FARM MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT

SUB. CODE: 20AT51I

WEEK-4

Prepared By,
Bhaskar vitla
Lecturer in Automobile Dept.
GPT Kushalnagara

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 1

 MAINTENANCE OF TRACTOR
Daily Tractor Inspection Checklist:

First of all, the tractor has to be brought to level ground and the procedure has to be followed
before starting the tractor:

✓Check all fluid levels Engine oil Coolant Fuel Hydraulic fluid Other fluids.
✓ Tires and wheels Properly inflated. Check the operator's manual Check tires for cuts or
breaks in the tread or sidewalls.
✓ Batteries Connections are clean Electrolyte level is good.
✓ General Condition Check cracked or broken parts Check leaking or damaged hoses Loose
parts, bolts, or nuts Steps are clean of any grease or mud.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 2

 DAILY MAINTENANCE
After 8-10 hours of work:

✓ Check the level of oil in the engine. It should be done 15 minutes after the engine has cooled
down. If found deficient, the level should be replenished with engine oil of the right grade.
✓ Check the water of the radiator and refill it. Clean the air cleaner and check the oil level. If it
is less, fill it to the required level. Fill with clean oil in case the existing oil has become dirty.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 3

 WEEKLY MAINTENANCE (After 50-60 hours of work):

✓ Repeat the daily maintenance measure.

✓ Check the air pressure in the tires. If the pressure is low, get the necessary air
✓ Check the elasticity of the fan belt under the pressure of the thumb. It should stretch to a
degree of 12 & and 18 millimeters.
✓ Clean the air pressure and fill it with an oil of the right grade.
✓ The water stored in the oil filter should be drained out by the drain plug.
✓ Check the water level of the battery. If water is found below the limit, fill it with distilled
water.
✓ Check the level of the oil in the gearbox.
✓ Apply grease to the clutch shaft and bearings, brake control, bearing of the fan, hub of the
front wheel, tie rod, etc.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 4

FORTNIGHT MAINTENANCE (After 120 to 125 hours of work)

✓ Repeat the weekly schedule of maintenance.

✓ Apply oil to the Dynamo and the starter.
✓ Clean the carbon in the smoke-tube.
✓ Change the engine oil. To do so, keep the tractor in the starting position for a while and then
switch it off so as to heat up the entire oil, then drain out the oil through the drain plug and
fill fresh and clean oil of the right grade.
✓ In case the oil filter is made of paper, element, cloth felt, etc. change them. Clean the
metallic oil filter.
✓ Check the free play of the clutch and brake, it should be 15mm long. Adjust it according to
the need.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 5

MONTHLY MAINTENANCE (AFTER 250 HOURS OF WORK)

✓ Repeat every step of fortnightly maintenance.

✓ If it is advised to clean the primary diesel filter, (in the manual supplied with the tractor)
clean it or change it.
✓ Wash the filters of the tap of the oil tank.
✓ Check the water in the battery. If its relative density is below the mark, change the battery

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 6

TWO MONTHS OF MAINTENANCE (After 500 hours of work)

✓ Follow the monthly schedule of maintenance.

✓ Change the other element of diesel filter.
✓ Get the injector and diesel pump checked either by an authorized dealer or an experienced
mechanic.
✓ Contact your authorized dealer or an experienced mechanic for the inspection of valve.
✓ Get the dynamo and the self starter inspected.
✓ Open the oil tank and clean it.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 7

 FOUR MONTHS MAINTENANCE (After 1000-1200 hours of work)

✓Follow the bi-monthly maintenance schedule.

✓ Drain out the oil of the gearbox and fill it with a clean oil of the right grade.
✓ Drain out the oil of the back-axle and fill clean oil.
✓ Change the oil of the belt pulley.
✓ Clean the filter of the hydraulic pump.
✓ Change the steering oil.
✓ Change the grease of the front wheel. Maintenance of Farm Tractor

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 8

 TYRE SIZE MEASUREMENT OF TRACTOR

https://www.rimguardsolutions.com/understanding-tractor-tire-sizes/

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 9

MEASUREMENT OF TRACK WIDTH AND WHEEL BASE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgrj8poCWKA

Video Demonstration

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 10

 BRAKING SYSTEM

• The brake arrangement serves to intentionally offer resistance to the movement of the
tractor. Most common are the friction brakes. These are essentially heat devices that
change the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle into heat, by virtue of friction between a
rotating component and a stationary component which are mechanically moved so that
they come in contact with the rotating component. The stationary are lined with a hard
wearing friction material. When this material is moved into contact with the rotating
component, braking takes place.
• Brake is used to stop or slow down the motion of a tractor. It is mounted on the driving
axle and operated by two independent pedals. Each pedal can be operated independently
to assist the turning of tractor during the fieldwork or locked together by means of a lock

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 11

 BRAKING SYSTEM

Principle of operation:
Brake works on the principle of friction. When a moving clement is brought into contact with
a stationary element, the motion of the moving element is affected. This is due to frictional
force, which acts in the opposite direction of the motion and converts the kinetic energy into
heat energy.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 12

 BRAKING SYSTEM

Classification of brake: Brake can be classified as:

✓ Mechanical brake and
✓ Hydraulic brake.

The mechanical brake can be:

✓ Internal expanding shoe type
✓ External contracting shoe type and
✓ Disc type.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 13

 INTERNAL EXPANDING SHOE TYPE

Two brake shoes made of frictional material fitted on the inside of the brake drum are held
away from the drum by means of springs. One end of each shoe is fulcrum whereas the other
is free to move by the action of a cam which in turn applies force on the shoes. The movement
of the cam is caused by the brake pedal through the linkage. The drum is mounted on the rear
axle whereas the shoe assembly is stationary and mounted on the back plate

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 14

 EXTERNAL CONTRACTING SHOE TYPE

This type of brake system is normally available on crawler tractors. The brake band directly
surrounds the drum mounted on the drive axle. When the pedal is depressed, the band tightens
the drum

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 15

 DISC BRAKES
Two actuating discs have holes drilled in each disc in which steel balls are placed. When the
brake pedal is depressed, the links help to move the two discs in opposite directions. This
brings the steel balls to shallow part of the holes drilled in the disc. As a result, the two discs
are expanded and braking discs are pressed in between the discs and the stationary housing.
The braking discs are directly mounted on the differential shaft, which ultimately transfers the
traveling effect to the differential shaft.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 16

 HYDRAULIC BRAKE
Hydraulic brake system is based on the principle of pascal's law. The brake fluid, which is
usually a mixture of glycerin and alcohol, is filled in the master cylinder. When the pedal is
depressed, the piston of the master cylinder is forced into the cylinder and the entire system
turns to a pressure system. Immediately, the piston of the wheel cylinder slides outward which
moves the brake shoes to stop the rotating drum. When the pedal is released, the return spring
of the master cylinder moves the piston back to its position.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 17

 BRAKING EFFICIENCY

High braking efficiency is required as on many occasions the brakes are required to stop the
vehicle in emergency. However higher brake efficiency not only leads to stopping in a shorter
time, may also cause injury to the driver operator due to high decelerating forces and dislodging
of loads in the trolley. Higher braking efficiency also causes rapid wear of the brakes and there
is more risk of losing control of the vehicle. Braking efficiencies of the order of 50-80% enable
to stop within reasonable distance. However the stopping distance varies with the type of road
conditions and condition of the tyres.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 18

 NECESSITY OF 2 BRAKES IN TRACTOR

They can brake their rear wheels independently of each other, called brake steering. Useful at
slow speeds, particularly when pulling something heavy, which means the front wheels don't
have much traction.
Tractors have two brake pedals, one for each rear-wheel drive. These brake pedals are locked
together for road work for smoother braking. However, they can be separated for field or yard
work where sharp, nimble turning is necessary.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7U7iE1Ql4n0
How to use tractor single break ಸಿಂಗಲ್ ಬ್ರೇಕ್ ಹ್ೊಡ್ಯುವುದು ಹ್ೇಗ್ #ಕನ್ನಡ – YouTube

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 19

 ADJUSTMENT OF BRAKE PEDAL IN TRACTOR

✓ Park the tractor safely and securely

✓ Shut off the engine
✓ Check all the tires safely and securely
✓ Engage the parking brake
✓ Confirm that the parking brake lock holder is
surely applied and that the parking brake lock
lever is locked securely
✓ Periodically clean and apply oil to prevent
dust or rust that could interface with its proper
operation

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 20

 ADJUSTMENT OF BRAKE PEDAL IN TRACTOR

✓Remove the rear right wheel

✓ Disengage the parking brake
✓ Adjust the brake pedal’s free play
• Loosen the lock nut (A, Fig. 2).
• Rotate the brake rod (B, Fig. 2) so that the free play (C, Fig. 2)
at the tip of the brake pedal is 2.9 ± 0.1 in. (73 ± 3 mm).
• Tighten the lock nut
Tractor Ki Brake Setting Kaise Karen । ब्रेक सेट ग
िं करें 2 मिन
िें 🤔 – YouTube A - Lock nut
B - Brake rod
C - Free play
• Note:
Tighten the brake rod lock nut to 17 to 22 fl lbs. (23 to 29 N-m)
25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 21
 ADJUSTMENT OF BRAKE PEDAL IN TRACTOR

• 1a. Adjust the differential lock link.

• Loosen the flange nuts (A, Fig. 3).
• Fix the brake pedal with the tip (B, Fig. 3) at 2.9 ± 0.1 in. (73
± 3 mm).
• With the differential lock arm (C, Fig. 3) pushed forward (D,
Fig. 3), adjust the length of the link adjuster (E, Fig. 3) so
that the spring (F, Fig. 3) is at its free length.
• Tighten the flange nuts.
A - Flange nut
• Return the brake pedal. B - Free play
C - Differential lock arm
• Make sure that the differential lock arm returns to its original D - Position when pushed forward
position (G, Fig. 3) and that the differential lock is released. (Differential lock: On)
E Link adjuster
F Spring
G Original position (Differential lock: Off)
25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 22
 TROUBLESHOOTING THE TRACTOR BRAKE, BRAKE PEDAL

Mahindra 4540 Brake Problems: Causes and Solutions - Tractor Issues

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 23

 DIFFERENTIAL UNIT AND FINAL DRIVE
Differential unit is a special arrangement of gears to permit one of the rear wheels of the
tractor to rotate slower or faster than the other. While turning the tractor on a curved path, the
inner wheel has to travel lesser the tractor to move faster than the other at the turning point.
The output shaft coming from the gear box is provided with a bevel pinion at the end of the
shaft.
The bevel pinion is in mesh with a large bevel wheel known as crown wheel.
The main functions of crown wheel assembly are:
(i) to transmit power through right angle drive to suit the tractor wheels.
(ii) to reduce the speed of rotation.
The differential unit consists of: (i) differential casing (ii) differential pinion (iii) crown wheel
(iv) half shaft and (v) bevel gear.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 24

 DIFFERENTIAL; HOW IT WORKS?

SINGLE REDUCTION

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 25

 DIFFERENTIAL; CONCEPT OF WORKING
Action Results Crown wheel Sun Gears Star Gear

One wheel jacked and Only jacked side

Engine rotates Rotates All rotate
rotated, Gear engaged rotates
Other wheel will
Two wheels jacked
rotate in opposite Does not rotate Both rotate All rotate
and one rotated
direction
Tractor moving in Do not rotate
Both wheels rotate Both rotate with the
straight ahead Rotates with the cage independently but
with same speed cage
position with the cage
Turning side rotates
Turning side rotates
Tractor turning left or with slow speed.
Rotates slower, other side All rotate
right Other wheel rotates
rotates faster
faster
Diff locked (side dog Both gears rotate with Do not rotate
Both wheels rotate
coupling engaged Rotates with the cage same speed (with the independently but
with same speed
with25-09-2023
crown-wheel Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara
cage) with the cage
26
 DIFFERENTIAL WORKING
The differential casing is rigidly attached with the crown wheel and moves like one unit. Two
pinions are provided inside the differential casing, such that they are carried round by the
crown wheel but they are free to rotate also on their own shaft or stud. There are two or more
bevel gears in mesh with differential pinion. One bevel pinion is at the end of each half shaft,
which goes to the tractor rear wheel. Thus instead of crown wheel being keyed directly to a
solid shaft between the tractor wheels, the drive is taken back from the indirect route through
differential casing, differential pinion and half shaft of the tractor. When the tractor is moving
in a straight line, the differential pinion do not rotate on the stub shaft but are solid with the
differential casing. They drive the two bevel gears at the same speed and in the same direction
as the casing and the crown wheel. Each differential pinion can move in two planes
simultaneously. When it is carried round by the casing, it drives the half-shaft in the same
direction but when it is rotated on its own shaft, it drives them in opposite direction i. e.
rotation of differential pinion adds motion to one shaft and subtracts motion from the other
shaft.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 27

 DOUBLE REDUCTION DIFFERENTIAL

Construction: This differential consists of main

differential, two output shafts, two sets of small
spur gears & large spur gears at the end of
output shaft.
Working: In this type of axle the drive speed is
reduced in two separate steps. In first step, main
differential is driven by the propeller shaft, first
reduction takes place, and then drive passed to
the output shafts, on which small spur pinions
are fixed at both the ends. The small spur
pinions meshes with a large spur pinions, which
gives additional reduction to the drive axles.
Thus the double reduction final drive is
transmitted to the wheels.
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 DOUBLE REDUCTION DIFFERENTIAL

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 DIFFERENTIAL LOCK
• A differential lock, commonly known as a "diff lock," is a feature found in many tractors and
other off-road vehicles. It improves traction and prevents wheel slippage in challenging
terrain or when driving conditions become difficult.
• In other words, a differential lock is a device inside the differential system which locks both
axles together. It is used on extremely slippery terrains. The locking differential is used to
maintain traction when working on muddy, soft, or rough surfaces.
• A differential lock is present in the differential unit of a tractor. It is present in the rear axle
in 2WD and 4WD tractors. Understanding how to use a differential lock can significantly
enhance the tractor's performance in certain situations.

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 NECESSITY OF DIFFERENTIAL LOCK
Differential lock is a device to join both half axles of the tractor so that even if one wheel is
under less resistance, the tractor comes out from the mud etc as both wheels move with the
same speed and apply equal traction. When one tyre encounters a slippery spot on the road, it
loses traction, resistance to rotation drops and the wheel begins to spin the torque delivered to
both drive wheels changes. The wheel with good traction is no longer driven because of this
reason slip differential is necessary.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 31

 HOW TO ENGAGE A DIFFERENTIAL LOCK?

✓ Locate the differential lock control: On most tractors, you will find the differential lock
control near the driver's seat, often labelled as "Diff Lock" or "Diff."
✓Ensure safety: Ensure the tractor is stationary and on a level surface before engaging the
lock. Engaging the lock while moving could cause damage to the drivetrain.
✓Engage the lock: You may have a lever, switch, or button to engage the differential lock
depending on the tractor model. Engage the lock when you need to improve traction, such as
when one wheel is slipping or losing grip.
✓Using the Differential Lock: Once the differential lock is engaged, power is distributed
evenly to both wheels on the same axle. It prevents one wheel from spinning freely, forcing
both wheels to turn at the same speed. This setup effectively locks the axle, providing more
traction and reducing the chances of getting stuck.

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 HOW TO DISENGAGE A DIFFERENTIAL LOCK?
✓Slow down: Before disengaging the differential lock, reduce the tractor's speed to minimize
stress on the drivetrain.
✓Disengage the lock: If you have a lever, switch, or button for the lock, move it to the
disengaged position.
✓Verify: Ensure that the lock is successfully disengaged before resuming normal operation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qx7qAf3GFqI

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 33

 BACKLASH IN THE DIFFERENTIAL
Circumferential Backlash:
Circumferential Backlash is the length of arc on the pitch
circle. The length is the distance the gear is rotated until the
meshed tooth flank makes contacts while the other mating
gear is held stationary.
Normal Backlash:
The minimum distance between each meshed tooth flank in a
pair of gears, when it is set so the tooth surfaces are in
contact.
Radial backlash:
The radial Backlash is the shrinkage (displacement) in the
stated center distance when it is set so the meshed tooth flanks
of the paired gears get into contact each other.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 34

 BACKLASH IN THE DIFFERENTIAL
Angular Backlash:
The maximum angle that allows the gear to move
when the other mating gear is held stationary.

Axial Backlash:
The axial backlash is the shrinkage (displacement) in
the stated center distance when a pair of bevel gears is
set so the meshed tooth flanks of the paired gears
contact each other.

25-09-2023 Prepared by Bhaskar vitla, GPT Kushalnagara 35

 HOW TO SET THE BACKLASH?

https://www.randysworldwide.com/blogs/gear-backlash
https://www.to4runner.net/disassembly-886.html

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 END OF THIRD WEEK.

THANK YOU

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