IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 51, NO.

3, MARCH 2015 8700104

Design of a Resonant Reactive Shield With Double Coils and a

Phase Shifter for Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles
Hwansoo Moon1 , Sungkyu Kim1 , Hyun Ho Park2 , and Seungyoung Ahn1
1 Cho Chun Shik Graduate School for Green Transportation, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
2 Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong 445-743, Korea

In this paper, a novel resonant reactive shield using a double-shield coil and phase-shift circuit is proposed to reduce magnetic field
leakage in electric vehicle wireless charging applications. The double-reactive shield with a four-capacitor phase shifter generates
a canceling magnetic field, the phase of which is perfectly opposite to that of the incident magnetic field, effectively reducing the
leakage magnetic field as a result. The concept and structure, and an equivalent-circuit model analysis of the double-reactive shield
are explained and discussed. The shielding effectiveness of the double-reactive shield is compared with that of a conventional reactive
shield with a single-shield coil by a simulation and is verified by experiments.
Index Terms— Electromagnetic interference (EMI), low-frequency magnetic shielding, wireless power transfer (WPT).

I. I NTRODUCTION

R ECENTLY, wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have

become more widely used in various fields, such as
consumer electronics, medical devices, and electric vehicles.
However, the harmfulness of magnetic fields, which can
affect other electronic systems as well as the human body, is
recognized as a very important issue [1]–[6]. In particular, as Fig. 1. Conventional resonant reactive shield with a single coil and
capacitor [6].
wireless charging for electric vehicles generates a strong mag-
netic field to transfer tens of kilowatts of power, a reduction
method for the accompanying leakage magnetic field must be II. C ONCEPT OF THE P ROPOSED R ESONANT
considered [1], [2]. R EACTIVE S HIELD
Numerous studies of different shields have been con- A. Conventional Resonant Reactive Shield
ducted in efforts to mitigate the leakage magnetic field from
WPT systems [1], [4]–[6]. Among the proposed shields, the When the incident magnetic field from a WPT system is
reactive shield is a promising method for suppressing the applied to a conventional resonant reactive shield coil with a
leakage magnetic field. It accomplishes this by means of rectangular shape, as shown in Fig. 1, the voltage induced on
cancelation using the magnetic field generated from the energy the shield coil can be expressed as
of the leakage magnetic field itself. This method overcomes d dB · S
the power efficiency degradation problem associated with an Vind = − =− = − j ωB0 e j ωt · S (1)
dt dt
active shield, as it uses the leakage magnetic field as a power
where B0 is the incident magnetic flux density from a
source. It is more effective than the various ways used to
WPT system and S is the cross-sectional area of the shield
shield the magnetic field in WPT applications; however, the
coil. The induced current flowing on the reactive shield coil
conventional reactive shield is limited because it is difficult to
can be expressed in terms of the induced voltage and shield
maintain 180° phase offset between the leakage magnetic field
impedance as follows:
and canceling magnetic field [6].
In this paper, we propose a novel resonant reactive shield Vind Vind
Ish = = . (2)
consisting of a double-shield coil and four-capacitor phase Z sh ( j ωL sh + 1/j ωCsh ) + Rsh
shifter. With the double-shield coil, a strong induced shield
According to the Biot–Savart law, the induced magnetic field
current can be obtained. The four-capacitor phase shifter can
is related to the induced current of the rectangular shield coil
create a canceling magnetic field with 180° phase different
as follows:
from the original leakage magnetic field. These two design 
features facilitate greatly improved shielding effectiveness of 2μ0 l12 + l22
the resonant reactive shield. Bind = Ish . (3)
πl1l2
Manuscript received May 25, 2014; revised September 10, 2014; accepted
September 24, 2014. Date of current version April 22, 2015. Corresponding If the shield has the same resonant frequency as the
author: S. Ahn (e-mail: sahn@kaist.ac.kr). WPT system (ω = 1/(L sh Csh )1/2 ), the induced current and
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. voltage on the shield have the same phase at the resonant
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMAG.2014.2360701 frequency. Therefore, the shield coil generates a canceling
0018-9464 © 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
8700104 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 51, NO. 3, MARCH 2015

Fig. 2. Proposed resonant reactive shield with double coils and four
capacitors.

magnetic field with the phase, which is shifted by 90° from

the phase of the incident magnetic field.
Because maximum magnetic field cancelation can be
obtained when the phase of the canceling magnetic field is
perfectly opposite to that of the incident magnetic field, an
additional 90° phase delay of the shield current is required.
Kim et al. [6] proposed a resonant reactive shield that operates
in the inductive region to solve this problem. In the inductive
region (ω > 1/(L sh Csh )1/2 ), because the impedance of the
inductance of the shield coil is larger than that of the shield Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit models. (a) Source, load, and shield coils in a
capacitance, the induced shield current can be expressed as WPT system. (b) Simplified model of the shield coil when L sh1 = L sh2 = L sh
and Rsh1 = Rsh2 = Rsh .
Vind Vind
Ish = = (4) When the incident magnetic field passes through the primary
Z sh j ωL eq + Rsh
and secondary shield coils, induced voltage is generated in
where the equivalent inductance of the shield coil L eq is each shield coil. Because the primary shield coil is closer to
determined as the WPT coils than the secondary shield coil, it has a greater
 
1 amount of induced voltage while having the same phase as the
L eq = L sh − 2 . (5)
ω Csh secondary shield coil. The primary shield coil and secondary
Assuming Rsh  L eq , (4) becomes shield coil are connected to each other such that the primary
shield coil can supply enough shield current for the secondary
Vind B0 S j ωt shield coil to effectively reduce the leakage magnetic field. The
Ish = =− e . (6)
j ωL eq L eq phases of the current on the secondary shield coil and incident
Consequently, by choosing a resonant frequency that is slightly magnetic field are completely opposite to each other due to
lower than that of the WPT system, an additional 90° phase the combinations of the four capacitors. This current, flowing
delay of the shield current can be realized by means of on the secondary shield coil, creates the canceling magnetic
shield impedance in the inductive region. However, because field and reduces the total magnetic field at the observation
the shield coil operates in the inductive region, as the phase position.
of the shield impedance is closer to 90°, the magnitude of Fig. 3 illustrates the equivalent circuit of a WPT system and
the shield impedance is larger. Hence, the shield current is the double-reactive shield with a four-capacitor phase shifter.
smaller. In addition, if the shield is far from the WPT coils, In the simplified model of the shield shown in Fig. 3(b), when
the voltage induced on the shield coil is low. Therefore, the the shield has the same resonant frequency as the WPT system,
conventional resonant reactive shield is limited in that it is the current flowing in the secondary shield coil can be derived
as follows:
difficult to simultaneously obtain sufficient shield current to   
cancel the leakage magnetic field from a WPT system and A A
Vind 2Rsh + j −
canceling magnetic field with a 180° phase with regard to ωCsh2 ωCsh1
Ish =   (7)
the incident magnetic field. Boyvat and Hafner [7] proposed 2 + L sh L sh 2L sh
a method based on passive LC circuits with a lattice phase 2 Rsh + −
2Csh2 2Csh1 Csh1 + Csh2
equalizer to solve this problem. However, this shield is less
where A is an amplification coefficient, which increases as
practical, as the voltage induced in the shield coil, which
the distance of the primary shield coil from the center of
is far from the source of the leakage magnetic field, is not
the WPT system decreases. Assuming |2Rsh |  |(A/ωCsh2 −
considered.
A/ωCsh1 )|, (7) can be expressed as
 
A A
B. Proposed Resonant Reactive Shield With a Phase Shifter −B0 S −
Csh1 Csh2
In order to overcome the drawback of the conventional Ish =   e j ωt . (8)
L sh L sh 2L sh
reactive shield, the proposed resonant reactive shield has a 2 Rsh +
2 + −
double-shield coil structure. The proposed resonant reactive 2Csh2 2Csh1 Csh1 + Csh2
shield consists of: 1) a primary shield coil; 2) a secondary When Csh2 > Csh1 , the induced shield current of the secondary
shield coil; and 3) a four capacitors, as shown in Fig. 2. shield coil always has a 180° phase difference as compared
MOON et al.: DESIGN OF A RESONANT REACTIVE SHIELD WITH DOUBLE COILS AND A PHASE SHIFTER 8700104

Fig. 4. Configuration of the WPT system, bottom plate of the electric vehicle,
and double-reactive shield with a four-capacitor phase shifter. (a) Perspective
view. (b) Cross-sectional view and dimensions used in the simulation.

with the incident magnetic field. Moreover, the magnitude of

the shield current can be controlled by changing the values of Fig. 5. Distribution of the simulated magnetic field. (a) No shield.
(b) Conventional reactive shield. (c) Proposed double-reactive shield.
Csh1 , Csh2 , and the amplification coefficient A.

III. S IMULATION OF THE S HIELDING P ERFORMANCE

A. Configuration for 3-D Electromagnetic Field Calculation
The bottom plate of an electric vehicle, double-reactive
shield, and WPT system, which consists of ferrite core
plates, a source coil, and a load coil, were modeled using
ANSYS Maxwell, as shown in Fig. 4. The primary shield coil
is 44 cm away from the center of the WPT system and is
positioned at a height of 19.25 cm. The secondary shield coil
is separated by a distance of 24 cm from the primary shield
coil and the height is the same. The magnetic field observation
position is 20 cm from the side of the conductive bottom plate,
where most passengers can easily reach when they get in or
out the electric vehicle. Fig. 4(b) shows a cross-sectional view
of the configuration and the dimensions used in the simulation.
Fig. 6. Source coil, load coil, and shield coil for the simulation and
experiment. (a) Geometrical dimensions. (b) Photographs of the fabricated
B. Comparison of Shielding Performance coils.
First, the amounts of shield current induced on the shield
coil were calculated. The current flowing in a single coil position due to the large shield current of the double-reactive
of the proposed reactive shield was 1.6 A, while that on shield, the magnetic field is slightly increased in the area near
the conventional resonant reactive shield was 0.346 A. This the secondary shield coil, as shown in Fig. 5(c).
indicates that the proposed reactive shield can derive sufficient
induced current and generate a strong canceling magnetic field
IV. E XPERIMENTAL V ERIFICATION
against the incident magnetic field from the WPT system.
Next, the shielding performances of the single-reactive A. Implementation of the Double-Reactive Shield
shield and double-reactive shield with the four-capacitor phase With the Four-Capacitor Phase Shifter
shifter are compared in simulations using ANSYS Maxwell. To verify the shielding effectiveness experimentally,
Fig. 5(a)–(c) shows the magnetic field distributions of the a 500 W WPT system operating at 20 kHz and shield coils
WPT system with no shield, the single-reactive shield, and the are designed and implemented, as shown in Fig. 6. In order
double-reactive shield, respectively. The results showed that to reduce the resistance of the shield coils, a litz wire is used
the double-reactive shield significantly reduces the total mag- for the coil winding. Ferrite core plates are applied onto the
netic field compared with the single-reactive shield. While the bottom of the source coil and on top of the load coil to increase
leakage magnetic field is effectively reduced at the observation the power transfer efficiency. The radius of the source coil
8700104
Fig. 7. Photograph of the double-reactive shield.
TABLE I
E LECTRIC PARAMETERS OF THE WPT C OILS AND S HIELD C OILS
Fig. 8. Simulated and measured magnetic fields when a shield is not applied,
when a single-reactive shield is applied, and when a double-reactive shield is
applied.
and load coil is 0.095 m. There are 36 and 48 turns for the
source coil and load coil, respectively. The primary shield coil
and secondary shield coil are the same size, 280 × 65 mm,
and no ferrite core is used in the shield coils. The shield coils
have five turns. A photograph of the fabricated double-reactive
shield is shown in Fig. 7. Table I summarizes the electric
parameters, presenting the resistance, inductance values, and
resonant capacitance values of the coils.
B. Magnetic Field Measurement
The simulated and measured total magnetic fields at the
observation position are compared in the following three
conditions: 1) no shield; 2) with a single-reactive shield; and
3) with a double-reactive shield. The single-reactive shield,
which is of the same size as the double-reactive shield,
is installed at the same position on the secondary shield coil.
The simulated and measured total magnetic fields are observed
along the observation points, as shown in Figs. 4 and 5,
using an ac Gaussmeter. Fig. 8 shows the total magnetic fields
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 51, NO. 3, MARCH 2015
obtained from the simulation and measurements, depict-
ing the good correlations in all three cases. When the
double-reactive shield is applied, the total magnetic field
is dramatically reduced by a maximum of 80% at 0.15 m
above the ground as compared with the case with no
shield. In addition, the double-reactive shield reduces the
total magnetic field by a maximum of 70.4% at 0.15 m
above the ground in comparison with the single-reactive
shield.
V. C ONCLUSION
A novel resonant reactive shield using double coils and four
capacitors that serve as a phase shifter has been proposed. This
shield can effectively reduce the leakage magnetic field by
generating a canceling magnetic field with an adequate mag-
nitude and 180° phase difference with regard to the incident
magnetic field from the WPT system. The concept, structure,
and equivalent circuit models were explained, and parameters
that determine the phase and magnitude of the current flowing
on the shield were described. The shielding effectiveness of the
double-reactive shield was demonstrated by a simulation and
by measurements. The double-reactive shield is significantly
more effective compared with a single-reactive shield of the
same size and weight. Experimental results demonstrated that
the double-reactive shield is an effective and efficient means
of suppressing the leakage magnetic field generated from
a WPT system intended for wireless charging of electric
vehicles.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport through the Railroad Specialized
Graduate School of Korea.
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