MACHINES AND MOVEMENT

Machines are objects designed to increase the effect of a force and make work easier.
Simple machines have only one part and are designed to exert a force.
Simple machines include levers, pulleys, inclined planes, wedges, screws and gears.
Complicated machines use a combination of simple machines.

1. LEVERS

Simple machines with a rod or stick which is free

to move about a fixed point. All levers have a:
PIVOT- fixed point on which the lever turns FIRST CLASS LEVERS
LOAD- object being moved by then machine Fulcrum is between the effort and the load
EFFORT- force applied to make the lever work e.g scissors, crowbar, hammer, spade, see saw

There are 3 arrangements of fulcrum, effort and

load resulting in 3 different classes of levers. SECOND CLASS LEVERS
Fulcrum is at one end, effort at the next end,
load in the middle. They allow a large load to
be lifted by a small effort.
e.g bottle opener, nutcracker, spade,
wheelbarrow

THIRD CLASS LEVERS

Effort in the middle, load and fulcrum at
opposite ends. Allows a small load to be lifted
by a larger effort. Load will be lifted through
a large distance.
e.g tweezers, fishing rod
 COMPLETE THE ACTIVITY. STATE WHAT TYPE OF LEVER EACH TOOL IS
CATEGORISED AS.

1. Scissors

2. Hammer pulling out a nail

3. Bottle opener

4. Spanner

5. Broom

6. Fishing rod

7. Tweezer

8. Stapler

9. See-Saw

10. Baseball bat hitting a ball

FIRST CLASS LEVER

SECOND CLASS LEVERS

THIRD CLASS LEVERS

PULLEYS
A simple machine made with a rope
(belt/chain) wrapped into the groove of a
wheel. Used to lift heavy objects. One
end is attached to the load and effort is
applied at the other end in a downward
direction.e.g flagpoles, moveable clothes
lines, sailboats, cranes, blinds.

a pulley works in two ways:

-by changing the direction of a force.

-by changing the amount of effort applied

to lift the load

INCLINED PLANES

An inclined plane consists of a sloping A screw is a spiral inclined plane. The

surface, used to raise objects. e.g a ramp
to load things on a truck/ a wrecker,
slides, uphill roads. The steeper the
slope, the more difficult it is to lift the
load.
thread spiraling around the screw makes
it easier to push the screw into a surface.
It takes longer to do it since the screw
has to be turned rather than pushed
straight down.

Screws and wedges are e.gs of inclined A wedge is two inclined planes fastened
planes. back to back so the sides meet at a point
e.g knife, axe, chisel, the points of a nail,
pin, needle, pin and screw.

GEARS

A gear consists on rotating wheels with

evenly sized//spaced teeth that mesh
with each other to convey a rotary motion

Factors that contribute to the inefficiencies of machines and ways of overcoming

their influences.

Machines need proper maintenance to keep them in good condition. Most machines are
made of steel and would start to rust which can cause malfunctioning or machine to stop
working. Rust can be prevented by coating with paint, oil, grease etc, Parts can also
corrode and Moving parts can be damaged by friction. This is overcome by using a lubricant
such as oil.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

The mechanical advantage of a machine is the ratio of the load it moves to the effort
needed to move the load.

mechanical advantage (M.A) = load/effort

A machine will have a greater M.A if it uses a small effort to lift a heavy load.

pg 403 calculations

FORCE AND DISTANCE MULTIPLIER

 A force multiplier is a machine  Class 2 levers are force multipliers

that alters the force so that the
effort is smaller than the load.
 A distance multiplier is when the load)
distance moved by the effort is
 Class 3 levers are distance
smaller than the distance moved
multipliers.
by the load (effort is greater than