DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

----------BILASPUR----------
PRE-BOARD (2021-22)
NAME OF THE STUDENT-________________________________________ADM No.______________R.No______________
DATE: 8TH APRIL, 2022
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY MAX MARKS= 35
CLASS: XII-SEC-B TIME= 2 HOURS
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Instructions-
• There are 12 questions in this question paper.
• Section A - Q. No.1 to 3 are very short answer questions carrying 2 marks each.
• Section B - Q. No.4 to 11 are short answer questions carrying 3 marks each.
• Section C - Q. No.12 is case-based question carrying 5 marks.
• All questions are compulsory.
• There is no overall choice. However, internal choices have been provided.
• Use of log tables and calculators is not allowed.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION-A
1. Elaborate on meaning and role of MALT.
Ans.
1.There is lymphoid tissue also located within the lining of the major tracts (respiratory, digestive and urogenital
tracts) called mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). It constitutes about 50 per cent of the lymphold tissue
in human body.

2. Microbes can be used to decrease the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Explain how this can
be accomplished
OR
What are flocs formed during secondary treatment of sewage? What is their fate in the next step of
treatment?
Ans. Fertilizers and pesticides are synthetic and may be non-biodegradable in nature. They may cause
environmental pollution, biomagnification and eutrophication. To counter these problems associated with the
overuse of chemical fertilizers, there is a need to switch to organic farming-to use biocontrol of pests and bio
fertilizers.
OR
Flocs are aerobic microbes -bacteria associated with fungal filaments that consume the major part of the organic
matter in the effluent which is then passed into a settling tank where the bacterial flocs' are allowed to sediment.
This sediment is called activated sludge. A small part of the activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration
tank to serve as the inoculum. The remaining major part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic
sludge digesters. Here, other kinds of bacteria, which grow anaerobically, digest the bacteria and the fungi in the
sludge. During this digestion, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide and
carbon
dioxide

3.
(i) How is the disease in which there is an uncontrolled division of cells detected?
(ii) How do interferons help in controlling the disease?
Ans.
i The two techniques useful in detecting cancers of internal organs, are CT (Computed Tomography) and
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging).
ii As tumour cells are capable of avoiding recognition and destruction by immune system, the cancer
patients are given a-interferons which are biological response modifiers. It helps activate the immune
system and destroy tumours.

4. Mention the name of the microbes from which Cyclosporin A (an immunosuppressive drug) and Statins
(blood cholesterol lowering agents) are obtained. How are these substances useful?

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Ans. Streptokinase produced by the bacterium Streptococcus and modified by genetic engineering is used as a
'clot buster for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infraction
leading to heart attack. Statins produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus have been commercialized as blood-
cholesterol lowering agents. It acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for synthesis of
cholesterol. Cyclosporin A, that is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ-transplant patients, is produced
by the fungus
Trichoderma polysporum.
OR
(i) State how the constant internal environment is beneficial to organisms.
(ii) Explain any two alternatives by which organisms can overcome stressful external conditions.

Hint: With the aid of a self-regulatory process, the living organism often continues to stay in a constant state.
Such a condition is referred to as homeostasis, which requires the maintenance of a constant internal
environment.

Complete answer:

First let’s explain the benefits of organisms towards a constant internal environment.

(a) Organisms benefit from a constant internal environment by enabling organisms for both biochemical
processes and physiological activities to continue with maximum efficiency, thus improving the overall efficiency
of the organism i.e., increase of overall fitness of the organism.

- Despite changing external environmental factors that threaten to upset their homeostasis, species should strive
to preserve the constancy of their internal environment, i.e. homeostasis.

- By using artificial means such as heaters and air conditioners, human beings can preserve their homeostasis.

(b) The two alternatives by which species are able to withstand stressful external environments are follows-
Migration- organisms travel temporarily under challenging circumstances to a favourable environment and
return after the time is over.

- Aestivation and Hibernation are forms during summers and winters to escape stress.

Note: A constant internal environment cannot be sustained by nearly 99 percent of animals and virtually all
plants. Their body temperature varies with the temperature of the environment.

5.
(i) Bear hibernates, whereas some species of zooplanktons enter diapause to avoid stressful external
conditions. How are these two ways different from each other?
(ii) How does our body adapt to low oxygen availability at high altitudes?
Ans.
(i) Difference between diapause and hibernation
Diapause Hibernation.
State of suspended development during Process of spending winer's extreme cold conditions
unfavourable in a dormant state
e.g. zooplanktons. e.g. some animals like bear.

(ii) Body adaptations at high altitudes are: The physiological condition or responses in order to get acclimatised
to high attitudes are:
(a) To compensate low oxygen, the production of red blood cells is increased.
(b) High haemoglobin content and its decreased binding capacity.
(c) Faster breathing rate.

OR
What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious
diseases?.
Maintenance of personal and public hygiene is very important as safeguard against infectious diseases.
Measures for personal hygiene include:
• Keeping the body clean
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 • Consumption of clean drinking water, food, vegetables, fruits, etc.
• Measures for public hygiene includes:
• Proper disposal of waste and excreta
• Periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs pools, cesspools and tanksObserving standard practices of
hygiene in public catering
• In cases of air-borne diseases such as pneumonia and common cold, close contact with the infected persons or their
belongings should be avoided.
• For diseases transmitted through insect vectors, the most important measure is to control or eliminate the vectors
and their breeding places.

The correct option is

Public health measures are preventive measures which are taken to check the spread of various infectious
diseases. These measures should be taken to reduce the contact with infectious agents.
Some of these methods are:
1. Maintenance of personal and public hygiene:It is one of the most important methods of preventing
infectious diseases. This measure includes maintaining a clean body, consumption of healthy and
nutritious food, drinking clean water, etc. Public hygienic includes proper disposal of waste material,
excreta, periodic cleaning,and disinfection of water reservoirs.
2. Isolation: To prevent the spread of air-borne diseases such as pneumonia, chickenpox, tuberculosis, etc.,
it is essential to keep the infected person in isolation to reduce the chances of spreading these diseases.
3. Vaccination: Vaccination is the protection of the body from communicable diseases by administering
some agent that mimics the microbe inside the body. It helps in providing passive immunization to the
body. Several vaccines are available against many diseases such as tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, etc.
4. Vector Eradication: Various diseases such as malaria, filariasis, dengue, and chikungunya spread through
vectors. Thus, these diseases can be prevented by providing a clean environment and by preventing the
breeding of mosquitoes. This can be achieved by not allowing water to stagnate around residential areas.
Also, measures like regular cleaning of coolers, use of mosquito nets and insecticides such as malathion
in drains, ponds, etc. can be undertaken to ensure a healthy environment. Introducing fish such as
Gambusia in ponds also controls the breeding of mosquito larvae in stagnant water.

6. With an example, explain how biotechnology has been applied in each of the following:
(i) In producing more nutritionally balanced milk
(ii) Chemical safety testing
OR
Draw the figure of vector PBR322 and label the following: Origin of replication, Ampicillin resistance site,
Tetracycline resistance site, Bam H1 restriction site.
Ans.
(i) In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk
contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than
natural cow-milk.
(ii) Vaccine safety: Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are
used on humans. Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of the polio vaccine. If successful and found to
be reliable, they could replace the use of monkeys to test the safety of batches of the vaccine.

SECTION-B
7.
(i) Name the Protozoan parasite that causes amoebic dysentery in humans.
(ii) Mention two diagnostic symptoms of the disease.
(iii) How is this disease transmitted to others?
OR
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(i) Why do the symptoms of malaria not appear immediately after the entry of sporozoites into the human
body when bitten by female Anopheles? Explain.
(ii) Give the scientific name of the malarial parasite that causes malignant malaria in humans.
(iii) Give a flow chart of the part of the life cycle of this parasite passed in this insect.

Ans.
(i) Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite in the large intestine of human which causes amoebiasis
(amoebic dysentery)
(ii) Symptoms of this disease include constipation, abdominal pain and cramps, stools with excess mucous and
blood clots.
(iii) Houseflies act as mechanical carriers and serve to transmit the parasite from faeces of infected person to
food and food products, thereby contaminating them. Drinking water and food contaminated by the faecal matter
are the main source of infection.
OR
(i) Malarial parasite completes its asexual cycle in liver cells and then it attacks the Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
resulting in their rupture. The ruptured RBCs release toxic substance called hacmozoin that is responsible for the
symptoms of malaria like chill and high fever. Thus, no symptoms appear in the infected person between the
period, the parasite enters the body and till RBCs release haemozoin,
(ii) Plasmodium falciparum causes malignant malaria. It enters into human body in sporozoites form.
(iii)
Female Anopheies mosquito takes up gametocyte

Fertilisation and development occur in mosquito intestine

Mature sporozoites released from intestine and migrate to the salivary glands of mosquito

Released into the host's body while sucking blood, along with saliva.

8.
(i) Given below is a single stranded DNA molecule. Frame and label its sense and antisense RNA
molecules: 5’ATGGGGCTC 3' sense
(ii) How the RNA molecules made from above DNA strand help in silencing of the specific RNA
molecules?
Ans.
(i) Template DNA strand = antisense DNA strand
3' TACCCCGAG 5'
5' AUGGGGCUC 3' sense RNA = mRNA
3' UACCCCGAG 5' antisense RNA.
These two RNA's being complementary to each other formed a double stranded (dsRNA).
If the introduction of a gene of a pathogen/pest [DNA) is such that it produced both sense and anti-sense RNA in
the host cells. The two RNA's being complementary to each other formed a double stranded (dsRNA). This
initiates RNAi.
(ii) RNAi takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense. This method involves silencing
of a specific mRNA due to a complementary dsRNA molecule that binds to and prevents translation of the
mRNA (silencing).

9. The following graph represents the organismic response to certain environmental condition (e.g.
salinity)

(i) Which one of these depicts conformers?

(ii) What does the other line of graphs depict?
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(iii) How do B and C organisms differ from each other with reference to homeostasis?
(iv) Mention the category to which human belong with respect to temperature.
(v) What are partial regulators?
Ans.
(i) C depicts conformers.
(ii) The other line B depicts regulators while A are partial regulators.
(iii) Differences given:
Conformer Regulator
These cannot maintain a constant internal These organisms maintain a constant internal
environment and change according to the ambient environment despite changes in the environment
atmospheric conditions.
They show a narrow range of distribution. They show a much wider range of distribution.
(iv) Humans are thermoregulators.
(v) Partial regulators are those organisms that try to maintain a constant level of internal environment first buy
conform later.

10. Study the diagram showing replication of HIV in humans and answer the following questions
accordingly

NOTE: Infected cell can survive while viruses are being replicated and released
(i) Write the chemical nature of the coat.
(ii) Name the enzyme B acting on X to produce molecule C. Name C.
(iii) Mention the name of the host cell D the HIV attacks first when it enters into the human body.
(iv) Name the two different cells the new viruses E subsequently attack.
(v) Name the widely used diagnostic test when a person gets this disease.
Ans.
(i)- Protein coat
(ii) B-Reverse transcriptase C-It is viral DNA
(iii) Macrophage (animal or human cell)
(iv) Macrophages and helper T-cells
(v) A widely used diagnostic test for AIDS is enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA).

11. Recombinant DNA-technology is of great importance in the field of medicine. With the help of a flow
chart, show how this technology has been used in preparing genetically engineered human insulin.
Ans.
Insulin consists of two polypeptide chains A and B they are linked by disulphide bonds → Eli Lilly company
introduced the human genes of both A and B chains into plasmids of E. coli separately → these genes expressed
in E. coli in the form of A and B chains → the chains were extracted and mature insulin was produced by formation
of disulphide bonds.

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12. A policeman finds a very small piece of body tissue from the site of a crime and takes it to the
forensic department.
(i) By which technique will they amplify the DNA collected from the tissue sample?
(ii) Mention in a sequence, the 3 steps involved in each cycle of this technique;
(iii) What is the role of thermostable DNA polymerase in this technique?
Ans.
(i) Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR :PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction.
(ii) In this reaction, multiple copies of the gene (or DNA) of interest is synthesized in vitro using two sets of
primers (small chemically synthesized oligonucleotides that are complementary to the regions of DNA) and the
enzyme DNA polymerase. The enzyme extends the primers using the nucleotides provided in the reaction and
the genomic DNA as template.
(iii) If the process of replication of DNA is repeated many times, the segment of DNA can be amplified to
approximately billion times, i.e., 1 billion copies are made. Such repeated amplification is achieved by the use of
a thermostable DNA polymerase (isolated from a bacterium, Thermus aquaticus), which remain active during
the high temperature induced denaturation of double stranded DNA. The amplified fragment if desired can now
be used to ligate with a vector for further cloning.
SECTION-C
Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow.
13. The way the world has changed in recent years, it's no surprise that some wild species are finding
themselves at risk for extinction as they can't adapt to these changes fast enough or find food sources
readily available without herbicides and pesticides interfering with their natural habitats. Researchers
from the University of Queensland recently concluded that animal species who live in habitats containing
greater diversity are able to survive better than those residing among fewer varieties, and further
research should be conducted on how our environment is affecting this phenomenon. There are many
ways that the loss of biodiversity can harm plants. Scientists have found that in a wide range of species,
loss of diversity in biotic community has led to an increase in vulnerability to climate change-related
stresses such as drought and heatwaves. The loss of biodiversity is a significant issue for agriculture.
Without diverse habitats, we will lose many species!

(i) What features make a community stable?

(ii) What are the major cause for loss of biodiversity amongst the four main causes of loss of biodiversity?
(iii) In the past, which factor would have caused a mass extinction of species?
OR
Human activities cause loss to biodiversity at a very fast rate. According to IUCN Red list (2004), a number
of invertebrates, vertebrates and plants have become extinct in last 500 years. The main cause of the loss
of biodiversity can be attributed to the influence of human beings on the world's ecosystem, In fact
human beings have deeply altered the environment, and have modified the territory, exploiting the
species directly, for example by fishing and hunting, changing the biogeochemical cycles and transferring
species from one area to another of the Planet.
(i) Why are certain regions on the earth called hot-spots? Name any one hotspots in India.
(ii) State a difference between endemic and exotic species.
(iii) In comparison to other animal groups, why are amphibians more vulnerable to extinction?
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(iv) What is Red list? Give two uses of the red list.
Ans.
(i) Rich biodiversity and hence good productivity.
(ii) Habitat loss and fragmentation, alien species invasion, over-exploitation and co-extinctions.
(iii) Hint: As per scientists, the following would have triggered the mass extinction:
• Temperature fluctuation
• Meteorite/Asteroid hitting the planet
• Emission of lethal hydrogen sulphide from the sea
• The outburst of gamma radiations/supernova
OR
(i) Regions of rich biodiversity especially habitats for many endemic species. Generally these regions also are
vulnerable to major biodiversity losses. Examples: Western ghats.
(ii) Endemic species are confined to one particular region mostly where it would have originated. Exotic species
are species that have been shifted from another region.
(iii) Hint: It is because of the following:
• Habitat fragmentation
• Habitat destruction or modification
• Large scale climate change
(iv) Hint: IUCN maintains a red data book or red list which is a catalogue of taxa facing risk of extinction. It aims
to convey the urgency of conserving threatened species to the public and policy makers so as to reduce species
extinction.
Uses:
(a) Identification and documentation of endangered species of plants and animals.
(b) Creating awareness about the importance of preserving the threatened biodiversity.

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