ENCN 371: Project and Infrastructure Management

Resilience Assessment in
Asset Management
Presenters:
Marcus Gibson – Senior Associate (Geotechnical Engineering)
Melanie Liu – Civil Engineer
Outline of Presentation
 Background information on the Canterbury earthquake sequence 2010-2011
 Introduction to resilience
 Strategies for improving system resilience
 Resilience enhancement in asset management
Canterbury Earthquake Sequence 2010-2011
 4 September 2010 (Mw 7.1) — Darfield Earthquake;
 22 February 2011 (Mw 6.2) — Christchurch Earthquake;
 13 June 2011 (Mw 5.3 and Mw 6.0);
 23 December 2011 (Mw 5.8 and Mw 5.9).

23 December 2011

13 June 2011

22 February 2011
Christchurch Experience
Consequences
 Loss or reduced level of service over extended periods
 Social disruption
 Damage to sanitation and water supply elevates risk of outbreak of disease
 Capacity for firefighting compromised
 Elevated long term operational costs (reduced residual asset life, Inflow &
Infiltration)
 Capital costs for repair and timeframe to complete
Post-earthquake related research
Research entitled:

“Decision support framework for post-earthquake

restoration of sewerage pipelines and systems”

Funded by:
Understanding Physical Damage
Fragility curves of sewer pipelines in different liquefaction zones

Damage Ratio (%)

Peak Ground Velocity (cm/s)

Understanding Seismic Performance
Outputs: Post-earthquake performance indicators of sewer systems for structural,
hydraulic, environmental, economic, and social domains
Planning Post-earthquake Restoration
Outputs: Seismic restoration model of sewer systems

Pipe Repair Rate (%)

Time After Earthquake (days)

What is Resilience?

“Resilience is the ability of an organisation or

object to reduce the magnitude and/or duration
of disruptive events.”
Building Infrastructure Resilience

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GVSNM9cn-0
Underlying Philosophy for Improving Resilience (1)
 Maximising the value of existing assets

Maintenance Cost
Present Value

Asset Age
Underlying Philosophy for Improving Resilience (2)

Performance Situation Consequence

Ground Failure
Conditions Thinking of the big picture Mechanisms

Whole of
Hazards Likelihood
Life Costs

Assessment by both engineering judgement and analysis.

Cost for Improving Infrastructure Resilience

• Biggest steps in resilience for small cost early in project cycle – design philosophy.
• Early consideration of resilience can facilitate cost saving though optimisation.
• Detailed design and construction phases – small potential steps in resilience improvement for high cost.
Strategies for Resilience Enhancement

Systematic Planning Redundancy

Network Alignment Design Detailing

Appropriate Level of Resilience
Items
Requirements and responsibilities of
the Asset Owner
Influence of spatial location
Earthquake hazard
Details for Consideration
• Legal obligations
• Budget constraints
• Asset Owner requirements of post disaster functionality and prioritisation
• Significance of the asset within the wider network, and resulting consequences to dependent
infrastructure
• Earthquake severity and annual probability of exceedance

Failure mechanisms and • Geotechnical hazards at the site and influence on asset performance.
consequence • Identify likely modes of failure and severity/consequence within the wider network and within the specific
asset
• Prioritise hazards and failure mechanisms for resilience improvement
Engineering solutions to improve • Technical feasibility, reliability and complexity of resilient solutions,
resilience • Ability to exhibit improved resilience for multiple earthquakes

Value • Estimate improvement in seismic performance and post disaster functionality and compare to
requirements.
• Identify critical drivers for resilience, being cost, seismic performance and/or post disaster functionality.
• Demonstrate efficient use of capital considering the net present value of the asset for a range of synthetic
earthquake scenarios.
Geotechnical Hazards
Failure Mechanisms
 Loss of network connectivity
 Damage to critical elements (reservoirs, pump stations, treatment plants, wells etc)
 Structures:
- damage to connecting infrastructure
- structural failure
- differential settlement /rotation
- buoyant uplift

 Pipes:
- structural failure
- pull out
- pipe dips
- blockage

 Excessive wear on mechanical components

 Loss of critical supporting infrastructure
Resilience Prioritisation Method
• Determine appropriate level of resilience

• Geotechnical hazards, vulnerability, key failure mechanisms

• Develop engineering solutions to reduce damage

• Review value of improvement for design solutions

• Check design satisfies Asset Owner resilience requirements

Example: Stormwater Pump Station

Pump Station locations

Alternative strategy
- Accept and control damage
- Reduce capital cost for pump station
- Reduce repair costs
- Distribute assets
- Remove vulnerable conveyance pipes
Example: Stormwater Pump Station

Key Differentiators
 Shallow pump station (horizontal pump).
 Modular construction.
 Lightweight, easy to reset post EQ.
 Resilience accept and control damage
to maintain post EQ functionality and
optimise value.
SCIRT and EQC Liquefaction Trial
Chambers

Test 5 Test 3 Test 4

Blast hole with

explosive charges
Test 6 Test 7
Pore pressure transducers Explosive Charges
& settlement profilometer
N

Schematic Cross Section

TRIAL DETONATION
Generation and Effect of Excess Pore Pressure
Variability in Seismic Settlement
LiDAR DEM settlement Relative settlement within pipelines

N N

Legend
Ejecta
< -200mm
-200 to -160mm
-160 to -120mm
-120 to -80mm
-80 to -40mm Legend
-40 to -10mm Pipeline Settlement

-10 to 0mm 50mm settlement

100mm settlement
0 to +10mm
150mm settlement
+10 to +40mm
+40 to +80mm
SCIRT and EQC Liquefaction Trial - Learnings
 Performance was in line with observed generally good
performance of modern design details during the
Canterbury Earthquake Sequence
 Trial learnings support the resilient design solutions
incorporated into the SCIRT rebuild of below ground
infrastructure
 Use of liquefiable backfill materials is not recommended
 Consider influence of differential settlement during
design
 Backfill and foundation design to mitigate buoyant uplift

https://scirtlearninglegacy.org.nz/story/liquefaction-trial-report
Three Waters Resilience Guideline
 Evidence Based Investment Decision Making process for the Three Waters Pipe
Network Programme.

 Theme of “System Resilience” identified as key area for programme

 Purpose to promote wider understanding of the resilience of Three Waters
Networks.
 Beca commissioned to draft the Three Waters Resilience Guideline for this work,
with Marcus and Melanie leading this project
Technical Resilience Assessment Guideline
Resilience assessment procedure:
1. Hazard scenario identification
2. Input data collation
3. Criticality assessment
4. Damage assessment
5. Consequence assessment
6. Resilience assessment and review
7. Sensitivity analysis
Technical Resilience Assessment Guideline
Resilience assessment method:
 Simplified assessment (qualitative approach)
 Advanced assessment (quantitative approach)
Benefits of Resilience Assessment
 Improved understanding of network vulnerability across urban area
 Quantify resilience, and measure improvement with time
 Prioritisation of asset importance within entire network
 Evidence based support to assist with asset management decision making
 Modelling of earthquake scenario(s) for hazard planning and risk management
 Post event preliminary modelling to quantify impact and focus damage
assessment
 Tailored to requirements each individual asset owner and needs of community
Christchurch City Resilience Assessment Project

Theoretical assessment of wastewater pipeline performance,

using eastern suburbs of Christchurch as a study area
 Earthquake Resilience Modelling for post-earthquake repair and fault rates
in wastewater pipe network

 Model likely effect of an earthquake on the current network and the

subsequent risk to service

 Run prioritisation ranking for wastewater pipes in a virtual environment and

graphically present results
Study Area
N

Legend

Project study area

Upstream WW catchments feeding into study area

Trunk Mains linking study area to WW treatment plant

Christchurch Wastewater Treatment Plant

Pipe Material

 Dominant Pipe
Materials
 RCRR
 PVC
 PE
 AC
Seismic Criteria

Assessment Earthquake Scenario

Annual
Earthquake Peak Ground Peak Ground
Earthquake Exceedance
Magnitude Acceleration Velocity
Probability
NZS1170.5 1/500 Mw7.5 0.34g 0.35 m/s

2010-2011Canterbury Earthquake Sequence events:

 4 September 2010 Mw7.1 earthquake – PGV 0.27 to 0.38m/s, PGA 0.17 to 0.19g
 22 February 2011 Mw6.2 earthquake – PGV 0.27 to 0.38m/s, PGA 0.33 to 0.68g
 13 June 2011 Mw6.0 earthquake – PGV 0.40 to 0.57m/s, PGA 0.18 to 0.41g
Investigation

 Assessment of 174 Cone Penetration Test

(CPT) investigations, depth 20m

 Liquefaction triggering assessment (Boulanger

and Idriss, 2014)

 Determine post liquefaction

reconsolidation

 Lateral spread assessment (Youd et al, 2002)

Ground Deformation
1/500 AEP Earthquake

 3D resultant ground
deformation
 Seismic settlement
 Lateral spread deformation to free
faces (horizontal & vertical components)
 Estimated Pipe Faults
1/500 AEP Earthquake

 Pipe faults per km

 Fragility functions considering
Christchurch experience
Pipe Materials Estimated Pipe Faults
1/500 AEP Earthquake
Properties Reliant on Asset

 Network flow paths developed

 Number of properties upstream of
asset counted
 Assets within study area include
upstream properties beyond
study area
 Relative Priority Ranking
Including Trunk Mains linking to CWTP
1/500 AEP Earthquake

 Prioritisation Ranking
based on Risk Index

Risk Index = Faults x % properties

Conclusions and Model Improvement
 Prioritise replacement of earthenware pipelines where they serve a
number of properties
 The dominate factors influencing resilience are, among others:
1. Pipe material
2. Magnitude of ground deformation
 Review network strategy for pipe alignments alongside waterways with
risk of lateral spread ground deformation, prior to renewing critical assets
in these areas
 Use of pipe materials that exhibit ductility and flexibility for critical
wastewater mains
 “Like for like” replacement may result in only minor improvement in asset
resilience for modern pipe types such as RCRR, PE and uPVC
 Number of properties serviced is included here for improvement in the
absence of Metadata standard for criticality
Questions and discussion
Summary of Key Philosophies
1. Understand drivers of asset owner and community

2. Resilience - providing performance and functionality desired balanced with cost

3. Improving performance is all about understanding critical mechanisms of failure

4. High value solution generally accepts and manages damage, rather than preventing

5. Resilience does not need to cost

6. Multi discipline assessment during early phases of design is necessary

Summary of Key Philosophies
7. Challenge the status quo and don’t be scared to tackle problems in different ways

8. Inter disciplinary challenge is a positive environmental quickly focuses design

9. Know who are the experts and seek best specialist advice, benefit always greater
than cost

10. Understand effects of asset failure on network functionality and level of service

11. Understand legal obligations

12. Mother nature always ultimately wins the battle