4.

9 CHAPTER SUMMARY
This chapter focused on presenting, interpreting and analysing qualitative findings and
results concerning the qualitative objectives of this study. A discussion against the
literature was also done to show if there is any relationship between the findings from the
qualitative research and the literature already gathered. The findings indicate that Victoria
Falls as a destination offers a limited range of white water based activities. A close
analysis of findings elicited four key white water-based adventure activities which
include white water rafting, river boarding, kayaking and jet boating. This indicates a
poor and limited range of activities on offer to tourists. Challenges to universal
accessibility were explored as well as possible strategies to curb them were established.
The chapter assessed the extent to which the currently offered white water-based
adventure tourism products at Victoria Falls allow for universal accessibility for people
with mobility disabilities. It was also established that these activities are not universally
accessible to tourists with limited mobility. The determinants of universal accessibility in
white water-based adventure were found to concur with literature, that is, intrapersonal,
structural, program and interpersonal determinants. The next chapter presents and
analyses the quantitative data of this study.
5.1 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
In a bid to measure the internal consistency of the instrument, reliability analysis was
conducted and assessed using the Cronbach’s alpha statistic which is interpreted as
the mean of all possible split-half coefficients (Cortina, 1993). Reliability refers to the
degree to which the assessment tool used is able to produce consistent and/or stable
results over time and over repeated trials (Phelan & Wren, 2006; Waller, 2008). The
minimum prescribed Alpha statistic value is acceptable if not less than 0.5. Yusoff
(2012) argues that Cronbach alpha values ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 are acceptable and
those ranging above 0.7 are better. Any data short of the minimum requirement can
therefore be regarded as invalid (Shofer, Murphy & Charles, 2005).

For this study, a valid result of 0.907 was observed from the computation of 78 key
questions with a corresponding alpha statistic of 0.908 based on standardized items.
Therefore, the research instrument for this study was considered reliable as it fell way
above the minimum threshold of 0.5 as illustrated in Table 5.1 below:

Table 5. 1 - Reliability Analysis Statistics Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized No. of Items
Items

0.907 0.908 78

To further validate the reliability based on the variability of responses between

respondents and items, an ANOVA was computed. The p-value of 0.00, which is less
than 0.5 was achieved from the computation thereby indicating this study’s significant
difference in the variation of responses, thus the heterogeneity nature of the responses
as indicated in Table 5.2 below.

Table 5. 1 Analysis of Variance Test – ANOVA with Cochran's Test

Sum of Squares df Mean Square Cochran's Q Sig

Between People 1364.301 93 14.670

Between Items 385.844 77 5.011 273.927 .000

Within People Residual 9809.348 7161 1.370

Total 10195.192 7238 1.409

Total 11559.493 7331 1.577

Grand Mean = 3.23