CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

CE-304

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JOTE, ARUNACHAL

PRADESH, 791112

Classification of Aggregates
 Permissible Levels of Impurities

Characteristics of Aggregates

• Strength and stiffness

• Toughness
• Hardness
• Cleanliness
• Shape and texture
• Soundness- Physical and chemical
• Gradation
• Water absorption
Shape and Texture

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Soundness

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 Alkali-Silica Reaction

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Grading Limits for Coarse Aggregates

© Oxford University Press India 2018. All rights reserved.

 Grading limits for Fine Aggregates

© Oxford University Press India 2018. All rights reserved.

Comparison of Standard and Actual Grading

© Oxford University Press India 2018. All rights reserved.

Effect of Grading on Paste Requirement

© Oxford University Press India 2018. All rights reserved.

Specific Gravity
 Bulking of Sand

Water Absorption by Different Aggregates

 Tests on Aggregates

• Crushing strength
• Impact
• Test for shape and texture
• Grading
• Impurities
• Bulking
• Alkali aggregate reaction

SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE

AS PER IS 2386-PART IV- 1963 :-

Determination of aggregate Crushing Value. (CRUSHING STRENGTH)
Determination of Aggregate Impact Value. (TOUGHNESS: resistance against fracture)
Determination of Abrasion Value ( By Los Angeles Machine) (Hardness of the aggregate:- resistance
against scratching or by rubbing of materials)
As per IS 2386- PART I- 1963:-
Determination of flakiness ( width) Index
Determination of Elongation (Length) Index
The above mentioned test are very important (As there are few mores in the IS Code but they are very
important)
 SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE CONTINUE..

Determination of Aggregate Impact Value:-

The property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. Due to movement of vehicles on the
road the aggregates are subjected to impact resulting in their breaking down into smaller pieces.
The aggregates should therefore have sufficient toughness to resist their disintegration due to impact.
This characteristic is measured by impact value test.
The ‘aggregate impact value’ gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock
or impact. (As per IS Code)
APPRATUS:- DIAGRAM IS SHOWN IN THE NEXT SLIDE.
Total weight not more than 60 kg nor less than 45 kg.
A cylindrical steel cup of internal dimensions: Diameter ( 102 mm) and depth ( 50 mm)
A fastener of thickness not less than 6.3 mm is provided to lock this cylindrical steel cup

SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE CONTINUE..

APPRATUS:- DIAGRAM IS SHOWN IN THE NEXT SLIDE.

A metal tup or hammer weighing 13.5 to 14.0 kg, the lower end of which shall be cylindrical in shape,
100.0 mm in diameter and 5 cm long, with a 2-mm chamfer at the lower edge, and case-hardened.
For raising the hammer and allowing it to fall freely between the vertical guides from a height of 380±
5.0 mm on to the test sample in the cup, and means for adjusting the height of fall within 5 mm.
Sieves-The IS Sieves of sizes 12.5 , 10 and 2.36 mm.
Tamping Rod-A straight metal tamping rod of circular cross-section 10 mm in diameter and 230 mm
long, rounded at one end.
Balance - A balance of capacity not less than 500 g
Oven - A well-ventilated oven, thermostatically controlled to maintain a temperature of 100 to 110°C.
 SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE CONTINUE..

APPRATUS:- DIAGRAM

SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE CONTINUE..

Preparation of Sample and procedure:-
The test sample shall consist of aggregate the whole of which passes a 12.5-mm IS Sieve and is retained
on a 10 mm IS Sieve. The aggregate comprising the test sample shall be dried in an oven for a period of
four hours at a temperature of 100 to 110°C and cooled.
The measure shall be filled about one-third full with the aggregate and tamped with 25 strokes of the
rounded end of tamping rod.

The surplus aggregate struck off, using the tamping rod as a straight-edge. The net weight of aggregate
in the measure shall be determined to the nearest gram (Weight A).
The cup shall be fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test sample
placed in it and compacted by a single tamping of 25 strokes by tamping rod.
 SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE CONTINUE..
Preparation of Sample and procedure:-
The hammer shall be raised until its lower face is 380 mm above the upper surface of the aggregate in
the cup, and allowed to fall freely on to the aggregate. The test sample shall be subjected to a total of 15
such blows each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second.
The crushed’ aggregate shall then be removed from the cup and the whole of it sieved on the 2.36 mm
IS Sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute.
The fraction passing the sieve shall be weight and denoted as (Weight B).
The fraction retained on the sieve shall also be weighed (Weight C) and, if the total weight (B+C) is less
than the initial weight (Weight A) by more than one gram, the result shall be discarded and a fresh test
made.
Generally, two times we have to do the same experiment and take the mean of A , B and C (For higher
accuracy or for satisfactory result).

SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE CONTINUE..

Reporting of Results - The mean of the two results shall be reported to the nearest whole number as the
aggregate impact value of the tested material.
 SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE CONTINUE..
CRUSHING TEST OF AGGREGATE:-
The ‘aggregate crushing value’ gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to crushing
under a gradually applied compressive load.
Crushing value is a measure of strength of the aggregate. The aggregate should therefore should have
minimum crushing value.
APPRATUS:-

SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE CONTINUE..

APPRATUS:-
A 15-cm diameter open-ended steel cylinder, with plunger and base-plate. (Next slide will discuss)
A straight metal tamping rod of circular cross-section 16 mm in diameter and 45 to 60 cm long,
rounded at one end.
A balance of capacity of 3 kg
IS Sieves of sizes 12.5, l0 and 2.36 mm (150 mm cylinder).
A compression testing machine capable of applying a load of 40 tonnes and which can be operated to
give a uniform rate of loading so that the maximum load is reached in 10 minutes.
For measuring the sample, cylindrical metal measure of sufficient rigidity to retain its form under
rough usage and of the following internal dimensions:
 SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE CONTINUE..
APPRATUS:-
Note:- When we are finding crushing test of aggregate of size passing though 10 mm or below sieves
also, in that case we can use 75 mm cylinder also as well as 150 mm cylinder. (Any one size can be used)

SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE CONTINUE..

Preparation of Test Sample:-
The material for the standard test shall consist of aggregate passing a 12.5-mm IS Sieve and retained on
a 10 mm IS Sieve, and shall be thoroughly separated on these sieves before testing. (In last we have to
use 2.36 mm sieve)
The aggregate shall be tested in a surface-dry condition. If dried by heating, the period of drying shall
not exceed four hours, the temperature shall be 100 to 110°C and the aggregate shall be cooled to room
temperature before testing.
The quantity of aggregate shall be such that the depth of material in the cylinder, after tamping shall be
10 cm.
The appropriate quantity may be found conveniently by filling the cylindrical measure in three layers
of approximately equal depth, each layer being tamped 25 times with the rounded end of the tamping
rod and finally levelled off, using the tamping rod as a straight-edge.
The weight of material comprising the test sample shall be determined (Weight A) and the same weight
of sample shall be taken for the repeat test.
 SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE CONTINUE..
Procedure:-

The cylinder of the test apparatus shall be put in position on the base-plate and the test sample added

in thirds, each third being subjected to 25 strokes from the tamping rod. The surface of the aggregate

shall be carefully levelled and the plunger inserted so that it rests horizontally on this surface, care

being taken to ensure that the plunger does not jam in the cylinder.

The apparatus, with the test sample and plunger in position, shall then be placed between the platens of

the testing machine and loaded at as uniform a rate as possible so that the total load is reached in 10

minutes. The total load shall be 40 tonnes.

The load shall be released and the whole of the material removed from the cylinder and sieved on a

2.36-mm IS Sieve. The fraction passing the sieve shall be weighed (Weight B) .

SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE CONTINUE..

Calculation and Reporting Result:-
 SECTION-VI- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE CONTINUE..
FEW POINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE DOING CRUSHING TEST:-
If aggregate size is less than 10 mm and we are using 7.5 cm diameter cylinder in that case:-
The tamping rod shall be 8 mm in diameter and 30 cm long, rounded at one end.
The balance shall be of capacity 500 g
The compression testing machine shall be capable of applying a load of 10 tonnes uniformly in 10
minutes.
The metal measure shall be 6 cm in diameter and 9 cm in height. (Measuring cylinder for taking
the aggregate).
The depth of material in the 7.5-cm cylinder shall be 5 cm after tamping.

Classification based on Shape and Texture

Sieve Analysis

Particle Sizes
Particle Size Distribution Curves

Grading I to IV
 Impurities

Bulking of Sand
 Importance of Water-Cement Ratio

SECTION-VII- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE

AS PER IS 2386-PART IV- 1963 :- ABRASION VALUE TEST

Determination of Abrasion Value ( By Los Angeles Machine) (Hardness of the aggregate:- Resistance
against scratching or by rubbing of materials). OR
To find the suitability of aggregates for use in road construction.
APPRATUS DIAGRAM:- (Note in case of angle shelf the machine will rotate to anticlockwise but in
absence of angle shelf machine will rotate in clockwise. (In video we have a clockwise setup)
 SECTION-VII- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE

APPRATUS DIAGRAM:-

SECTION-VII- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE

APPRATUS :-
Los Angeles machine --- The Los Angeles abrasion testing machine, conforming in all its essential
characteristics as discussed above.
The machine shall consist of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at both ends, having an inside diameter of
700 mm and an inside length of 500 mm.
An opening in the cylinder shall be provided for the introduction of the test sample.
The opening shall be closed dust-tight with a removable cover bolted in place.
The position of the shelf shall be such that the distance from the shelf to the opening, measured along
the circumference of the cylinder in the direction of rotation, shall be not less than 1250 mm.
Sieves - The IS-1.70-mm IS Sieve AND OTHER ALSO ON THE BASIS OF GRADING.
Abrasive Charge-The abrasive charge shall consist of cast iron spheres or steel spheres approximately
48 mm in. diameter and each weight between 390 and 445 g.
 SECTION-VII- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE

ABRASIVE CHARGES-
Number of abrasive charge is totally depended on grading which is given below:-

Grading is totally depended on Sieve size which is available in the next slide.

SECTION-VII- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE

SAMPLE PREPRATION:-
The test sample shall consist of clean aggregate which has been dried in an oven at 105 to 110°C to
substantially constant weight and shall conform to one of the gradings shown in Table below. Note
before using the sample keep the sample maximum for four hours in oven.
Note for Grading zone A,B,C,D use 5000 gram of sample and for E,F and G use 10000 gram of sample.
 SECTION-VII- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE

PROCEDURE:-
The test sample (W1) and the abrasive charge shall be placed in the Los Angeles abrasion testing
machine and the machine rotated at a speed of 20 to 33 rev/min.
For gradings A, B, C and D, the machine shall be rotated for 500 revolutions; for gradings E, F and G,
it shall be rotated for 1000 revolutions.
If an angle is used as the shelf, the machine shall be rotated in such a direction that the charge is caught
on the outside surface of the angle.
At the completion of the test, the material shall be discharged from the machine and a preliminary
separation of the sample made on a sieve coarser than the IS-1.70-mm IS Sieve.
The material coarser than the IS-1.70mm IS Sieve shall be washed dried in an oven at 105 to 110°C to a
substantially constant weight (24 Hours), and accurately weighed to the nearest gram (W2).

SECTION-VII- DIFFERENT TEST ON AGGREGATE

Reporting of Results:-
Los Angeles Abrasion Value:-
(Weight of fraction passing 1.7 mm sieve (W2) / Total weight of the sample (W1)) x 100
The difference between the original weight (W1) and the final weight (W2= retained on sieve 1.7 mm)
of the test sample shall be expressed as a result percentage of the original weight of the test sample. This
value shall be reported as the percentage of wear.
Percentage of wear: - [(W1-W2)/ W2] x 100