3.

DETERMINERS (Penentu)
1. Specific determiners (Penentu khusus)
 the definite article: the
 possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose
 demonstratives: this, that, these, those
Kita menggunakan penentu tertentu ketika kami yakin pendengar / pembaca tahu persis apa yang kita
maksudkan;
Can you pass me the salt, please?
Thank you very much for your letter.
Whose coat is this?
Look at those lovely flowers
2. General determiners (Penentu Umum)
 a/an
 any
 another
 other
 0 (no) determiner
Kita menggunakan penentu umum ketika kita berbicara tentang hal-hal secara umum dan pendengar /
pembaca tidak tahu persis apa yang kita maksudkan:
Penentu umum paling sering adalah the indefinite article a/an digunakan dengan singular nouns (kata benda
tunggal):
A man came this morning and left a parcel.

Kita tidak menggunakan determiner di depan plural nouns (kata benda jamak) dan uncount nouns (kata
benda yang tak dapat dihitung):
Girls normally do better in school than boys. (plural nouns)
Milk is very good for you. (uncount noun)

Kita menggunakan determiner any dengan singular noun atau uncount noun ketika kita berbicara tentang
semua orang atau hal-hal:
It's very easy. Any child can do it. = All children can do it.
With a full licence you are allowed to drive any car. = all cars

(catat bahwa any juga digunakan sebagai quantifier dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya.)

Kita menggunakan determiner another untuk bicara tentang additional satu orang atau benda lainnya:
Would you like another glass of water?
Bentuk jamak another adalah other:
I spoke to John, Helen and a few other friends
3. Quantifiers
Kita menggunakan pembilang (quantifiers) jika ingin memberi information tentang banyaknya
benda/orang: how much or how many. Kadang kita gunakan quantifier sebagai ganti determiner:

Most children start school at the age of five.

We ate some bread and butter.
We saw lots of birds.

a. Quantifiers dengan count nouns (kata benda yang dapat dihitung) dan uncount nouns ( kata benda
yang tak dapat dihitung)
Kita bisa menggunakan baik count nouns dan uncount nouns:
all some more a lot of enough
no any most lots of less
5
 We have lots of time.
Joe has lots of friends.
I can't go out. I've got no money.
There was a lot of food but no drinks.
b. some and any
Kita biasanya tidak menggunakan quantifier some dalam kalimat negatif dan interogatif. Kita biasanya
menggunakan any:
Do you have any children?
Did you see any friends?
We don't have any children.
We saw some lions at the zoo, but we didn't see any tigers.
but we can use some for offers and requests:
Would you like some tea?
I want some apples, please.

c. Quantifiers dengan count nouns

Beberapa pembilang dapat digunakan hanya dengan count nouns:
(not) many each either (a) few
several both neither fewer

d. Quantifiers dengan uncount nouns

Beberapa pembilang dapat digunakan hanya dengan uncount nouns:
(not) much a bit of A little A great/good deal of
Would you like a little chocolate?
Could I have a bit of butter, please?
He spent a good deal of time watching television
e. Member of Groups (Anggota kelompok).
Kita menempatkan kata benda langsung di belakang pembilang ketika kita berbicara tentang anggota grup
secara umum:
Few snakes are dangerous.
Most children like chocolate.
I never have enough money.
Tapi jika kita ingin bicara tentang anggota grup secara khusus (specific group), Kita juga gunakan of the :
Few of the snakes in this zoo are dangerous.
Most of the boys at my school play football.
He’s spent all (of) the money that we gave him.
Both (of) the chairs in my office are broken.
Catatan: dengan all dan both, kita tak perlu menggunakan of. Kita bisa katakan: all the … dan both the … .

f. both, either and neither

Jika kita bicara tentang dua orang/benda atau lebih, kita gunakan pembilang both, either and neither:
The store was closed. Both the store were closed. All the stores were closed.
The store wasn’t Neither of the storeswas open. None of the stores were
open. open.
I don’t think either of the
I don’t think the store I don’t think any of the stores
stores
was open. were open.
was open.
Catat bahwa kata benda dengan both memiliki plural verb (kata kerja jamak) tapi kata benda dengan
either and neither have a singular verb (kata benda tunggal)
g. every and each
Kita menggunakan pembilang every dan each dengan singular nouns yang berarti all:
There was a party in every street. (= Ada pesta di semua jalan.)
Each child was given a prize. (= Semua anak diberi hadiah.)