Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2004 - Barton&Johnson - Footprints of Fe-Oxide (-Cu-Au) Systems
2004 - Barton&Johnson - Footprints of Fe-Oxide (-Cu-Au) Systems
2004 - Barton&Johnson - Footprints of Fe-Oxide (-Cu-Au) Systems
mineralization formed relatively early in the progression (M. D. Barton and E. P. Jensen
unpublished data).
Geophysical features: The abundance of iron-oxides, the irregular presence of
sulfides, and the widely developed hydrothermal alteration has stimulated application of
magnetic, gravimetric, electrical, and radiometric tools to these systems (Smith 2002).
Especially when interpreted in combination with geologic constraints, gravity and
magnetic signatures reflect the distribution Fe-oxide-rich bodies, as well as imaging
district to regional-scale structural and igneous features (e.g., Gow et al. 1993, Haynes
2000). The complex structure and diverse materials in many of these magnetically active
terrains(e.g., coastal Chile) complicates geophysical interpretation, which can be more
straightforward in less deformed (anorogenic?) terrains such as the Stuart Shelf or SE
Missouri. However, even in ideal cases geophysical interpretation can be complicated by
the demonstrably varied and complex origins and fates of Fe oxides, Cu-Fe sulfides, and
alteration minerals.
1, right) have their own distinctive features, notably that neither requires a warming path
and hence the relationship to Na(Ca) assemblages will be more one of original bulk
composition than system hydrology. These systems may have greater lateral and vertical
extent, but would be thermally expanded due to a lack of the large temperature gradients
developed near magmatic centers. Except in deep and hence warmer settings, Fe
metasomatism would be subdued.
IOCG deposits and the geological systems that form them present a continuing
exploration and intellectual challenge. Although there is broad agreement on what
generally constitutes this family of deposits, there is little consensus on the characteristics
of the geological systems and the processes that form them. Alternative models make
substantially different predictions about what should be related (Barton and Johnson 1996
p. 320) and hence have direct consequences for the system-scale footprints that one
would expect and ultimately how those footprints might be utilized. In the absence of
compelling evidence, use of multiple working hypotheses would seem to be wisest way
to work in these complex systems.
References cited
Barton, M. D., and Johnson, D. A., 1996, Evaporitic-source model for igneous-related Fe oxide-(REE-Cu-
Au-U) mineralization: Geology (Boulder), v. 24, p. 259-262.
Barton, M. D., and Johnson, D. A., 2000, Alternative brine sources for Fe-Oxide(-Cu-Au) systems:
Implications for hydrothermal alteration and metals, in Porter, T. M., ed., Hydrothermal Iron Oxide
Copper-Gold & Related Deposits: A Global Perspective, 1, Australian Mineral Foundation, p. 43-60.
Barton, M. D., Seedorff, E., Ilchik, R. P., and Ghidotti, G., 1997, Contrasting siliceous replacement
mineralization, east-central Nevada: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series, v. 28, p. 131-
134.
De Jong, G., Rotherham, J., Phillips, G. N., and Williams, P. J., 1998, Mobility of rare-earth elements and
copper during shear-zone-related retrograde metamorphism: Geologie en Mijnbouw, v. 76, p. 311-319.
Dilles, J. H., and Einaudi, M. T., 1992, Wall-rock alteration and hydrothermal flow paths about the Ann-
Mason porphyry copper deposit, Nevada; a 6-km vertical reconstruction: Economic Geology and the
Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 87, p. 1963-2001.
Gow, P. A., Wall, V. J., and Valenta, R. K., 1993, The regional geophysical response of the Stuart Shelf,
South Australia: Exploration Geophysics, v. 24, p. 513-520.
Groves, D. I., and Vielreicher, N. M., 2001, The Phalabowra (Palabora) carbonatite-hosted magnetite-
copper sulfide deposit, South Africa; an end-member of the iron-oxide copper-gold-rare earth element
deposit group: Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, p. 189-194.
Hauck, S. A., 1990, Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of middle Proterozoic iron oxide-rich ore deposits; an
ore deposit model for Olympic Dam-type mineralization: in Pratt, Walden P., and Sims, P. K., eds., The
Midcontinent of the United States: Permissive terrain for an olympic dam-type deposit? U. S. Geological
Survey Bulletin 1931, p. 4-39.
Haynes, D. W., 2000, Iron oxide copper(-gold) Deposits: Their position in the ore deposit spectrum and
modes of origin, in Porter, T. M., ed., Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold & Related Deposits A
Global Perspective, 1: Adelaide, Australia, Australian Mineral Foundation, p. 71-90.
Haynes, D. W., Cross, K. C., Bills, R. T., and Reed, M. H., 1995, Olympic Dam ore genesis: a fluid-
mixing model: Economic Geology, v. 90, p. 281-307.
Hitzman, M. W., 2000, Iron oxide-Cu-Au deposits: What, where, when, and why, in Porter, T. M., ed.,
Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold & Related Deposits A Global Perspective, 1: Adelaide,
Australia, Australian Mineral Foundation, p. 9-26.
Hitzman, M. W., Oreskes, N., and Einaudi, M. T., 1992, Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of
Proterozoic iron oxide (Cu-U-Au-REE) deposits, in Gaal, G., and Schulz, K., eds., Precambrian
Research, 58: Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers, p. 241-287.
Johnson, D. A., 2000, Comparative studies of iron-oxide mineralization: Great Basin: Unpub. Ph.D.
Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 451 p.
Barton & Johnson 2004 IOCG Footprints p. 5
Marschik, R., and Fontbote, L., 2001, The Candelaria-Punta del Cobre iron oxide Cu-Au(-Zn-Ag)
deposits, Chile: Economic Geology, v. 96, p. 1799-1826.
Meyer, C., 1988, Ore deposits as guides to geologic history of the Earth: Annual Reviews of Earth
Science, v. 16, p. 147-171.
Pollard, P. J., 2000, Evidence of a magmatic fluid and metal source for Fe-Oxide Cu-Au mineralisation, in
Porter, T. M., ed., Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold & Related Deposits: A Global Perspective, v.
1: Adelaide, Australia, Australian Mineral Foundation, p. 27-46.
Porter, T. M., ed., 2000, Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold & Related Deposits A Global
Perspective, v. 1: Adelaide, Australia, Australian Mineral Foundation, 330 p.
Smith, R. J., 2002, Geophysics of iron-oxide copper-gold systems, in Porter, T. M., ed., Hydrothermal Iron
Oxide Copper-Gold & Related Deposits: A Global Perspective, 2: Adelaide, Australia, PGC Publishing,
p. 357-367.
Williams, P. J., 1994, Iron mobility during synmetamorphic alteration in the Selwyn Range area, NW
Queensland; implications for the origin of ironstone-hosted Au-Cu deposits: Mineralium Deposita, v. 29,
p. 250-260.
Williams, P. J., and Pollard, P. J., 2001, Australian Proterozoic iron oxide-Cu-Au deposits; an overview
with new metallogenic and exploration data from the Cloncurry District, Northwest Queensland:
Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 10, p. 191-213.
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of flow paths and hydrothermal features for alternative
models for IOCG deposits. See Table 1 for synopsis of characteristics. Shading in
arrows indicates predicted quartz precipitation (veining) for different paths in
different quartz-saturated rocks which provides a useful first-order indication of path
(cf. Barton et al. 1997, Barton and Johnson 2000).
Barton & Johnson 2004 IOCG Footprints p. 6
Table 1. Synopsis of alternative genetic models for IOCG systems (cf. Figure 1).
Non-magmatic
Fluid Source Magmatic
Basin / surface Metamorphic
• Thermal convection of
• Metamorphic release of
= non-magmatic brines; wall
• Release of S -poor metal- brine components by
rock reaction provides
bearing brine from magma; devolatilization or reaction
Fundamental metals
rise by buoyancy with other aqueous fluids;
processes • Cooling, wall-rock reaction
• Cooling, wall-rock reaction rise by buoyancy
or fluid mixing provide
± fluid mixing provide trap • Cooling, wall-rock reaction
trap; second fluid may
± fluid mixing provide trap
provide metals
• High-K, oxidized suites • Igneous rocks diverse
• No necessary connection,
ranging in composition (gabbro to granite); non-
though commonly present
Igneous from diorites to granites magmatic examples known
• Could be heat source in
associations • Carbonatite and strongly • Key heat source in most
some settings
alkaline connections • Material source, diversity
• Can be material source
proposed by some reflected in geochemistry
Hydrothermal • Na(Ca) and other types (K, • Primarily K and H+
• K (type I), H+ ± Na(Ca) in
H+) link to magmas alteration associated with
alteration in upwelling zones
• Regional Na(Ca) deposits
feldspathic • Na(Ca) ± K (type II) in
coincident but not directly • Regional Na(Ca)
hosts recharge zones
related to Cu(-Au) association reflects sources
• Some Fe-oxides with Cu(- • Mt-rich are deeper, earlier,
• Fe-oxides present, but
Au), may be deeper or higher-T parts of ore-
relatively minor (Bi or Chl
Relationship of higher-T equivalents forming; Mt or Hm also
common); Fe oxides
• Barren Fe oxides may form typical with Cu
Fe-oxides to from distinct fluids and • Barren Fe oxides represent
commonly generated by
Cu(-Au) breakdown of mafic
commonly in older lack of S trap for Cu or
minerals rather than Fe
hydrothermal systems in lack of second Cu-bearing
introduction
same area fluid
• Shallow to mid crustal • In (mainly) brittle upper • Mid- to shallow crustal
Local setting: levels; commonly along crust; plumbing provided levels near or on major
depth / structure regional structures but near by regional or volcano- structures ; surface fluids
causative intrusions tectonic structures require shallow levels
• Regions with Cl-rich low-
• Arcs or extensional • Regions with appropriate
to intermediate-grade
environments that produce brine sources (arid settings
source rocks;
Global setting characteristic magmas or older Cl-rich materials),
compressional setting (e.g.,
(oxidized high-K or plumbing systems, and
basin-collapse) or prograde
alkaline) thermal drives
metamorphism
Hauck (1989), Pollard Barton and Johnson (1996,
Williams (1994), De Jong et
Key references (2000), Groves and 2000), Haynes et al. (1995),
al. (1998), Hitzman (2000)
Vielreicher (2001) Haynes (2000)