FARM MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT

SUB. CODE: 20AT51I

WEEK-3
“CHASSIS & TRANSMISSION”

Prepared By,
Bhaskar vitla
Lecturer in Automobile Dept.
GPT Kushalnagara

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 REQUIREMENTS OF TRACTOR

✓ Greater clearance, both vertical and horizontal.

✓Adaptation to the usual row-widths.
✓Quick – short turning ability.
✓Convenient and easy handling.
✓Quick and easy attachment.
✓ Essential accessories such as hydraulic controls. Three point linkage and PTO.

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 TRACTOR DEVELOPMENT
The present tractor is the result of gradual development of machine in different stages. History
of tractor development is given below.
✓1890- The word tractor appeared first on record in a patent issued on a tractor or traction
engine invented by George H. Harris of Chicago
✓1906- Successful gasoline tractor was introduced by Charles w. Hart and Charles H. Parr of
Charles City, Iowa
✓1908- First Winnipeg tractor trails were held
✓1911- First tractor demonstration was held at Omaha ( Nebraska)
✓1915-1919- Power take off was introduced
✓1920-1924- All purpose was developed
✓1936- 1937 – Diesel engine was used in tractor and pneumatic tires were introduced
✓1950-1960- Manufacturing of diesel tractors on extensive basis throughout the world was
taken up
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 TRACTOR DEVELOPMENT
✓1960-1961 – Tractor manufacturing was started in India by first manufacturer M/s Eicher
Good Earth
✓1962-1970 – Manufacturers like Tractor and Farm Equipment , Madras , Hindustan tractors at
Baroda, Escorts Tractors at Faridabad and International Harvester in Bombay started work
during this period
✓1971- Escorts Tractor Ltd. Started producing Ford Tractors
✓1973- Manufacture of HMT Tractor was started
✓1974- Manufacture of Pitti and Kirlosker Tractor was started
✓1975- Harsha Tractors was established
✓1981- Auto tractors were started
✓1982- Universal Tractors was established
✓1983-2003- GTCL tractors, M.M Tractors, Sonalika, VST, L&T, Bajaj Tractors were
produced
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 CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS

Based on type of construction:

(a) Riding type tractors – Tractors in which a driver can sit and drive e.g., General purpose
four wheel tractors.
(b) (b) Walking type tractors – Tractors with which the operator walks along e.g., garden
tractors, power tillers.
Based on type of drive :
(a) Track type/Crawler type tractors – In this type of tractors, instead of wheels; one track
is fitted on either side. This track gets drive from the sprocket run by rear axle shaft. To
steer the tractor, there is not steering gear fitted. The tractor is steered by applying brakes
to one side of the track with the other track moving. These are used for bulldozing or land
clearing work.
(b) Wheel type of tractors – These are most commonly used agricultural tractors. They can
run fast and wheel tyres absorb a certain amount of field shocks also.
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 CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS
1) Two-wheel tractors – These tractors are used for small farms, hilly area and gardening
purposes and are called power tillers.
2) Three-wheel tractors – These tractors were very popular 15 years back but now its place
has been taken by four wheel tractors. These tractors had single or dual wheel fitted at the
front end in the centre and were considered good for negotiable shorter turns.
3) Four-wheel tractors – These are most commonly used tractors in the country. These are
also known as all purpose tractors. On the basis of available power,
These have been classified as
(1) Small tractors – 15 to 25 hp.
(2) Medium tractors – 25 to 45 hp.
(3) Large tractors – more than 45 hp.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS
Based on purpose :
(a) Utility tractors – It is a specific purpose field tractor and is designed for ploughing driving
any other equipment through its P.T.O. drive. It is not being manufactured at present in the
country.
(b) All purpose tractor – It is designed in such a way that it can meet practically all the
demands for agricultural purposes such as ploughing, harrowing, leveling, pulling, seed drill,
operating threshers, and pumps through its P.T.O. These are provided with three point linkages.
(c) Orchard type tractors - These are special types of tractors used in orchards. These are
made very high in height so that driver while sitting on the seat, the operations on the trees
could be performed. No part of the tractor is protruded outside so that tractor can go easily in
between trees safely.
(d) Garden tractors - These tractors are in the range of 1 to10 hp and are very small in
construction. These are mostly used for kitchen or vegetable gardens.
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 CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS

(e) Rotary Tillers - These are walking type of tractors and are used in small fields or on hills
where fields are very small and are at different levels where ordinary tractors cannot work
efficiently. Tined blades are fitted to the tillers to prepare the seedbeds quite effectively by
pulverizing the soil. These are also used in rice fields for puddling and other operations.
(f) Earth Moving tractors - These tractors are heavy in weight and strongly built available
both is tract and tyre type. These are used for earth moving work on dams, quarries and other
constructional works.

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 WHEEL TRACTORS

✓ TWO WHEEL TRACTOR

✓THREE WHEEL TRACTOR
✓ FOUR WHEEL TRACTOR

TWO WHEEL TRACTOR: These are called as

Power tillers

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 WHEEL TRACTORS

THREE WHEEL TRACTOR

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 WHEEL TRACTORS

FOUR WHEEL TRACTOR

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 COMPONENTS
1. I.C Engine 9. Hydraulic control and hitch system
2.Clutch 10.Brakes
3.Transmission gears 11.Power-take-off unit
4.Differential unit 12.Tractor pulley
5.Final drive 13.Draw bar and
6.Real wheel 14.Control panel
7.Front wheels
8.Steering mechanism

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 PARTS OF TRACTOR

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 FUNCTIONS OF TRACTOR CHASSIS

✓The load of assemblies like engine, transmission, steering etc. is aptly supported by chassis
frame design.
✓The rear and front wheels are connected to each other using tractor chassis.
✓The load of implements is also carried easily by this frame.
✓The working on an uneven field normally causes more load production. This extra load is
managed by the frame efficiently.
✓The load incurred when tractor is working on the field along with an implement is also
managed by this frame.
✓The load produced by sudden application of brakes or acceleration is also managed.
✓The cornering forces are nicely negotiated by these frames.

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 TRACTOR CHASSIS

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 TYPES OF TRACTOR CHASSIS

✓ Chassisless Tractor
✓Tractor having Chassis Frame
Chassisless Tractor: As the name implies, these tractors do not need any type of chassis
frame. The normal of a tractor chassis frame is done by the Engine block itself. These
machines are tough in nature to fulfill the requirements.
The front part of the engine block is fastened or attached to the front cross member while the
engine block at rear side is attached to the transmission box. The front axle in front side is
fixed.
The different brands of tractors use these types of frames. Massey Ferguson Tractors use
perkin engine. Here, sump is made extra heavy duty and acts as a connecting link between
front cross member and transmission links. It has been observed that tractors which use
Automotive Engines have heavy duty sump which works as connecting link.

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 TRACTOR CHASSIS

Tractor having Chassis Frame: The extra load is carried by the tractor chassis mechanics in
this case. The engines in these vehicles are light in weight and cannot take extra load to act as
chassis alternative. In this case, it is necessary to provide a chassis on which engine ismounted.

The chassis frame is connected to front cross member at front side and the rear side is attached
to the transmission box.
The long members of these frames consist of following cross sections.

1)Tubular Section
2) Channel Section
3) Box Section

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 TRACTOR CHASSIS

Tubular Section:
This type of section is mostly used in tractors where brackets are welded to the front and rear of
the tubular frame for the purpose of connecting
Channel Section:
This is mostly used in sections as it has more strength for a specific load. Here, 2 long members
are fixed to the front end while the rear sides are attached to the clutch housing. This clutch
housing is an important part of the transmission box. The major components are,
• Gear Box interface
• Fixing the Bolts
• Clutch Housing
• Engine Mounting
• Chassis Long Members
• Front Cross Member
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 POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM IN TRACTORS

Clutch: The device that connects or disconnects two torque-transmitting devices.

Transmission: A device for transmitting power at a multiplicity of speed and torque.
P.T.O. Drive: The parts that transmit torque from the engine to the PTO spline on the rear of
the tractor.
Differential: The device, usually in the axle housing, that allows the two wheels on an axle to
rotate at different speeds.
Brake: The device, usually in the axle housing, that stops the motion of the tractor.
Axle: The shaft and connecting parts that transmit torque from the differential or final gear
reduction to the wheels.
Engine: Crankshaft – flywheel – clutch – transmission box – differential – final drives – axle
– drive wheels

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 FUNCTIONS OF POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

✓ To disconnect the engine from the road wheels when desired.

✓ To transmit the torque in a smooth manner without shocks and jerks.
✓ To reduce the engine speed as desired based on tyre size and forward speed required.
✓ To change the axis of rotation of power to align it as per the orientation of the drive wheels.
✓ To change engine torque and speed into the torque and speed required by the wheel for
different task required of a tractor.
✓ To provide for auxiliary power outlet in the form of Power Take Off for powering the
implements and also for stationary machinery.

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 THE CLUTCH
Clutch is a device, used to engage and disengage the tractor engine from the transmission
gears and drive wheels. Clutch transmits power by means of friction between driving members
and driven members.

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 FUNCTIONS OF A CLUTCH

✓ The internal combustion engine as used in a tractor must be cranked manually or by a

special starting mechanism. For cranking, the engine is disconnected from the rest of the
transmission unit by a suitable clutch. After starting the engine, the clutch is engaged to
transmit power from the engine to the gearbox. This type of engine must attain a certain
speed before it will have any power.

✓ Changing the transmission gears must be permitted for the purpose of securing different
traveling speeds. The gearbox must be kept free from the engine power, otherwise the gear
teeth will be damaged and engagement of gear will not be perfect. This is done by clutch.

✓ Stopping the belt pulley must be permitted without having to stop the engine. This is done
by placing a clutch between the engine and the transmission gears and belt pulley
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 REQUIREMENTS OF A CLUTCH

✓ It should have good ability of taking load without dragging, grabbing and slipping.

✓It should have higher capacity to transmit maximum power without slipping.

✓It should be convenient, accessible and easy to operate, adjust and repair.

✓ Friction surface should be highly resistant to heat effect. The control by hand lever or pedal
lever should be easy.

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 TYPES OF CLUTCH

✓ Friction clutch

✓ Dog clutch

✓ Fluid coupling

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 FRICTION CLUTCH
A clutch in which one part turns the other by the friction between them. Friction clutch
produces gripping action, by utilizing the frictional force between two surfaces. These
surfaces are pressed together to transmit power.
Friction clutch may be subdivided into three classes:

i. Disc/Plate clutch
a. Single plate clutch or single disc clutch
b. Multiple plate clutch or multiple disc clutch

ii. Cone clutch

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 FRICTION CLUTCH

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 FRICTION CLUTCH

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 FRICTION CLUTCH WORKING
While starting the engine, the clutch pedal is depressed. After the start of the engine, the
clutch pedal is slowly released to increase the pressure gradually on frictional surface until
there is no slip. Thus the driven plate is gripped firmly to the driving plate. Transmission of
power depends upon the kind of material used for the friction members and intensity of the
force, pressing them together.

Friction clutch is most popular in four wheel tractors. Fluid clutch is also used in some
tractors these days. Dog clutch is mostly used in power tiller.

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 MULTIPLATE CLUTCH WORKING

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 MULTIPLATE CLUTCH WORKING

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 CONE CLUTCH WORKING

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 CONE CLUTCH WORKING
Principle of Working: In a cone clutch, there are a outer cone which is connected to driving
shaft and an inner cone which is connected to driven shaft. There are some friction lining at
inner section of the outer cone and outer section of the inner cone. These both cone are bring in
contact to transfer energy from driving shaft to driven shaft.

Working: At the starting of the vehicle, the clutch pedal is pressed by the driver which allow to
compress the pressure springs thus the inner cone slightly move far from the outer cone. This
will break the contact between inner cone and outer cone thus the clutch is in disengage
position. Any rotation of the engine shaft or driving shaft does not transfer to transmission shaft
or driven shaft.
Now the driver want to engage the transmission line thus he slowly released the clutch pedal.
This will allow to pressurized spring to expand which pushes inner cone towards outer cone and
allow to make contact between them. A frictional force acts between inner side of outer cone
and outer side of the inner cone which allow them to rotate at same speed. Thus the engine shaft
and transmission shaft allow rotating at same speed and the clutch is called in engage position
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 ADVANTAGES OF FRICTION CLUTCH

✓ The engagement is smooth.

✓ Power loss and consequent heat generation do not create problems because of slip occur
only during engaging operation.
✓ Once the clutch is engaged, there is no slip between the contacting surface.
✓ Friction clutch serves as a safety device.
✓ In friction clutch wear is low.
✓ Capable of transmitting partial power.
✓ Minimum shock during the engagement.
✓ Easy to operate

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 GEAR BOX IN TRACTOR

Function of transmission system:

✓To transmit power from the engine to the rear wheels of the tractor.
✓To make reduced speed available, to rear wheels of the tractor.
✓To alter the ratio of wheel speed and engine speed in order to suit be field conditions.
✓To transmit power through right angle drive, because the crankshaft and rear axle are
normally at right angles to each other.

Types:
✓Sliding Mesh Gear Box
✓Constant Mesh Gear Box
✓Synchromesh Gear Box
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 SLIDING MESH GEAR BOX

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 CONSTANT MESH GEAR BOX

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 SYNCHROMESH GEAR BOX

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 SYNCHROMESH GEAR BOX

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 SYNCHROMESH GEAR BOX

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 GEAR BOX

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 TROUBLESHOOTING OF CLUTCH & GEARBOX

Trouble Shoot chart:

https://solisworld.com/trouble-shooting/

Transmission box Service:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8sG_7GY2Qg

Clutch Service:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANVV6y64rcc&t=151s

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 END OF THIRD WEEK.

THANK YOU

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