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Every effort has been made to check for factual, calculation, spelling,
symbolic, graphical and conceptual errors. As a student of science, it is
the student’s responsibility to practice critical and logical thinking and
call the attention of the teachers if the key to correction is doubtful or if
necessary clarification needs to be made. The Department is not
responsible for any consequence that may arise from using this key.

T2FT REVISION
WORKSHEET KEY
 T2FT Revision Worksheet
Chapters 2 – 11 (except 6)
1. Justify the following statements by discussing the interparticle forces present and comparing the
strengths of each.

Hint:
• Classify the substance (metallic, ionic, network, monoatomic, molecular [polar, nonpolar])
• Identify the intermolecular forces or describe the bonding present (for solids)
• Compare the strengths of the interparticle forces
• Relate its impact on the relative magnitude of the macro property being asked

(A) NH3 boils at 240 K while NF3 boils at 144 K at 1 atm pressure.

Both NH3 and NF3 are polar molecules.

NH3 has dispersion forces and hydrogen bonding while NF3 has dispersion forces and dipole-
dipole forces among its molecules.
However, the hydrogen bonding in NH3 is much stronger than the intermolecular forces in NF3,
hence NH3 boils at a higher temperature than NF3.

(B) Solid SiO2 melts at 1710oC while solid SO2 melts at -72oC.

SiO2 is a covalent network solid held by very strong covalent bonds.

SO2 is a polar molecular solid held by relatively weaker dispersion forces and dipole-dipole
forces.
Hence, SiO2 melts at a much higher temperature than SO2.

(C) Which one is expected to condense first, Xe or Kr, when cooled at constant pressure?

Xe and Kr are both monoatomic gases held by dispersion forces.

Since Xe has a larger electron cloud and more polarizable than Kr, the intermolecular forces of
attraction is greater in Xe.
Xe has greater attraction among its molecules and would condense much faster than Kr.

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 (D) Which between the two structures below is expected to have a lower vapor pressure?

Ethylamine Methylamine

Both ethylamine and methylamine are polar molecules with dispersion forces and exhibit
hydrogen bonding among its molecules.
However, ethylamine has a larger electron cloud than methylamine, and therefore, more
polarizable.
The intermolecular forces in ethylamine is larger in the liquid phase and would require more
energy to vaporize the liquid resulting in fewer vapor molecules, fewer collisions and a lower
vapor pressure.

(E) Both diamond and graphite are made up of carbon atoms but only graphite is a good conductor of
electricity.

In diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in a network
solid.
In graphite, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to only three other carbon atoms in a
network. The fourth electron is delocalized between the graphite layers and able to carry charge
and conduct electricity.

(F) Solid copper metal, Cu, is strong and flexible while solid copper (II) chloride, CuCl2, is strong but
brittle

Cu is a metallic solid with positive ions held by nondirectional covalent bonding surrounded by a
sea of delocalized electrons. The particles are strongly held together but are free to slide upon
each other, hence, Cu is flexible.

On the other hand, CuCl2 is an ionic solid with alternating positive and negative ions held by
strong electrostatic attraction. However, when pressure is applied on the lattice, the arrangement
is shifted such that like charges are placed beside each other and repel. Hence, it explains the
brittleness of the material.

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 2. Consider the following molecules and ions of sulfur and oxygen

SO2 SO3 SO32-

(A) Draw a Lewis structure that can best represent each of the species shown above.

OR

(B) Which S—O bond among the species above is the longest? Justify your answer.

SO2 has a bond order of 2 or 1.5 (depending on what you draw)

Both SO3 and SO32- has an effective bond order of 1.33
The smaller the bond order, the lower the degree of orbital overlap, the longer the bond.
Hence, the S-O bonds in SO3 and SO32- are longer than that of SO2

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 (C) Sketch the potential energy-internuclear distance diagram for the S—O bond in SO2 and SO3 in
the same graph.

SO2 has a bond order of 2 (or 1.5) while SO3 has a bond order of 1.33.
SO2 has a shorter bond length and larger bond energy as depicted by the solid curve
SO3 has a longer bond length and smaller bond energy as depicted by the dashed line

(D) Which between SO2 and SO3 is the polar species? Justify your answer.

The sulfur-to-oxygen bond is polar.

SO3 has three electron domains with 3 bonded atoms and no lone pair resulting to a trigonal
planar structure. The dipole moments cancel each other out in this arrangement and hence SO3
is a nonpolar molecule.

SO2 has three electron domains with 2 bonded atoms and a lone pair resulting to a bent-shaped
structure. The dipole moments do not cancel each other and hence a polar species.

(E) What is the hybridization of sulfur in SO2 and SO3?

Both S in SO2 and SO3 is sp2-hybridized

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 (F) Consider the reaction of SO2 with O2 to form SO3
(i.) Write a balanced equation to represent the reaction described above.

2𝑆𝑂$ + 𝑂$ ⟶ 2𝑆𝑂'

(ii.) Which chemical species is oxidized in the reaction? Justify your answer.

S in SO2 changes oxidation state from +4 to +6, an increase in oxidation number

indicates that SO2 is the chemical species oxidized

(iii.) Using average bond enthalpies, determine the enthalpy change, DHrxn for this reaction

Not enough information to answer this question. Disregard.

(G) Sketch an energy distribution diagram for the molecular speeds of both SO2 and SO3 at the same
temperature. Justify your sketch.

At the same temperature, the average molecular speed is inversely proportional to the square
root of the molar mass of gas. Since the molar mass of SO3 is larger than that of SO2, the
average molecular speed of SO3 is lower than that of SO2. Hence, diagram 1 represents SO3 and
diagram 2 represents SO2

(H) Which between Na2SO3 and MgSO3 has the greater magnitude of lattice energy? Justify your
answer.

Both Na+ and Mg2+ are ionically bonded to the same anion. However, the charge of Mg2+ is
larger than that of Na+. The magnitude of lattice energy is directly proportional to the product of
the charges of the ions consistent with the modified Coulomb’s law for lattice energy. Hence,
MgSO3 has the greater magnitude of lattice energy compared to Na2SO3

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 (I) Draw one Na+ and one Mg2+ when dissolved in aqueous solution. Which one exhibits the greatest
ion-dipole interaction.

* for Magnesium ion, simply replace the Na+ with the Mg2+

The charge of Mg2+ is larger than that of Na+. The ion-dipole force is proportional to the charge of
the ion surrounded by the water molecules consistent with coulomb’s law. Hence, Mg2+ exhibits the
greater ion-dipole interaction

(J) Which between O and S has the larger first ionization energy? Justify your answer.

Both O and S are in the same group and have comparable effective nuclear charge.
O has fewer occupied shells (n=2) than S (n=3) and hence has a larger distance from the
nucleus. The force of attraction between valence electrons and the nucleus is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance consistent with Coulomb’s law. Hence, O valence
electrons would have experienced a greater force of attraction resulting in a larger first
ionization energy than S

(K) Which 1s orbital between O and S has the larger binding energy? Justify your answer.

Since both the 1s electrons in O and S are in the same shell, the force of attraction between these
electrons and the nucleus depends on the nuclear charge. S has more protons than O, therefore,
the 1s electrons in S are experiencing a greater force of attraction consistent with Coulomb’s
law. Hence, the 1s electrons in S would have the larger binding energy than that of S

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 3. Consider the following boiling points of selected substances

Substance Molar Mass Boiling Point (K) Intermolecular Forces of

Attraction Present
Cl2 70.9 239 Dispersion forces
HCl 36.5 188 Dispersion forces
Dipole-dipole
F2 38.0 85 Dispersion forces
HF 20.0 293 Dispersion forces
Hydrogen bonding

(A) Explain the difference in the boiling points of the substances below in terms of the relative
strength of the intermolecular forces present in each substance
(i.) Cl2 and HCl

Cl2 is a nonpolar molecule and has a larger electron cloud than HCl and its
dispersion forces are stronger than the combined dispersion and dipole-dipole
forces in the polar HCl molecules. Hence, Cl2 boils at a higher temperature than
HCl.

(ii.) F2 and HF

The hydrogen bonding among the polar HF molecules are much stronger than the
dispersion forces present among the nonpolar F2 molecules. Hence HF boils at a
much higher temperature than F2.

(iii.) Cl2 and F2

Both Cl2 and F2 are nonpolar molecules with dispersion forces.

However, Cl2 has a larger electron cloud and more polarizable than F2 and would
have a stronger dispersion force.
Hence Cl2 boils at a higher temperature than F2.

(iv.) HF and HCl

Both HF and HCl are polar molecules that exhibit dispersion forces and dipole-
dipole. However, HF has a much stronger hydrogen bonding among its molecules.
Hence HF boils at a much higher temperature than HCl.

(B) Draw two molecules of HF and show the hydrogen bonding present with a dashed line.

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 4. Consider the decomposition of phosphorus pentachloride as shown by the reaction below.

𝑃𝐶𝑙+(-) → 𝑃𝐶𝑙'(-) + 𝐶𝑙$(-)

(A) Complete the table below by filling in the required information regarding the reactant and
products of the decomposition reaction.

𝑷𝑪𝒍𝟓(𝒈) 𝑷𝑪𝒍𝟑(𝒈) 𝑪𝒍𝟐(𝒈)

Lewis structure

Molecule Type AX3E ---

AX5

Electron Pair Tetrahedral ---

Geometry Trigonal bipyramidal

Molecular Shape Trigonal planar Linear

Trigonal bipyramidal

Polarity (draw the Nonpolar Polar Nonpolar

actual shape with
the dipole
moments)

Hybridization of Not included in AP sp3

the central atom

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 (B) The enthalpy of reaction, ΔHrxn, for the decomposition of phosphorus pentachloride is 420
kJ/mol. If the average bond enthalpy of the Cl-Cl bond is 240 kJ/mol, estimate the bond
enthalpy of the P-Cl bond.

∆𝐻9:; = [5𝐷@ABC ] − [3𝐷@ABC + 𝐷BCABC ] = 2𝐷@ABC − 𝐷BCABC

420 = 2𝑥 − 240 ; 𝑥 = 330 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

(C) Determine the wavelength of light needed to break a P – Cl bond.

ℎ𝑐 330𝑘𝐽 1000 𝐽 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (6.626 × 10A'] )(3 × 10^ )

𝐸= ; × × =
𝜆 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝐽 6.022 × 10$' 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝜆

𝜆 = 363 𝑛

(D) The P – Cl bond is 203 pm long while the Cl – Cl bond is 199 pm long. Account for the
difference.

P and Cl are in the same period and both bonded to the same atom. The larger effective
nuclear charge of Cl makes it a smaller atom than P. Hence, the internuclear distance
between P and Cl would be longer than that of two Cl atoms. Hence, the bond length of P—
Cl is longer than Cl – Cl

(E) PCl3 has a net dipole moment while the PCl5 does not have one. Account for this
observation.

P-Cl bonds are polar.

PCl3 has four electron domains with three bonded atoms and a lone pair resulting in a
trigonal pyramidal shape. The dipole moments do not cancel out.
However, PCl5 has five electron domains with five bonded atoms and no lone pair resulting
in a trigonal bipyramidal shape. The dipole moments cancel out for such arrangement.

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 (F) A student claims that the molecular shape of PCl4+ and PCl4- are the same because both
molecules have the same number of chlorine atoms attached to phosphorus. Do you agree
with such claim? Why or why not?

PCl4- has four electron domains with no lone pairs. The four domains will arrange
themselves in space to minimize repulsion in a tetrahedral shape.

PCl4- has the same number of chlorine atoms as PCl4+ but has two extra electrons resulting
to a lone pair at the central atom. To minimize repulsion, the domains arrange themselves
in a see-saw shape.

I disagree with the student

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 (G) On the basis of formal charges, which of the following nonequivalent resonance structures
contributes more to the actual structure of POCl3?

Structure Left Right

P +1 0
Cl 0 0
O -1 0

The right structure has zero formal charges for all of its the atoms. Stable molecules tend to
have formal charges closer to zero as much as possible. Hence the right structure
contributes more to the actual structure of POCl3

(H) 833 g of PCl5(g) is injected into a evacuated 30.0-L rigid container at 523 K.
(i.) What is the initial pressure of the gas in the container before the reaction?

𝑚𝑜𝑙
_833 𝑔 × b (0.08206)(523𝐾)
208.24 𝑔
𝑃= = 5.72 𝑎𝑡𝑚
30.0 𝐿

(ii.) As the reaction progresses at constant temperature, does the total pressure of the gas
increase, decrease or stays the same? Justify your answer with an explanation at the
molecular level.
Since the total number of moles of gaseous products is greater than that of the reactants,
more moles of gas are produced as the reaction proceeds forward. At constant
temperature and volume, the pressure is proportional to the total moles of gas.
Hence, the pressure increases as the reaction progresses.

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 (iii.) If the reaction is only 75% completed, what is the total pressure of the gas after the
reaction.

Using a table
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) Cl2(g)
Initial 5.72 0 0

Change -0.75(5.72) +4.29 +4.29

= -4.29
Final 1.43 4.29 4.29

The total pressure after the reaction = 1.43 + 4.29 + 4.29 =10.01 atm

(iv.) Calculate the partial pressure of each gas after the reaction.

See final row in table

(v.) Draw a particulate view to represent the particles before and after the reaction with a
75% of the reactants consumed. Use one particle to represent one mole of the reactant.

Since the moles of PCl5 is 4.00 moles from previous calculations in part (H)(i)

PCl5(g) PCl3(g) Cl2(g)

Initial 4 0 0
Change -3 +3 +3

Final 1 3 3

Use the initial and final number of molecules to draw the diagram before and after the
reaction

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 5. A certain compound contains only C, H and N. Combustion of 0.125 g of this compound produces
0.172 g H2O and 0.279 g CO2.
(A) Calculate the mass of C, H and N in the compound.

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑂$ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶 12.01 𝑔 𝐶

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶 = 0.279 𝑔 𝐶𝑂$ × × × = 0.0761 𝑔
44.01 𝑔 𝐶𝑂$ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑂$ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻$ 𝑂 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻 1.008 𝑔 𝐻

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻 = 0.172 𝑔 𝐻$ 𝑂 × × × = 0.0192 𝑔
18.016 𝑔 𝐻$ 𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻$ 𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑁 = 0.125 − 0.0761 − 0.0192 = 0.0297 𝑔 𝑁

(B) Determine the empirical formula of the compound.

Mass Molar Mole Least Whole

Mass Ratio Number
C 0.0761 g 12.01 0.00634 2.99 3

H 0.0192 g 1.008 0.0190 8.96 9

N 0.0297 g 14.01 0.00212 1.00 1

𝐶' 𝐻j 𝑁

(C) If the molar mass of the compound is found to be 59.10 g/mol, what is the molecular formula
of the compound?

𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 59

𝑛= = =1
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 59.10

The molecular formula is 𝐶' 𝐻j 𝑁

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 (D) Draw three possible valid Lewis structures for the compound and predict, with justification,
the relative boiling points of each structure.

All have the same size of electron cloud

A and D exhibit greater intermolecular forces due to the presence of hydrogen bonding but A
is a more elongated molecule with greater surface area of contact compared to D and hence
would have a stronger dispersion force than D. A will boil at a higher temperature than D

B and C have dipole-dipole forces between its molecules but B is a more elongated molecule
with greater surface area of contact compared to C and hence would have a stronger
dispersion force than C. B will boil at a higher temperature than C.

BP Trend : A > D > B > C

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 6. Consider the following data on several substances
CH3(CH2)4OH CH3(CH2)3C CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH3
H3
1-pentanol Pentane Ethyl propyl ether
Molar Mass (g/mol) 88.2 72.2 88.2
Normal Boiling Point (K) 411 309 337
Normal Melting Point (K) 195 144 166
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg) 2.2 514 62.5
at 25oC
ΔHfus (kJ/mol) 44.4 8.4 28.9
ΔHvap (kJ/mol) 57.0 25.7 31.4
ΔHsub (kJ/mol) 101.4 34.1 60.3

1-pentanol

Ethyl
propyl
ether

Pentane

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 (A) Complete the Lewis electron dot diagram for each substance (if needed)

The oxygen atoms in 1-pentanol and ethyl propyl ether must have two lone pairs each to complete
the octet

(B) Explain the following by comparing the relative strengths of the intermolecular forces present
among its molecules and the data from the table
(i.) 1-pentanol boils at a higher temperature than pentane

1-pentanol is a polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces
between its molecules while pentane is a nonpolar molecule that can only form
dispersion forces. The intermolecular forces are stronger in 1-pentanol than in pentane,
hence, 1-pentanol boils at a higher temperature.

(ii.) 1-pentanol has a low vapor pressure than ethyl propyl ether

1-pentanol is a polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces
between its molecules while ethyl propyl ether is a polar molecule that can form
dispersion and dipole-dipole forces. The intermolecular forces are stronger in 1-
pentanol than in pentane, hence, more energy is needed to turn the liquid to vapor, hence
1-pentanol has a lower vapor pressure than ethyl propyl ether

(iii.) Ethyl-propyl ether boils at a higher temperature than pentane

Ethyl propyl ether is a polar molecule that can form dipole-dipole and dispersion forces
between its molecules while pentane is a nonpolar molecule that can only form
dispersion forces. The intermolecular forces are stronger in ethyl propyl ether than in
pentane, hence, ethyl propyl ether boils at a higher temperature.
(C) How much kJ of energy is released when 80.0 g of gaseous ethyl propyl ether condenses?

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 31.4 𝑘𝐽
80.0 𝑔 × × = 28.5 𝑘𝐽
88.2 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙

(D) Why is ΔHvap bigger than ΔHfus?

It takes a relatively smaller energy to weaken the intermolecular forces to melt a substance as
particles need only to slide pass each other to get to the liquid phase. However, vaporization
requires a larger energy as the intermolecular forces must be fully overcome as the particles
transition from liquid to gas.

(E) Why is the value of ΔHsub the biggest of them all?

It is the sum of the heat of vaporization and heat of fusion.

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 (F) Sketch an approximate heating curve for pentane and label the axes, the MP, BP and the phases
for each step.

BP = 309 K or 36oC at line Deb(liquid to gas)

MP = 144 K or -129oC at line BC (solid to liquid)
Line AB = solid
Line CD = liquid
Line EF= gas
x-axis could be added heat or time

(G) Sketch an approximate cooling curve for 1-pentanol and label the axes, the FP, condensation
point and the phases for each step.

Use 411 K or 138oC for condensation point

195 K or -78oC for freezing point
x-axis could be time or heat removed

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 7. Consider the plot of vapor pressures of three substances (Pentane, C5H12; Tetrachloromethane, CCl4
and water) at varying temperatures.

(A) Account for the differences in the boiling points of the three substances.

Water is a polar molecule with dispersion forces and hydrogen bonding among its molecules.
Pentane and tetrachloromethane are nonpolar molecules with dispersion forces. The hydrogen
bonding in water is much stronger than the dispersion forces of the other two substances hence
water has the highest boiling point.

CCl4 has a larger electron cloud and more polarizable than pentane, hence stronger
intermolecular force. Hence, CCl4 boils at a higher temperature than pentane.

(B) Why does the vapor pressure increase as the temperature increases for all the three substances?

Increasing the temperature of the liquid increases the average kinetic energy of the liquid,
providing enough energy for the molecules to escape into the vapor phase. The more vapor
molecules there is, the greater the collisions, the higher the vapor pressure.

(C) Which one would exert greater vapor pressure, 100 mL of water in a tall graduated cylinder or the
same volume of water in a short and wider 100 mL beaker? Justify your answer.

At the same temperature, a tall graduated cylinder has a smaller exposed surface and produced
fewer vapor molecules. The same volume of water in a short wider beaker would have a greater
exposed surface but there is a proportional increase in the number of vapor molecules with the
increase in the surface area. Hence, the vapor pressure would be the same for both containers.

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 (D) In an elevated area in Colorado, the atmospheric pressure is about 500 torr. Estimate the boiling
point of CCl4 at this elevation and justify the observation.

The boiling point of CCl4 is about 60oC which is lower than the normal boiling point of 76.5oC. A
lower atmospheric pressure requires a lower vapor pressure for the substance to reach its boiling
point. The substance boils at a lower temperature than 76.5oC.

(E) Draw two molecules of CCl4 showing the dominant intermolecular forces between these particles.

d- d+ d- d+
CCl4 CCl4

Dispersion forces between induced dipoles

(F) Draw two molecules of water showing the dominant intermolecular forces between these
particles.

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules

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 8. Explain the following observations regarding the physical and chemical properties of the substances
being compared.
(A) SiO2 boils at a higher temperature than SO2.
SiO2 is a covalent network solid held by very strong covalent bonds.
SO2 is a polar molecular solid held by relatively weaker dispersion forces and dipole-dipole
forces.
Hence, SiO2 boils at a much higher temperature than SO2.

(B) Xe boils at a higher temperature than Ar.

Xe and Ar are both monoatomic gases held by dispersion forces.

Since Xe has a larger electron cloud and more polarizable than Kr, the intermolecular
forces of attraction is greater in Xe.
Xe has greater attraction among its molecules and would condense much faster than Kr.

(C) Diamond is a nonconductor of electricity but graphite is a good conductor.

In diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in a network
solid.
In graphite, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to only three other carbon atoms in a
network. The fourth electron is delocalized between the graphite layers and able to carry
charge and conduct electricity.

9. Consider NH3 and NF3

(A) Draw the Lewis structures of each molecule.

(B) What is the molecular shape of each?

Both are trigonal pyramidal.

(C) What is the polarity of each molecule? Draw dipole moments for each bond and the net
dipole moment.

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 (D) Which between NH3 and NF3 you expect to have a greater LDF? Why?

NF3 has a larger electron cloud and more polarizable than NH3
NF3 has a greater dispersion force than NH3

(E) Which between NH3 and NF3 you expect to have a greater dipole-dipole interaction? Why?

Since both have the same geometric shape and the N-F bonds in NF3 is more polar than the
N-H bonds in NH3
NF3 has a greater dispersion force than NH3

(F) Which between NH3 and NF3 you expect to have a greater H-bonding?

A molecule exhibits hydrogen bonding between molecules when a hydrogen is covalently

bonded to N inside the molecule. NH3 is the one that exhibits H-bonding and NF3 does not

(G) NH3 boils at -33oC while NF3 boils at -129oC. Account for such observation using the
relative strengths of the intermolecular forces present in these molecules.

NH3 is a polar molecule with dispersion forces and hydrogen bonding among its molecules
while NF3 is a polar molecule with dispersion forces and dipole-dipole (DD).

Despite NF3 being a polar molecule and having a larger electron cloud, greater
polarizability, the hydrogen bonding in NH3 is much stronger than the IMF in NF3
combined.

10. Consider the reaction of sodium metal with chlorine gas.

2𝑁𝑎(p) + 𝐶𝑙$(-) → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(p)

(A) Compare the type of bonding found in each of the species in the reaction: Na(s), Cl2(g) and
NaCl(s).

Na(s) is a metallic solid composed of positive ions in a sea of delocalized electrons held by
nondirectional covalent bonding

Cl2(g) is a nonpolar molecule held by dispersion forces.

NaCl(s) is an ionic solid composed of alternating positive and negative ions held by strong
electrostatic attraction throughout the crystal lattice

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 (B) Explain why Na(s) is a good conductor of electricity while NaCl(s) is not.
The delocalized electrons in metallic Na(s) are free and able to carry electric charge. On the
other hand, the ions in NaCl(s) are fixed in their positions and are not able to act as charge
carriers.
Hence, Na(s) is a good conductor of electricity while NaCl(s) is not

(C) Explain why Na is a solid at room temperature while Cl2 is a gas.

The metallic bonding in Na is much stronger than the dispersion forces present in Cl2 molecules
at room temperature. Hence, the average kinetic energies of the Na atoms are enough to
overcome the metallic bonding but not the dispersion forces in Cl2. Hence, Na is a solid at room
temperature while Cl2 is a gas.

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 11. Consider the following heating curve for Substance X (with a molar mass of 45 g/mol). A 10.0 g
sample of Substance X is heated at a constant rate of 4.56 kJ/min and the temperature measured every
minute. The results of the experiment is shown below.

(A) Identify the melting point and the boiling point of substance X?

Melting Point = 20oC Boiling Point = 120oC

(B) Why does the temperature at portion 2 in the graph remain constant?

The added energy is used to increase the average potential energy of the substance, the
average distance of the particles increases as the substance transition from solid to liquid
phase.

(C) Assuming there is no heat loss and all the added heat is absorbed by the substance, estimate
the enthalpy of vaporization of substance X in kJ/mol?

Boiling time = 20.0 min – 6.5 min = 13.5 min

Head added during this time
4.56 𝑘𝐽
13.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛 × = 61.6 𝑘𝐽
𝑚𝑖𝑛
61.6 𝑘𝐽 45 𝑔
∆𝐻qrs = × = 277 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
10.0 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙

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 (D) Using the data from the graph, deduce the relative strength of intermolecular forces in
substance X compared to water. Justify your answer.

A higher melting point for substance X (120oC) compared to water (100oC) indicates
stronger intermolecular forces (IMF) in substance X. The stronger the IMF the greater the
energy needed to overcome the IMF, hence a higher boiling point for X.

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 12. The following diagrams show the Lewis structures of four different molecules. Which molecule
would travel the farthest in a paper chromatography experiment using a polar solvent? Explain your
answers using the relative strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction

A polar solvent would have a greater affinity for substances with similar intermolecular forces.

Methanol is the most polar with hydrogen bonding among its molecules, hence will travel the farthest
with the polar solvent.

Acetone and ether are both polar molecules with dipole-dipole and dispersion forces. However, acetone
has a larger nonpolar part than ether. Hence, ether is more polar than acetone and would travel next
after methanol.

Pentane being a nonpolar molecule with dispersion forces would be the one that is least attracted to the
polar solvent and would travel the least distance.

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