SUBMIITTED BY

J.BHARATH KRISHNAA
XII - C
 Parasite
A parasite is a living organism which depends
on a living host for its survival and derives
nutrition from the host ,but without giving
any benefit to the host.

Types of host
 Definitive host
 Intermediate host
 Paratenic host
 Reserviour host
 Natural host
 Accidental host
 CONTENT
ASCARIS LUMRICOIDES
 INTRODUCTION
 MORPHOLOGY
 LIFECYCLE
 MODE OF INFECTION
 DISEASE
 SYMPTOMS
 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
 TREATMENT
 PROPHYLAXIS

MALARIAL PARASITE
 INTRODUCTION
 MORPHOLOGY
 LIFECYCLE
 MODE OF INFECTION
 DISEASE
 SYMPTOMS
 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
 TREATMENT
 PROPHYLAXIS

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE
 INTRODUCTION
 MORPHOLOGY
 LIFECYCLE
 MODE OF INFECTION
 DISEASE
 SYMPTOMS
 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
 TREATMENT
 PROPHYLAXIS
 Ascaris lumbricoides

INTRODUCTION :

This project is about parasite of ascaris lumbricoides.

The common name for Ascaris lumbricoides is roundworm.

It has a worldwide distribution.

It is the largest intestinal nematode parasiting man.

The adult worm lives in the small intestine (jejunum).

In 1758 Linnaeus named them Ascaris lumbricoides. For many centuries, they were
thought to arise by spontaneous generation. In 1855, Ascaris eggs were found in human faeces
by Henry Ransom in England then this was described in the literature two years later by
Casimir-Joseph Davaine in France.

Morphology :

Adult worm :

It is elongated and rounded in shape and taopers at both ends.

Male worm measures about 15 – 25 cm length and 3 – 4 mm in diameter. The tail end is curved
ventrally

In the form of a hook. Two curved copulatory spicules protrude from the cloaca.

Female worm is longer than the male worm. It measures 25 – 40 cm in length and 5 mm in
diameter. The tail end is conical and straight. The vulva opens at the junction of the anterior
and the middle thirds of the body. This parts of the worm is narrower and is called vulva waist.
A mature female Ascaris may have enormous egg laying capacity, liberating about 2,00,000
eggs daily.
 Eggs :

The eggs are passed out of the human host with the faeces. Eggs are two types : fertilized and
unfertilized eggs.

Fertilized Egg :

1. It is round are oval shape measuring 60 -75 µm in length and 40 – 50 µm in breadth.

2. It is bile stained and thus brownish in colour.
3. It is surrounded by a thick, translucent shell with an outer albuminous coat in the form
of rugosities. This outer coat is sometimes lost .
4. It contain a large unsegmented ovum.
5. It floats in saturated solution of common salt.

Unfertilised Egg :

The female, even if not fertilized , can produce unfertilized eggs.

1. It is narrower and longer measuring 80 µm in length and 55 µm in breadth.

2. It is bile stained and brownish in colour.
3. It has a thinner shell with an irregular coating of albumin.
4. It contains a small atrophied ovum.
 5. It does not float in saturated solution of common salt (heaviest of all helminthic eggs).

LIFE CYCLE :

Mode of infection :

Infective form : embrionated egg

Portal of entry : alimentary canal (ingestion)

Site of location : small intestine.

Disease

Ascariasis

Heavy infection may cause intestinal obstruction.

Presence of larvae in lungs may lead to symptoms of pneumonia.

Symptoms

Severe abdominal pain.

Fatigue.

Vomiting.

Weight loss or malnutrition.

A worm in your vomit or stool.

Laboratory diagnosis

Stool examination

Adult worm or egg may be demonstrated.

 Barium meal

It may occasionally demonstrate the presence of adult worms in the small intestine .

Treatment

Albendazole

Mebendazole

Ivermectin.

Prophylaxis
1.Wash your hands before eating or preparing food, and after touching soil or using the
toilet.

2.Only drink bottled or boiled water in high-risk areas (places without modern toilets or
sewage systems)
 Malaria

INTRODUCTION

Four kinds of malaria parasites infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale,
and P. malariae. In addition, P. knowlesi, a type of malaria that naturally infects macaques in
Southeast Asia, also infects humans, causing malaria that is transmitted from animal to
human (“zoonotic” malaria).

LIFE CYCLE
Disease:

Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects
a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans.

Symptoms :

Fever, chills, Head ache, Sweating, Muscle pain, Vomiting.

Laboratory diagnosis:

Light microscopy:

Malaria parasites can be identified by examining under the microscope a drop of the
patient's blood, spread out as a “blood smear” on a microscope slide. Prior to examination,
the specimen is stained (most often with the Giemsa stain) to give the parasites a distinctive
appearance.

Fluorescent Microscopy:

Blood smear is prepared on a slide and is stained with acridine orange.

The stained slide is examined with a fluorescent microscope.

Nuclear DNA of malarial parasite is stained green and cytoplasmic RNA red.

Quantitative buffy coat (QBC) test

Blood is collected in a tube coated with fluorescent dye and is suspected to centrifugation.

After centrifugation, the buffy coat in the tube is examined directly under a fluorescent
microscope.

Acridine orange-stained malarial parasites appear brilliant green.

Rapid Diagnostic tests

Detection of antigens using immunochromatographic methods.

Serological tests

Indirect immunofluorescent test.

Indirect heamagglutination assay.

Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA).

Treatment

Chloroquine is used for treatment of acute malaria.

Prevention

 Apply mosquito repellent with DEET (diethyltoluamide) to exposed skin.

 Drape mosquito netting over beds.
 Put screens on windows and doors.
 Treat clothing, mosquito nets, tents, sleeping bags and other fabrics with an insect
repellent called permethrin.
 Wear long pants and long sleeves to cover your skin.
 Ancylostoma duodenale
Introduction:

 The old world hookworm.the parasite was first discovered in 1838 by an Italian
physician angelo dubin.

Geographical distribution:

 It is widely distributed in trophical and sub-tropical countries.

 It is found in Europe,north Africa,india (Punjab and U.P)

Habitat:

 The worm lives in the small intestine of man, particularly in the jejunum.

Morphology

Adult worms:

1. The mature worms are cylindrical in shape, plump, rigid and creamy-white in colour.

2. The anterior end is bent dorsally like a hook (hence the name is “hookworm”) and
provided with the dorsally placed oral aperture.

3. The oral aperture is provided with 6 sharp teeth (cutting plates) on the ventral aspect,
two teeth are found on each side, and two on the dorsal surface.

4. The buccal capsule is large and conspicuous, and is lined with chitin-like substance.

5. The cuticle is with fine transverse striations.

6. A minute finger-like cervical papillae is present on each side, a little away from the
anterior extremity.

7. Two cephalic glands, a small oesophageal gland and two pear-shaped cervical glands
are connected to the oesophagus, the secretion of the oesophageal gland prevents
clotting of the ingested blood.
But Thorson (1956) reported that the oesophageal gland opens near the cutting plates
(teeth) in the buccal capsule and participate in the extracorporeal digestion. The
function of cervical glands and cephalic glands is not known.

8. Sexual dimorphism is distinct. The female is slightly larger and has a straight and
pointed candal end. The male is characterized by bursa copulatrix (an invagination of
the body-wall around the genital aperture) at its caudal end. The bursa is supported by
13 rays. It has two protrusible spicules (1 mm in length) which assist in sperm transfer
during the copulation.

9. The female worms measure about 10 to 13 mm x 0.6 mm while the males measure
about 8 to 10 mm x 0.5 mm.

10. The female gonopore is separate and is located at the junction of the posterior and
in the middle third.

11. The male has a cloaca where the ejaculatory duct opens.

Male Female
Eggs:

1. The eggs are oval and colourless with broadly rounded extremities, and measure
about 60 µm x 40 µm.

2. Each egg has a thin outer shell and a very fine vitelline layer.

3. When freshly passed the egg has the segmented ovum surrounded by a clear space. It
is usually segmented into 2 to 8 cells.
 Life cycle :

Mode of infection:

Infective agent : Filariform larva

Portal of entry : Skin

Disease:

Due to the adult worm:

Hookworm disease in man is characterized mainly by anemia. Adult worm of

Ancylostoma duodenale sucks more blood.
Due to the Migrating larva:

Ankylostoma dermatitis or ground itch.

Creeping eruption or cutaneous larva migrans.

Lesions in the lungs: Bronchitis and bronchopneumonia may occur when the filariform
larva enter alveolar spaces.

Symptoms:

skin rash, fever, stomach pain and diarrhea.

Laboratory diagnosis:

Direct methods :

Microscopic examination of stool is done to find the adult worm or characteristic

hookworm eggs.

Duodenal contents may reveal eggs or adult worms.

Indirect method:

Blood examination may be carried out to reveal microcytic, hypochromic anemia and
eosinophilia.

Stool examination may show occult blood and charcot – leyden crystals in a majority of
cases of hookworm disease.

Treatment :

albendazole and mebendazole.

Control Measures:

1. The most important is the sanitary disposal of human faeces to prevent pollution of the
earth.

2. Borehole latrine should be introduced in the villages to reduce the spread of larva.

3. Boots and gloves should be weared while working in the garden.

 Case study – 1
Patient name : Master. Nidhish

Age / sex : 4 / male

Symptoms :

Vomiting.

Weight loss or malnutrition.

A worm in your vomit or stool.

Sever abdominal pain.

Investigation :

When he approached the medical officer he was advised to take an stool routine test. He gave him
samples for analysis and smear study for Eosinophilia. he was tested and positive despite of having
symptoms.

Treatment :

he was given medication for infectious parasite of Ascariasis.

Tab.Albendazole,

Tab.Mebendazole,

Tab.Ivermectin.
THANK YOU