GRAMMAR

le
tt
e
w ord
r
phrase
clause
sentence

Letter – alphabet
Word – vocabulary
 Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc.
Phrase – group of words (no subject, no verb)
 Noun phrase, adjective phrase, phrasal verb,
prepositional phrase, adverbial phrase
Clause – group of words with subject and verb
 Independent clause – can be alone
 Dependent clause – can’t be alone
Sentence – group of words with subject and verb and
ends with a period.
Parts of speech:
1. Noun – name words
a) Common noun – general
b)Proper noun – specific

2. Verb – action words

a) Be-verbs – am, is, are, be (past: was, were, been)
 She is beautiful. - She beautiful.
b)Main verb – actions
 Run, jump, swim, eat, etc.
 I eat noodles. - I am eat noodles.
 She swims fast.
c) Auxiliary Verbs - help add meaning to the verb
 Should, might,
 She should eat vegetables.
 She should vegetables.

3. Adjective – describes nouns (describe – tell something about)

 Beautiful girl
a) Proper adjectives – country names
 Taiwan = Taiwanese
 Chinese food
 Delicious food
American, Australian doctor
 Oxford University = Oxfordian
Melbourne

b)Common adjectives – tall, short, beautiful, ugly,

handsome, delicious, etc.
 She is beautiful.
 Beautiful girl
4. Adverb – describes adjective, verbs, and adverbs.
 He is very good.
 She is not so beautiful.
 John never eats peanuts.
 Sarah always swims on Saturdays.
 Jen slowly cooks the pork.

Adjective = noun
Adverb = adjective, verb, adverb

5. Preposition – at, to, of, on, in, etc.

6. Conjunction – combines 2 clauses
7. Interjection – expresses intense emotion
8. Pronoun – replaces nouns (He, she, it, they, we, etc.)
Sentence patterns:
 S-V : I dance.
 S-V-C : I am a dancer.
 S-V-O : I dance ballet.
 S-V-IO-DO : I brought him his watch.
 S-V-O-OC : I found the story horrible.