. 4 mL d. 0.25 g/mL

Answer: A

Type of Chemical Reactions

Combination or synthesis - 2 simple substances combine to form one new substance

A+B AB

2H2 + 02 2H20

Decomposition Reaction - a substance breaks down into simpler substances

AB A+B

2H20 2H₂ + O ₂

Single Replacement Reaction - a more active element replaces a less active atom in a compound

A + BC AC + B

2K + ZnCI2 2KCI + Zn

2KCI + Zn No Reaction because Zn cannot replace K which is more active

Double Replacement Reaction (Metathesis) - replacement of the ions

AB + CD AD + CB

2NACI + K₂S Na₂S + 2KCI

Neutralization - reaction between an acid a base resulting to the formation of salt and water

H₂SO₄ + Mg(OH) MgSO₄ + 2H₂O

Acid + base salt + water

Law of Conservation of Energy

-during chemical reaction, the energy before and after the reaction is constant. Energy is not created nor
destroyed, but only transformed.
 Law of Conservation of Mass

-Total mass of the reactants before the reaction is equal to the total mass of products after the reaction.

Phases of Matter

Solid - molecules are compact, small intermolecular spaces; strong molecular attraction; molecular motion
limited to vibrations; definite shape ; size and volume.

Liquid - molecules are farther apart than solids, larger intermolecular spaces; weaker intermolecular force of
attraction ; molecules move pass one another, definite volume; takes the shape of container.

Gas - molecules are far apart; large intermolecular spaces; very weak intermolecular force attraction;
molecules are free to move ; no definite volume; takes the shape of the container.

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gas

Kinetic Energy - energy in motion

Postulates

◼ Gas is a collection of particles that travels randomly along a straight-line path.

◼ Molecules do not occupy a definite volume.

◼ Molecules exhibit perfectly elastic collision.

◼ Molecules do not exhibit attraction nor repulsion.

Gas Laws

⚫ Boyle’s Law:

-At constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

-the graph of pressure againts volume is hyperbolic.

-when volume is doubled, the pressure is reduced to one-half.

-P1V1 = P2V2

⚫ Charles’ Law

-at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature expressed in Kelvin.
 -The graph of volume against the temperature is a straight diagonal line. Increasing the temperature (K) twice
will double the volume of the gas.

-V1T2 = V2T1

⚫ Gay-Lussac’s Law

- at constant volume, the pressure exerted by gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin.

-the graph of pressure against the temperature is a straight diagonal line.

-Increasing the temperature twice will double the pressure exerted.

- P1T2 = P2T1

⚫ Combined Gas Law

- P1V1T2 = P2V2T1

⚫ Avogadro’s Law

- the amount of gas is directly proportional to its volume.

- A mole of gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP), at 0oC and 1 atmosphere, occcupies a volume of
22.4 liters (L)

- when the amount is doubled, the volume is also doubled.

⚫ Ideal Gas Law :

- PV = nRT where: P - pressure ; V - volume ; n - number of moles ; T - temperature in Kelvin ; R is the gas
constant : 8.3145 J/mol-K

Atomic Structure

Atom

-building blocks of matter

- Composed of 3 particles

Protons - positively charged ; located in the nucleus

Electrons - negatively charged ; orbiting around nucleus

Neutrons - no charge particle located in the nucleus

-has equal number of protons and electrons

Atomic number is the same as the number of protons, while the atomic mass is the sum of the number of protons
and neutrons.
 - exists in different version called isotopes

Ex: Isotopes of hydrogen : protium (H-1) = 1 proton, 1 electron, 0 neutron

Deutrium (H-2) = 1 proton, 1 electron, 1 neutron

Tritium (H-3) = 1 proton, 1 electron , 2 neutron

Formula Mass - mass of an iconic compound.

Ex. Ba(OH)₂ : Ba = (1 Ba atom ) ( 137.3 g/Na atom ) = 137.3 g

O = ( 2 O atoms ) ( 16 g/O atom ) = 32.0 g

H = ( 2 H atoms ) ( 1 g/H atom ) = 2.0 g

Formula mass = 171.3 g

Molar Mass - mass of one mole of a substance which is equivalent to the formula mass expressed in grams.

-The molar mass of the Ba (OH) 2in the above example is 171.3g /mol.

Percentage Composition of a Compound

Ex: Find the % composition of Ba(OH)₂

Ba: ( 137.3/ 171.3 ) (100%) = 80.2 %

O : (32.0 / 171.3) (100%) = 18.7 %

H : ( 2.0 / 171.3 ) (100%) = 1.2 %

Percent composition = 100%

Chemical Bonds - forces that join atoms together to form molecules

⚫ Ionic Bond - formed between charged particles called ions due to electrons transfer.

Ionic Bond form the NaCI compound.

⚫ Covalent Bonds - formed when atoms share electrons

Non polar Covalent-bond between two atoms of the same kind that share electrons equally.

⚫ Polar Covalent - bonds between atoms of molecules that do not equally share the electrons.

⚫ Metallic Bonds - bonds between metals.

Post Test Question

1. A + B ------- AB is what type of reaction?

a. Single replacement

b. Double replacement

c. Combination

d. Decomposition

Answer: C

2. A reaction that has oxygen as a reactant and usually has carbon dioxide and water as products is a _____ reaction

a. Double replacement

b. Combustion

c. Combination

d. Single replacement

Answer: B

3. AB ----- A + B is a ______ reaction.

a. Single replacement

b. Combustion

c. Decomposition

d. Combination

Answer: C

4. The symbol (aq) means:

a. Liquid b. solid c. a catalyst d. dissolved in water

Answer: D

5. The reaction A + B ----- B + AC is a _____ reaction

a. Single replacement

b. Double replacement

c. Combination

d. Decomposition

Answer: A

6. The mathematical expression that describes Boyle’s law is

a. PV = constant

b. V * constant = P

c. P * constant = V

d. V / P = constant
Answer: A

7. For a certin reaction PV = 2 dmᵌ atm and volume is 4 dmᵌ then the corresponding pressure is

a. 1 atm b. 4 atm c. 0.5 atm d. 2 atm

Answer: C

8. The barometer is invented by

a. Galileo b. Robert Boyle c. Charles d. Torricelli

Answer: D

9. If the temperature of any gas is increased its volume

a. Increases b. decreases c. remains same d. none of the above

Answer: A

10. Which among the following chemical bond were described by Kossel anf Lewis ?

a. Metallic bond b. polar covalent bond c. coordinate bond d. ionic and covalent bond

Answer: D

11. Which among the following is not a property of Ionic Bond ?

a. Losing of electrons

b. Gain of electrons

c. Sharing of electrons

d. Transfer of electrons

Answer: C

12. Which of the following formation is not an example of Covalent bond ?

a. LiF b. NH₃ c. CF₄ d. HF

Answer: A

13. If a bond is made up of a large number of organic compound, then the bond is termed as ?

a. Ionic bond

b. Metallic bond

c. Covalent bond

d. Dipolar bond

Answer: C

14. Which among the following is not an example of hydrogen bond?

a. H2O b. Liquid HCI c. NHᵌ d. CHCI₃

Answer: B

15. Atoms undergo bonding in order to ?

a. Attain stability
b. Lose stability
c. Move freely
d. Increase energy
Answer: A

General Education ( Physical Science and Chemistry )

Direction: Select the letter of the correct answer.

1. ______ is the ability, capacity or capability of a physical system to do work.

a. Energy b. heat c. effort d. Kinetic Energy

Answer: A

2. Which of the following is not an example of Kinetic Energy ?

a. Waterfall b. moving cars c. ticking of a clock d. a drawn bow

Answer: D

3. The energy levels of an atom are occupied by ______.

a. Protons b. electrons c. neutrons d. cell

Answer: C

4. In electrical energy, what happens when a force is applied ?

a. Some of the electrons move

b. Some of the protons move

c. All of the electrons move

d. Both protons and electrons move

Answer: A

5. Electrical Charges moving through a wire is called ______.

a. Electricity b. lightning c. amperes d. conduction

Answer: A

6. Which of the following described mechanical energy ?

a. Turning a flourescent light on

b. A cup of hot chocolate cooling down

c. The heat emitted from a campfire

d. A massive ball of a demolition machine striking a structure

Answer: D

7. In which situation will lose or acquire heat by radiation ?

a. Swimming in cold waters

b. Hiding in a tree shade

c. Lying on hot rock

d. Sun bathing

Answer: D

8. Sun is primary source of _______ energy.

a. Chemical b. physical c. solar d. potential

Answer: C

9. Heat transfer between two substances that are in contact is called ______.

a. Conduction b. convection c. thermal energy d. radiation

Answer: A

10. How does radiant energy travels?

a. Through wires

b. In transverse waves

c. By separation of uranium atoms

d. By lifting something

Answer: B

11. Kelly ran across the room and bumped into her brother, pushing him to the floor. The statement describes the
_______.

a. Law of Acceleration

b. Law of Gravity

c. Law of Attraction

d. Law of Conservation

Answer: D

12. _______ happens when energy is constantly changing from one form to another.
a. Law of Conservation

b. Law of transformation

c. Chemical Energy

d. Thermal Energy

Answer: B

13. ______ is the process of dividing or splitting an atom into 2 smaller atoms and releasing neutrons and lots of heat.

a. Fusion b. fission c. radiation d. Gamma decay

Answer: B

14. A natural gas stove converts chemical energy from burning into ____ used to cook food.

a. Electromagnetic energy

b. Electrical energy

c. Thermal energy

d. Mechanical energy

Answer: C

15. A toester transforms ______ into thermal energy.

a. Electrical energy

b. Nuclear energy

c. Gravitational energy

d. Radiant energy

Answer: A

16. Our bodies convert ____ from food into mechanical and electrical energy to allow us to move.

a. Nuclear energy

b. Electrical energy

c. Electromagnetic energy

d. Chemical energy

Answer: D

17. ______ transferred between objects that are at different temperatures.

a. Friction

b. Heat

c. Potential energy

d. Kinetic Energy

Answer: B
18. A phone ringing is an example of _____.

a. Solar energy

b. Nuclear energy

c. Sound energy

d. Radiant energy

Answer: C

19. Which of the following is not an example of renewable energy?

a. Petroleum

b. Geothermal energy

c. Hydropower

d. Wind energy

Answer: A

20. _____is a gaseous fossil fuel formed from marine organism that often found above a layer of soil or shale rock.

a. Natural gas b. coal c. reserves d. crude oil

Answer: A

21. Which of the following best describes light ?

a. It is an electromagnetic radiation and has no mass

b. It is neither created nor destroyed

c. It is an electric charge that has accumulated on an object.

d. It is possessed both kinetic and potential energy

Answer: A

22. _______ is the process of transferring light of energy to particles of matter.

a. Conduction b. conversion c. absorption d. refraction

Answer: C

23. It refers to the combination of kinetic and potential energy of a moving object

a. Electromagnetic energy

b. Electrical energy

c. Thermal energy

d. Mechanical energy

Answer: D

24. It is the unit of measurement for sound based on human hearing.

a. Ampere b. decibel c. newton d. candela

Answer: B

25. _____ is an energy source that uses the heat below the Earth’s surface to produce steam to spin a turbine.

a. Geothermal b. Hydroelectric c. Biomass d. Fossil Fuel

Answer: A

26. The base unit to measure mass is _____.

a. Gram b. liter c. meter d. centimeter

Answer: A

27. The amount of matter in an object.

a. Mass b. volume c. matter d. density

Answer: A

28. What are the properties of matter ?

a. No mass but occupies space.

b. Mass but occupies no space

c. Mass and occupies space.

d. No mass and occupies no space

Answer: C

29. Which of the following does not belong to the group ?

a. Wood b. brick c. book d. milk

Answer: D

30. Why elements are the simplest form of matter ?

a. Because they are made of atoms

b. Because they cannot be exchanged

c. Because they cannot be decomposed.

d. Because they are made up of substance that are inseparable

Answer: C

31. Which of the following does not belong to the group?

a. Lemon juice b. beer c. milk shake d. ice cream

Answer: D

32. Which one is not property of fluid ?

a. It can flow b. it has mass c. it has definite shape d. we can see it

Answer: C

33. ______ is the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid phase to a gas phase.
a. Evaporation b. boiling point c. celsius d. fahrenheit

Answer: B

34. ______ contains two or more elements chemically combined that cannot be physically separated.

a. Compound b. chemical c. mass d. mixture

Answer: A

35. Which process is the opposite of evaporation?

a. Melting b. freezing c. condensation d. boiling

Answer: C

36. Which of the following best describes compounds ?

a. They can be physically seperated into their constituent elements.

b. They are pure substances

c. They have properties similar to those of their constituent elements

d. They have variable compositions.

Answer: B

37. _____ is a group of elements consists of Flourine, chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine which occurs in a free state
because of their highly reactive nature.

a. Noble gas b. alkali metals c. halogens d. metalloids

Answer: C

38. Which of the following is not a metal ?

a. Sodium b. lithium c. carbon d. mercury

Answer: C

39. The reaction between an acid and a base which produces salt is known as _____.

a. Neutralization b. vaporization c. fusion d. bonding

Answer: A

40. Which of the following is an acid ?

a. NACI b. H2O c. HCI d. NaOH

Answer: C

41. A kind of mixture that is made up of a solute and a solvent is called _____.

a. Suspension b. mixture c. solution d. emulsion

Answer: C

42. Which of the following is not a characteristics of a gas under pressure ?

a. Random-moving molecules
b. Liquification of gas

c. Increased kinetic energy

d. Collision between molecules

Answer: C

43. What is the resultant mixture when oil and water are made to mix by adding soap ?

a. a solution b. an emulsion c. a suspension d. a tincture

Answer: D

44. Which of the following is the weakest type of bond ?

a. Ionic or electrovalent bond

b. Covalent bond

c. Hydrogen bond

d. Vander Waal’s force

Answer: D

45. Which of the following is not an example of organic compound?

a. Sugar b. acetone c. cyanides d. salt

Answer: D

46. Which if the following is commonly used as indicator of acidity?

a. Litmus paper

b. Pen

c. Cartolina

d. Alcohol

Answer: A

47. The result when acid dissolved in water.

a. Hydrogen peroxide b. hydrogen ions c. hydroxide ions d. hydrogen

Answer: B

48. Which of the following is NOT an example of matter?

a. Heat b. water c. smoke d. air

Answer: A

49. Vodka, rain and steel are some examples of _______.

a. Homogeneous mixture

b. Heterogeneous mixture

c. Element
d. Compound

Answer: A

50. Rate of diffusion is ______.

a. Increased if the temperature is increase

b. Decreases if the kinetic energy decreases

c. Decreases if the molecular mass is increased

d. All of the above

Answer: D

51. The radius of the path of an object in uniform circular motion is doubled. The centripetal force needed if its speed
remains the same is _____.

a. Four times as before

b. Half as great as before

c. Twice as much

d. Three times as much

Answer: B

52. Car A has a mass of 1000kg and a speed of 60 km/hr. Car B has a mass of 2000kg and a speed of 30km/hr. Compare
the kinetic energy for Car A with that of Car B.

a. Half as much

b. Four times as much

c. Equal

d. Twice as much.

Answer: D

53. What would be the horizontal line in a position-time graph means?

a. Changing position, constant velocity

b. Constant position, constant velocity

c. Changing position, increase velocity

d. Constant position, zero velocity

Answer: D

54. Whar is the car’s acceleration of ten seconds after the starting from rest; it is moving at 40m/s?

a. 4.0 m/s2

b. 10m/s2

c. 2.5m/s2

d. 0.25m/s2
Answer: A

55. A heavy object and a light objects are released from the rest at the same height and time in a vacuum. As they fall,
they have equal _____.

a. Weights

b. Moments

c. Acceleration

d. Energies

Answer: C

Reference;

⚫ https://reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?test_id=12359&title=scientific%20Notation

⚫ https://www.mcqlearn.com/grade6/science/physical-quantities-and-measurements-multiple-choice-questions-ans
wer.php.

⚫ https://www.reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?test_id=5330&title=forces%20and%20motion

⚫ https://phonlinereview.blogspot.com/2018/07/let-reviewer-general-education-science_30_html?m=1

⚫ https://phonlinereview.blogspot.com/2018/08/let-reviewer-general-education-science_30_html?m=1

⚫ https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/crisenciopaner/practice-test-2-in-let-physical-science.

⚫ https://www.sanfoundry.com/organic-chemistry-question-answers-chemical-bond/

⚫ https://reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?test_id=16213&title=Properties%20of%20Matter

⚫ https://www.mcqlearn.com/grade7/science/mixtures-multiple-choice-questions-answers.php

⚫ https://reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?test_id=571&title=states%20Of%20Matter

⚫ https://www.engineeringinterviewquestions.com/nuclear-power-plants-mechanical-engineering-multiple-choice-q
uestions-and-answer/

⚫ https://www.mcqlearn.com/grade10/physics/sound-multiple-choice-questions-answers.php

⚫ https://reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?test_id=10690&title=Density

⚫ https://www.sanfoundry.com/engineering-physics-questions-work-energy-power/

⚫ Licensure Examanination for Teachers Reviewer ( 2015 Edition ) - MET Review