BSW3703

PRESENTATION
 INTRODUCTION
Purpose of the presentation is to remind you of the following:

• Assignments
• Type of exam and duration
• Plagiarism
• Aspects covered in the last revision class
• Community work process
 TYPE OF EXAM
Purpose of the presentation is to remind you of the following:

• All submitted assignment 1 has marking is completed

• Assignment 2 marking is in progress
• BSW3703 is an online take home examination
• Duration: 4 hours
• Diarise the date and time
• It is based on a case study (make sure that you integrate theory and give
examples from the case study to motivate your answer)
• Five questions: 10 marks each
• Contingencies for load shedding
• Make sure that you upload the exam file on time (don’t wait for last minute)
 PLAGIARISM

• Do not copy another student work

• Do not give another student your work
• Do not write in groups
• Do not send other students answers
• Copying is a punishable act by the University
ASPECTS COVERED IN THE LAST REVISION
CLASS

• Community work
• Community development
• Community and types of community
• Community work practice models
✓ Community development
✓ Community education
✓ Social planning
✓ Social action
✓ Social marketing
 COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS
PHASE 1: CONTACT-MAKING
• The first phase of working with a community
• The basic objectives of contact-making are as follows
✓ The people must get to know and accept the community development worker.
✓ The community development worker must get to know and understand the
people and their circumstances and context.
✓ The people and the community development worker must get to a point
where they can identify a need that they can address through a project.
• Contact-making involves actions such as meeting and communicating with
different individuals, groups and organisations, getting to know them,
making observations and entering into relationships.
• Making contact is a two-way process. The community gets to know the
worker and the worker gets to know the people, their environment
 COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS
PHASE 1: CONTACT-MAKING
• In the process the people become more aware of themselves, their needs
and their resources.
• Communication and building relations are very important in contact-
making.

A community worker is usually assigned to one of the following:

• A particular geographical area (e.g., a rural village, a section of a
township, a housing scheme or a block of flats)
• A service area (e.g., substance abuse in a particular geographical area)
• An existing project

• Identify an action group

• Examples of community issues or unfulfilled needs

 COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS
• PHASE 2: NEEDS AND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
• The basic purpose of the second step of the community work process is to explore
and assess or analyse the previously identified issues or unfulfilled needs and
unutilised potential in greater detail.
• Without a clear perception of a need or the perception of a need, a community
work process and project cannot take place.
• This need or perception of a need must be heartfelt among the people who must
participate in a project. People are not going to rally together around needs that
have been identified by some expert and that they find difficult to give concrete
form.
• Therefore, needs identification is a prerequisite for action – it is the first step that
must be taken before a project commences.
• In this phase a worker starts working with an action group and structures it. The
worker and the action group start developing a project development, exploring and
assessing needs and resources together.
 COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS
• PHASE 2: NEEDS AND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
The following four actions have to take place during needs assessment:
• holding the first meeting
• clearly identifying and formulating one issue, concern or need as a starting point
for a project
• identifying resources
• forming a committee
 COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS
PHASE 3: PLANNING
• Planning is a process in which an individual or a group of people decide
on what to do in the future. Planning points the way to what must be done,
when it must be done, by whom it must be done and how it must be done
to reach a certain objective.
• The basic purpose of the third phase of the community work process is to
formulate a plan of action. This plan should cover the manner in which
required change will be brought about.
• It often entails a community work programme, project or business plan.
• To a large extent, the nature and the content of the plan will be determined
by the practice model or combination of models that the practitioner has
selected as his/her point of departure.
• Planning means "bringing three elements: the need, resources and the
objective, and relating them to a fourth element, namely action".
• Planning, implementation and evaluation represent a continuous and
inseparable series of actions that take place in a project.
 COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS
PHASE 3: PLANNING
Characteristics of the planning process are as follows:
• Planning must be incremental.
• Planning must and can only be short term.
• Objectives must be attainable in a fairly short period.
• Planning must be simple – there must be one objective at a time
• Planning must be participatory and involve everyone.
• Roles of action group members should be clearly stipulated.
• Planning must be written down.
 COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS

PHASE 4: IMPLEMENTATION
•Implementation entails operationalising or putting a plan into action.

•The fourth step of the community work process entails the phase in which the
practice model is operationalised, the plan is put into action, human and material
resources mobilised, change brought about, goals and objectives reached and
impediments eliminated.

• It is, therefore, the phase in which ideas become actions and dreams are realised.

• If this is not done according to a plan, it cannot be called implementation.

•The form in which implementation takes place will largely be determined by the
chosen practice model and unique characteristics of the given practice situation

•Because implementation reflects the plan, it is an important test of the plan. If

implementation fails, it could be that the plan is incorrect.
 COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS

PHASE 4: IMPLEMENTATION

• It could also mean that management is insufficient or that circumstances have

changed so drastically since the plan was formulated that it is not relevant to the
situation anymore.

• In either case, the planning process has to be revisited.

• One of the objectives of participatory community development is to create

sustainable change. This is achieved through the implementation of a plan, when the
"project" materialises.

•The implementation of the project is not a single event but a series of events and
actions to put the plan into effect in order to reach this objective.

• Once implementation has been initiated, a cycle of implementation, evaluation and

planning continues until the set objectives have been reached.
 COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS
• PHASE 5: MONITORING AND EVALUATION
• The final phase of the community work process involves evaluating the
process and its results and, in certain circumstances, sustaining or
maintaining change.
• Without evaluation, community development cannot be a learning
process. We can assume that mistakes will be made and that the
identification and analysis of those mistakes will help make future efforts
more effective.
• Evaluation is an integral part of a project. It forms part of the survey – the
reality or the situation is evaluated through the information obtained and
the information is evaluated to ensure that it is legitimate and correct.
• Evaluation is also tied up with needs and resource identification in that a fit
between needs and resources is sought.
• It is an important part of planning – it tests the situation-specificity and the
feasibility of the planning. It is necessary during implementation since the
action group's ability to operationalise the plan has to be assessed.
 COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS
• PHASE 5: MONITORING AND EVALUATION
• Three types of evaluation relevant to community development, namely,
assessment, monitoring and final evaluation.
• It is clear that a large portion of evaluation takes place throughout the life
of a project and only a small part has to do with a final, after-the-fact
evaluation.
• The larger, continuous part of evaluation, called monitoring, involves
keeping one's finger on the pulse of a project.
• The second type of evaluation is an action performed at the end of a
project. It is the final opportunity, with the benefit of hindsight, to identify
weaknesses and mistakes made during the lifespan of the project.
• It seeks to establish whether the project was successful in terms of
obtaining its objective, whether it was successful as a learning process
and whether the action group gained more than only the physical results it
was aiming for.
 COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS
• PHASE 6: TERMINATION
• Termination should be introduced during initial contact when the
community gets to know the community worker and his/her role is
explained.
• This is especially important for students engaged in practical work with a
community for a limited period.
• The action group should be subtly reminded throughout the process that
there will come a time when the worker has to withdraw from the project.
 COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS
• PHASE 6: TERMINATION
Reasons for termination
• Set objectives have been achieved
• The action group can continue independently
• Transfer of the community worker
• The community worker leaves the hosting organisation
• If the community worker is transferring the community to a replacement community
worker,
• Project failure
• Goal accomplished
• Goal cannot be reached
• Unforeseen changes
• The group may dissolve if it experiences a sudden loss of members and/or leaders
due to illness, death or relocation, or if funding that was expected is not
forthcoming.
• Declining interest
 PRACTICE MODELS
Weyers (2011) refers to five community work
models
1. Community development
2. Social planning
3. Community education
4. Social marketing and
5. Social action
Practice model: is a set of concepts and
principles that guide intervention.