Composite Construction of Prestressed and in sity Concrete mill 415 In most composite constructions which involve p-ecast prestressed units and in situ cast concrete the latter is invariably of low- or medium-strength concrete while the former are generally made of high-strength concrete of grade exceeding M-35. Consequently, the modulus of elasticity of the two parts will be different. For computing live-load stresses, the effect of different moduli between the cast in situ and precast units is considered by using the modular ratio of precast to in situ concrete for calculating the area, centroid. second moment of area and second modulus of the equivalent composite section. In most practical instances; the modulus of elasticity of in situ concrete of grade M 20 will be about 25 kN/mm?, while the modulus of concrete in precast prestressed units could vary from 28 to 36 kN/mm* for concrete grades of M-30 to M-60. Hence, the modular ratio varies in the range of 1.1 to 1.5. However, this value could be larger if lightweight concrete with a modulus in the range of 5 to 12 kN/mm? is uscd in conjunction with precast units made of normal- weight aggregates. The computation of stresses developed at the various stages in precast pretensioned and in situ cast concrete is illustrated by the following examples. [Example 14.1. A precast pretensioned beam of rectangular section has a breadth of 100 mm and a depth of 200 mm. The beam with an effective span of 5 m, is prestressed by tendons with their centroids coinciding with the bottom kern. The initial force in the tendons is 150 KN. The loss of prestress may be assumed to be 15 per cent. The beam is incorporated in a composite T-beam by casting a top flange of breadth 400 mm and thickness 40 mm, If the composite beam supports a live load of 8 kN/m?, calculate the resultant stresses developed in the precast and in situ cast concrete assuming the pretensioned beam as (a) unpropped and (b) propped during the casting of the slab. Assume the same modulus of elasticity for concrete in precast beam and in situ cast slab. Solution. Section properties of the pretensioned beam A = (100 x 200) = 20000 mm? ai ju x 200 6 Initial prestressing force, P = 150 kN | = (667 x 10°) mm? Stresses due to prestressing force = (4) z [oxox = 15 N/mm at the bottom and zero at the top fibre, (20000) respectively. Effective prestress cfter losses = (0.85 x 15) = 12.8 Nimm? Self-weight of the precast beam = (0.1 x 0.2 x 24 x 10°) = 480 Nim416 Mims Prestressed Concrete Self-weight moment = (0.125 x 480 x 5*) = 1500 Nm (1500000) (667 x 10°) Self-weight of in situ cast slab = (0.04 x 0.4 x 24 x 10°) = 384 Nm Moment due to slab weight = (0.125 x 384 x 5”) = 1200 Nm (1200000) (667 x 10°) Stresses at top and bottom fibre = [ | = +£2.25 Nimm? Stresses due to slab weight in the precast section = [ | = +1.8 N/mm? Section properties of the composite section Distance of the centroid from the top fibre = 87 mm Second moment of area, I = (1948 x 10°) mm* Second moduli, 2, = (225 x 10*) mm? Zp = (128 x 10*) mm? Live load on the composite section = (0.4 x 1 x 8000) = 3200 N/m Maximum live-load moment = (0.125 x 3200 x 5?) = 10000 Nm Live load stresses in the composite section . At top = (z x 10') = 4.45 N/mm? (compression) 225 7 At bottom = ea % 10'] = 7.85 Nimm? (tension) If the pretensioned beam is propped, the self-weight of the slab acts on the composite section. Moment due to slab weight = 1200 Nm Stresses due to this moment in the composite section At top = (or) = 0.53 Nimm? (compression) At bottom = (220°. ) _ 9.94 N/mm? (tension) ottom = | 5p | = 0.94 Nimm? (tension The distribution of stresses for the various stages of loading for the propped and unpropped construction is shown in Fig. 14.3. [Example 14.2 Compute the resultant stresses developed in the precast pretensioned beam and cast in situ slab for the unpropped case if the modulus of elasticity of concrete in slab and beam are different. Assume E, (prestressed beam) = 35 kN/mm’. Solution. 35 Ratio of modulus of elasticity = (2) = 1.25 Properties of equivalent composite sectionComposite Consituction of Prestressed ond in situ Concrete mM 417 Area of in situ slab = (400 x 40) = 16000 mm Area of prestressed beam = (200 x 100) = 20000 mm? (a) Unpropped 400 Stresses Nimm? 445 4.45 7 21a «(2 T \F os aalasos Al 8 = + + + = + gt |+ + - y a 100 15 12.8 2.25 18 7.85 09 Initial Effective Self-weight Self-weight Live-load Resultant presiress prestress stress (beam) stress (sao) stiess stress (b) Propped + Compression —Tension 0.53 4.45 4.98 f +] 028 \+] 24 87 2.25 x F + ¥ 2,582.2 BZ >| 153 5 128 228 ~~ ~«TBSSCTS Fig. 14.3 Stresses in precast pretensioned beam and cast in situ slab The centroid of the equivalent composite section is determined by taking moments about an axis passing through the soffit of the beam, Ify = distance of the centroid from the soffit, (16:41:28 x2) 10° x y = (16 x 10° x 220) + (1.25 x 20 10° x 100) y= 146mm Second moment of area of the equivalent composite section is given by, (ox, 16 x 10° x 7) 123( 1002007 a9 10" x46" 2 2 = (226 x 10°) mm‘. Live-Load Moment = 10’ Nmm Stresses developed in cast in situ slab Atthe top of slab = C9) _ 4.4.15 Nimm? (226 x10") 7 Atthe bottom of steb = 2 X59 ~ 4.2 Nimm? (226% 10") Stresses developed in the pretensioned beam (107 x54) oes] x 1.25 = +2.75 N/mm” Atv=|418 Mm® Prestressed Concrete (10" x 146) (226 x 10°) The resultant stresses developed in the precast beam and in situ cast slab are shown in Fig. 14.4. The effect of using concrete with different moduli of elasticity in beam aad slab results in an increase in the compressive stress at the top fibre of the beam with a corresponding decrease in the compressive stresses developed in the in situ cast slab. At bottom = : | x 1.25 =-8.1 Nimm? 400_y— Fe=28kNimm? 4.15 4.15 Nimmé {2 Le ao \+] 2s t g f ce aches? = Ye fal * + = t t Nim "00 a5 a7 oa cicadhtinm®”? | Gueasanttenpig |LNewanateben | HCdltinnas Fig. 14.4 Stress distribution EZ Differential Shrinkage In composite members using precast prestressed units in situ cast concrete, a considerable proportion of the total shrinkage will have already taken place in the precast prestressed beam before the casting and hardening of the in situ concrete, Due to the high water/cement ratios used in the in site concrete, there will be considerable shrinkage of this part in the composite section. Consequently, the differential shrinkage between the precast and in situ cast units results in stresses in both. The magnitude of differential shrinkage is influenced by the composition of concrete and the environmental conditions to which the composite member is exposed. In the absence of exact data, a general value of 100 micro strains is provided for in the British code BS: 8110° for computing shrinkage stresses. A reasonable estimation of stresses developed due to differential shrinkage may be made using the following assumptions: 1. The shrinkage is uniform over the in situ part of the section, and 2. Effect of creep and increase in modulus of elasticity with age and the component of shrinkage, which is common to both the units is negligible. The method of computing the stresses is illustrated in Fig. 14.5, in which the in situ cast slab is first allowed to undergo the full amount of differential shrinkage e,.. Tensile forces of intensity Ny, are then applied to each end acting atthe centroid of thecast in situ slab so that the slab is restored to the length of the precast element. Consequently, the uniform tensile stress induced in the in situ concreteise,,£,andthemagnitude of thetensileforceiscomputedasNy,=&..E-Aj,