Al-Quds University

Introduction

Electronic circuit elements known as filters are

commonly utilized, with two primary types based on
the components utilized: active and passive. Passive
filters consist of passive components such as L, C, and
R, while active filters incorporate one or more active
components in addition to passive ones. LC, RC, and ̟
filters can be created through various combinations of
L, C, and R. These filters are further categorized based
on the range of frequencies they attenuate, resulting
in four classifications: Low pass filter (LPF), High pass
filter (HPF), Band pass filter (BPF), and Band reject
filters (BRF).

Objectives
1. Develop an understanding of active filter circuits, their parameters, and the methods used
to design them.
2. Construct and analyze active low pass (LPF), high pass (HPF), and band pass (BPF) filters.

Equipment :
1. Wire
2. Resistors: 2KΩ(×2), 220KΩ, 1KΩ
3. Capacitors: 22nF(×2), 100nF (×4)
4. Inductor: 10mH
5. DMM
6. Breadbored
Frequency (kHz) 1 3 5 7 10 20 40 100

|V i| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

|V o| 1 1 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.04 0.02 0.02

|V i| 1 1 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.04 0.02 0.02

Gain=
|V o|
 Part 1;

Part 2:

Frequency (kHz) 1 3 5 7 10 20 40 100

|V i| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
|V o| 0 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 1 1 1
|V i| 0 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 1 1 1
Gain=
|V o|
 Part 3

Frequency (kHz) 1 3 5 7 10 20 40 100

|V i| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
|V o| 0 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 1 1 1
|V i| 0 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 1 1 1
Gain=
|V o|

Frequency (kHz) 1 3 5 7 10 20 40 100

|V i| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
|V o| 0 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 1 1 1
|V i| 0 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 1 1 1
Gain=
|V o|

Conclusion:
Although filters are widely used in various
applications, it is important to acknowledge that
they cannot always ideally permit the passage of
desired frequencies while completely preventing the
passage of undesirable frequencies at the desired
value. The nature of certain circumstances prevents
ideal filter behavior. A low-pass filter (LPF) permits
signals with frequencies lower than a selected cutoff
frequency to pass while attenuating signals with
higher frequencies. The exact frequency response of
the filter is determined by its design. A high-pass
filter (HPF) permits signals with frequencies higher
than a certain cutoff frequency to pass while
attenuating signals with lower frequencies. The
degree of attenuation for each frequency is
dependent on the filter's design. A band-stop filter,
or band-rejection filter, allows most frequencies to
pass through unaltered but reduces those within a
specific range to very low levels. This type of filter is
the opposite of a band-pass filter.