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Chapter 5 - More Application of Newtons LAw
Chapter 5 - More Application of Newtons LAw
Chapter 5 - More Application of Newtons LAw
Module in
PHYS 106
PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
(CALCULUS-BASED)
MORE APPLICATION OF
NEWTON’S LAW
Adopted from: REYCIELO B. DENZON
JINKY P. TABASA
Instructor
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page
Cover Page i
Title Page ii
Table of Contents iii
Instruction to the User iv
Introduction v
References 35
Student’s Information 36
iii
INSTRUCTION TO THE USER
iv
INTRODUCTION
This learning module will serve as an alternative learning material to usual way
of classroom teaching and learning delivery. The instructor will facilitate and explain
the module to the students to achieve its expected learning outcomes and to ensure
that they will learn amidst of pandemic.
v
Chapter 05
OVERVIEW
CHAPTER OUTLINE
5.1 Forces of Friction
5.2 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Model
5.3 Nonuniform Circular Motion
5.4 Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces
5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature
1
Pre-Test
Thinking Physics
Question
1. The Copernican theory of the solar system is a structural model in which the
planets are assumed to travel around the Sun in circular orbits. Historically, this
theory was a break from the Ptolemaic theory, a structural model in which the Earth
was at the center. When the Copernican theory was proposed, a natural question
arose: What keeps the Earth and other planets moving in their paths around the
Sun? An interesting response to this question comes from Richard Feynman: “In
those days, one of the theories proposed was that the planets went around because
behind them there were invisible angels, beating their wings and driving the planets
forward. . . . It turns out that in order to keep the planets going around, the invisible
angels must fly in a different direction.” What did Feynman mean by this statement?
Answer
2
Chapter 5
More Applications of Newton’s Law
A. LEARNING GOALS
3
C. DISCUSSION
If we increase the magnitude of 𝑭 ⃗⃗, as in Active Figure 5.1b, the trash can eventually
slips. When the trash can be on the verge of slipping, 𝒇𝒔 is a maximum as shown in
Active Figure 5.1c. If F exceeds 𝒇𝒔,𝒎𝒂𝒙, the trash can moves and accelerates to the right.
While the trash can is in motion, the friction force is less than 𝒇𝒔,𝒎𝒂𝒙 (Active Fig. 5.1c).
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑘 . The net
We call the friction force for an object in motion the force of kinetic friction 𝑓
force 𝑭 − 𝒇𝒌 in the x direction produces an acceleration to the right, according to
Newton’s second law. If we reduce the magnitude of 𝑭 ⃗⃗ so that 𝑭 = 𝒇𝒌 , the acceleration
is zero and the trash can moves to the right with constant speed. If the applied force is
removed, the friction force acting to the left provides an acceleration of the trash can
in the 2x direction and eventually brings it to rest.
Experimentally, one finds that, to a good approximation, both 𝒇𝒔,𝒎𝒂𝒙 and 𝒇𝒌 for an
object on a surface are proportional to the normal force exerted by the surface on the
object; therefore, we adopt a simplification model in which this approximation is
4
assumed to be exact. The assumptions in this simplification model can be summarized
as follows:
The magnitude of the force of static friction between any two surfaces in contact can
have the values
where the dimensionless constant s is called the coefficient of static friction and n is
the magnitude of the normal force. The equality in Equation 5.1 holds when the
surfaces are on the verge of slipping, that is, when 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒔,𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≡ 𝝁𝒔 𝒏 . This situation
is called impending motion. The inequality holds when the component of the applied
force parallel to the surfaces is less than this value.
The magnitude of the force of kinetic friction acting between two surfaces is
where k is the coefficient of kinetic friction. In our simplification model, this coefficient
is independent of the relative speed of the surfaces.
The values of 𝝁𝒌 and 𝝁𝒔 depend on the nature of the surfaces, but 𝝁𝒌 is generally less
than s. Table 5.1 lists some measured values.
The direction of the friction force on an object is opposite to the actual motion (kinetic
friction) or the impending motion (static friction) of the object relative to the surface
with which it is in contact.
5
Example 5.1 The Sliding Hockey Puck
SOLUTION
Conceptualize Imagine that the puck in
Figure 5.3 slides to the right and eventually
comes to rest due to the force of kinetic
friction.
Analyze First, let’s find the acceleration algebraically in terms of the coefficient of
kinetic friction, using Newton’s second law. Once we know the acceleration of the
puck and the distance it travels, the equations of kinematics can be used to find the
numerical value of the coefficient of kinetic friction. The diagram in Figure 5.3 shows
the forces on the puck.
Apply the particle under a net force model in the x direction to the puck:
The negative sign means the acceleration is to the left in Figure 5.3. Because the
velocity of the puck is to the right, the puck is slowing down. The acceleration is
independent of the mass of the puck and is constant because we assume 𝜇𝑘 remains
constant.
6
(B) If the initial speed of the puck is halved, what would be the sliding distance?
SOLUTION
This part of the problem is a comparison problem and can be solved by a ratio
technique such as that used in Example 3.4.
SOLUTION
Conceptualize Consider Active Figure 5.4 and imagine that the block tends to slide
down the incline due to the gravitational force. To simulate the situation, place a
coin on this book’s cover and tilt the book until the coin begins to slide.
Notice how this example differs from Example 4.3. When there is no friction on an
incline, any angle of the incline will cause a stationary object to begin moving. When
there is friction, however, there is no movement of the object for angles less than the
critical angle.
7
Categorize The block is subject to various forces. Because we are raising the plane
to the angle at which the block is just ready to begin to move but is not moving, we
categorize the block as a particle in equilibrium.
SOLUTION
Conceptualize Imagine what happens as ⃗𝑭⃗ is applied to the block. Assuming ⃗𝑭⃗ is
not large enough to lift the block, the block slides to the right and the ball rises.
8
Analyze First draw force diagrams for the two objects as shown in Figures 5.5b and
5.5c. Notice that the string exerts a force of magnitude T on both objects. The applied
force ⃗𝑭⃗ has x and y components 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and 𝐹 sin 𝜃 , respectively. Because the two
objects are connected, we can equate the magnitudes of the x component of the
acceleration of the block and the y component of the acceleration of the ball and call
them both a. Let us assume the motion of the block is to the right.
Figure 3.1. A small object moving in a circle, showing how the velocity changes. At
each point, the instantaneous velocity is in a direction tangent to the circular path.
An object revolving in a circle is continuously accelerating, even when the speed
remains constant (𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 𝑣)
Acceleration is defined as
𝑣⃗2 − 𝑣⃗1 ∆𝑣⃗1
𝑎⃗ = =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
9
During the time interval ∆𝑡, the particle in Figure 3.2a moves from point 𝐴 to point 𝐵,
covering a distance ∆𝑙 along the arc which subtends an angle ∆𝜃. The change in the
velocity vector (Figure 3.2b) is
𝑣⃗2 − 𝑣⃗1 = ∆𝑣⃗
Consider ∆𝑡 be very small (approaching zero), then ∆𝑙 and ∆𝜃 will also be very small,
and 𝑣⃗2 will almost parallel to 𝑣⃗1 ; ∆𝑣⃗ will be essentially perpendicular to them (Figure
3.2c). Thus ∆𝑣⃗ points toward the center of the circle. Since 𝑎⃗ by definition, is in the
same direction as ∆𝑣⃗, it too must point toward the center of the circle. Therefore, this
acceleration is called centripetal acceleration (“center-pointing” acceleration) or
radial acceleration (since it is directed along the radius, toward the center of the
circle), and we denote it by 𝑎⃗𝑅 .
We next determine the magnitude of the centripetal (radial) acceleration, 𝑎𝑅 . Because
𝐶𝐴 in Figure 3.2a is perpendicular to 𝑣⃗1 , and 𝐶𝐵 is perpendicular to 𝑣⃗2 , it follows that
the angle ∆𝜃, defined as the angle between 𝐶𝐴 and 𝐶𝐵, is also the angle between 𝑣⃗1 and
𝑣⃗2 . Hence the vectors 𝑣⃗1 , 𝑣⃗2 , and ∆𝑣⃗ in Figure 3.2b form a triangle that is geometrically
similar to triangle 𝐶𝐴𝐵. If we take ∆𝜃 to be very small and setting 𝑣 = 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 because
the magnitude of the velocity is assumed not to change, then
∆𝑣 ∆𝑙
≈
𝑣 𝑟
Figure 3.2. Determining the change in velocity, ∆𝑣⃗, for a particle moving in a circle.
The length ∆𝑙 is the distance along the arc, from 𝐴 to 𝐵.
To find the instantaneous acceleration, let ∆𝑡 approach zero, then
𝑣
∆𝑣 = ∆𝑙
𝑟
To get the centripetal acceleration, 𝑎𝑅 , we divide ∆𝑣 by ∆𝑡:
∆𝑣 𝑣 ∆𝑙
𝑎𝑅 = =
∆𝑡 𝑟 ∆𝑡
∆𝑙
But ∆𝑡 is the linear speed, 𝑣, of the object, so
𝑣2
𝑎𝑅 =
𝑟
To summarize,
10
An object moving in a circle of radius 𝑟 at constant speed 𝑣 has an acceleration whose
direction is toward the center of the circle and whose magnitude is 𝑎𝑅 = 𝑣 2 /𝑟
The acceleration depends on 𝑣 and 𝑟. The greater the speed 𝑣, the faster the velocity
changes direction; and the larger the radius, the less rapidly the velocity changes
direction.
Note: In uniform circular motion, the speed is constant, but the acceleration is not
zero.
The acceleration vector points toward the center of the circle. But the velocity vector
always points in the direction of motion, which is tangential to the circle. Thus, the
velocity and acceleration vectors are perpendicular to each other at every point in the
path for uniform circular motion (Figure 3.3).
11
Example 5.4 Acceleration of a revolving ball
12
4𝜋 2 𝑟
𝑎𝑅 = 2
𝑇
4𝜋 2 (3.84 𝑥 108 )
𝑎𝑅 =
(2.36 𝑥 106 𝑠)2
𝒂𝑹 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
According to Newton’s second law (Σ𝐹⃗ = 𝑚𝑎⃗), an object that is accelerating must have
a net force acting on it. An object moving in circle, such as a ball on the end of a string,
must therefore have a force applied to it to keep it moving in that circle. That is, a net
force is necessary to give it centripetal acceleration.
The magnitude of the required force can be calculated using Newton’s second law for
the radial component.
Σ𝐹𝑅 = 𝑚𝑎𝑅
𝑣2
Σ𝐹𝑅 = 𝑚( )
𝑟
Figure 3.4. A force is required to keep an object moving in a circle. If the speed is
constant, the force is directed toward the circle’s center.
13
Example 5.6 Force on revolving ball
Estimate the force a person must exert on a string attached to a 0.150 − 𝑘𝑔 ball to
make the ball revolve in a horizontal circle of radius 0.6 𝑚. the ball makes
2 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (𝑇 = 0.500 𝑠).
APPROACH
First, we need to draw the free-body diagram for the ball. The forces acting on the
ball are the force of gravity, 𝑚𝑔⃗ downward, and the tension force 𝐹⃗𝑇 that the string
exerts toward the hand at the center (which occurs because the person exerts that
same force on the string). The free-body diagram for the ball is as shown in Figure
3.5. the ball’s weight complicates matters and makes it impossible to revolve a ball
with the cord perfectly horizontal. We assume the weight is small, and put 𝜙 ≈ 0.
Thus 𝐹⃗𝑇 will act nearly horizontally and, in any case, provides the force necessary to
give the ball its centripetal acceleration.
Figure 3.5.
Example
3.3
SOLUTION
We apply Newton’s second law to the radial direction, which we assume is
horizontal:
Σ𝐹𝑅 = 𝑚𝑎𝑅
where
𝑣2
𝑎𝑅 =
𝑟
and
2𝜋𝑟
𝑣=
𝑇
2𝜋(0.6 𝑚)
𝑣=
0.5 𝑠
𝑣 = 7.54 𝑚/𝑠
Thus
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑇 =
𝑟
(0.15 𝑘𝑔)(7.54 𝑚/𝑠)2
𝐹𝑇 =
0.6 𝑚
𝑭𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟏 𝑵
A 0.150 − 𝑘𝑔 ball on the end of a 1.10 − 𝑚 long cord (negligible mass) is swung in a
vertical circle. (a) Determine the minimum speed the ball must have at the top of its
arc so that the ball continue moving in a circle. (b) Calculate the tension in the cord
at the bottom of the arc, assuming the ball is moving at twice the speed of part (a).
APPROACH
14
The ball moves in a vertical circle and is not undergoing uniform circular motion.
The radius is assumed constant, but the speed 𝑣 changes because of gravity. The free-
body diagram is shown in Figure 3.6 for both
positions 1 and 2.
SOLUTION
We apply Newton’s second law, for the vertical
direction, choosing downward as positive since the
acceleration is downward (toward the center):
(Σ𝐹)𝑅 = 𝑚𝑎𝑅
𝑣1 2
𝐹𝑇1 + 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚
𝑟
(a) From this equation, see that the tension force 𝐹𝑇1 at point 1 will get larger if 𝑣1
(ball’s speed at the top of the circle) is made larger. The cord will remain taut as long
as there is tension in it. But if the tension disappears (because 𝑣1 is too small) the
cord can go limp, and the ball will fall out of its circular path. Thus, the minimum
speed will occur if 𝐹𝑇1 = 0
𝑣1 2
𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚
𝑟
𝑣1 2
𝑔=
𝑟
𝑣1 = √𝑔𝑟
𝑣1 = √(9.81𝑚/𝑠 2 )(1.1𝑚)
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖𝒎/𝒔
This is the minimum speed at the top of the circle if the ball is to continue moving in
a circular path.
(b) when the ball is at the bottom of the circle, the cord exerts its tension force 𝐹𝑇2
upward, whereas the force of gravity, 𝑚𝑔⃗, still acts downward. Apply Newton’s
second law, choosing upward as positive since the acceleration is upward (toward
the center):
(Σ𝐹)𝑅 = 𝑚𝑎𝑅
𝑣2 2
𝐹𝑇2 − 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚
𝑟
The speed 𝑣2 is given as twice that in part (a), 𝑣2 = 6.56𝑚/𝑠. Solve for 𝐹𝑇2
𝑣2 2
𝐹𝑇2 = 𝑚 + 𝑚𝑔
𝑟
𝑚 2
(6.56 𝑠 )
𝐹𝑇2 = (0.15 𝑘𝑔) + (0.15 𝑘𝑔)(9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
1.1 𝑚
𝑭𝑻𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟒 𝑵
15
5.3 NONUNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Figure 3.7. The road exerts an inward force (friction against the tires) on a
car to make it move in a circle
Example 5.8 Skidding on a curve
SOLUTION
In the vertical direction there is no acceleration. Newton’s second law states that the
normal force 𝐹𝑁 on the car is equal to the weight 𝑚𝑔 since the road is flat:
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔
𝐹𝑁 = (1000 𝑘𝑔)(9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
𝐹𝑁 = 9810 𝑁
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
16
In the horizontal direction the only force is friction, and must compare it to the force
needed to produce the centripetal acceleration to see if it is sufficient. The net
horizontal force required to keep the car moving in a circle around the curve is
𝑣2
(Σ𝐹)𝑅 = 𝑚𝑎𝑅 = 𝑚
𝑟
(14 𝑚/𝑠)2
(Σ𝐹)𝑅 = (1000 𝑘𝑔)
50 𝑚
(Σ𝐹)𝑅 = 3920 𝑁
Now, compute the maximum total static friction force (the sum of the friction forces
acting on each of the four tires) to see if it can be large enough to provide a safe
centripetal acceleration.
For (a), 𝜇𝑠 = 0.6, the maximum friction force attainable is
(𝐹𝑅 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁
(𝐹𝑅 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.6(9810 𝑁)
(𝐹𝑅 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5886 𝑁
Since a force of only 3920 N is needed, and that is, how much will be exerted by the
road as a static friction force, the car can follow the curve.
But in (b), 𝜇𝑠 = 0.25, the maximum static friction force possible is
(𝐹𝑅 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁
(𝐹𝑅 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.25(9810 𝑁)
(𝐹𝑅 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2453 𝑁
The car will skid because the ground cannot exert sufficient force (3920 𝑁 is
needed) to keep it moving in a curve of radius 50 𝑚 at a speed of 50 𝑘𝑚/ℎ.
The banking of curves can reduce the chance of skidding. The normal force exerted
by a banked road, acting perpendicular to the road, will have a component toward
the center of the circle (Figure 3.9), thus reducing the reliance on friction. For a given
banking angle 𝜃, there will be one speed for which no friction at all is required. This
will be the case when the horizontal component of the normal force toward the
center of the curve, 𝐹𝑁 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, is just equal to the force required to give a vehicle its
centripetal acceleration – that is, when
𝑣2
𝐹𝑁 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚
𝑟
The banking angle of a road, 𝜃, is chosen so that this condition holds for a particular
speed, called the “design speed.”
17
5.4 MOTION IN THE PRESENCE OF VELOCITY-DEPENDENT RESISTIVE
FORCES
Earlier, we described the friction force between a moving object and the surface along
which it moves. So far, we have ignored any interaction between the object and the
medium through which it moves. Let us now consider the effect of a medium such as a
liquid or gas. The medium exerts a resistive force 𝑹 ⃗⃗⃗ on the object moving through it.
You feel this force if you ride in a car at high speed with your hand out the window; the
force you feel pushing your hand backward is the resistive force of the air rushing past
the car. The magnitude of this force depends on the relative speed between the object
and the medium, and the direction of 𝑹 ⃗⃗⃗ on the object is always opposite the direction
of the object’s motion relative to the medium. Some examples are the air resistance
associated with moving vehicles (sometimes called air drag), the force of the wind on
the sails of a sailboat, and the viscous forces that act on objects sinking through a
liquid.
Generally, the magnitude of the resistive force increases with increasing speed. The
resistive force can have a complicated speed dependence. In the following discussions,
we consider two simplification models that allow us to analyze these situations. The
first model assumes that the resistive force is proportional to the velocity, which is
approximately the case for objects that fall through a liquid with low speed and for very
small objects, such as dust particles, that move through air. The second model treats
situations for which we assume that the magnitude of the resistive force is proportional
to the square of the speed of the object. Large objects, such as a skydiver moving
through air in free-fall, experience such a force.
At low speeds, the resistive force acting on an object that is moving through a viscous
medium is effectively modeled as being proportional to the object’s velocity. The
mathematical representation of the resistive force can be expressed as
Where 𝑣⃗ is the velocity of the object relative to the medium and 𝑏 is a constant that
depends on the properties of the medium and on the shape and dimensions of the
object. The negative sign represents that the resistive force is opposite the velocity of
the object relative to the medium.
Consider a sphere of mass m released from rest in a liquid, as in Active Figure 5.16a.
We assume that the only forces acting on the sphere are the resistive force 𝑅⃗⃗ and the
weight 𝑚⃗⃗⃗𝑔 , and we describe its motion using Newton’s second law.2 Considering the
vertical motion and choosing the downward direction to be positive, we have
18
Dividing this equation by the mass 𝒎 gives
Equation 5.5 is called a 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; it include both the speed 𝑣 and the
derivative of the speed. The methods of solving such an equation may not be familiar
to you as yet. Note, however, that if we define 𝑡 = 0 when 𝑣 = 0, the resistive force is
zero at this time and the acceleration 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑡 is simply 𝑔. As 𝑡 increases, the speed
increases, the resistive force increases, and the acceleration decreases. Therefore, this
situation is one in which neither the velocity nor the acceleration of the particle is
constant.
The acceleration becomes zero when the increasing resistive force eventually balances
the weight. At this point, the object reaches its 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝑣𝑇 and from then on
it continues to move with zero acceleration. The motion diagram in Active Figure 5.16b
shows the sphere accelerating over the early part of its motion and then reaching
terminal speed later on. After the object reaches terminal speed, its motion is that of a
particle under constant velocity. The terminal speed can be obtained from Equation
𝑑𝑣
5.5 by setting 𝑎 = = 0, which gives
𝑑𝑡
where 𝑣𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔/𝑏, 𝜏 = 𝑚/𝑏, and 𝑒 = 2.718 28 is the base of the natural logarithm.
This expression for 𝑣 can be verified by substituting it back into Equation 5.5. (Try
it!) This function is plotted in Active Figure 5.16c.
The mathematical representation of the motion (Eq. 5.6) indicates that the terminal
speed is never reached because the exponential function is never exactly equal to zero.
For all practical purposes, however, when the exponential function is very small at
large values of 𝑡, the speed of the particle can be approximated as being constant and
equal to the terminal speed.
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
19
We cannot compare different objects by means of the time interval required to reach
terminal speed because, as we have just discussed, this time interval is infinite for all
objects! We need some means to compare these exponential behaviors for different
objects. We do so with a parameter called the time constant. The time constant 𝜏 =
𝑚/𝑏 that appears in Equation 5.6 is the time interval required for the factor in
parentheses in Equation 5.6 to become equal to 1 2 e21 5 0.632. Therefore, the time
constant represents the time interval required for the object to reach 63.2% of its
terminal speed (Active Fig. 5.16c).
A small sphere of mass 2.00 g is released from rest in a large vessel filled with oil,
where it experiences a resistive force proportional to its speed. The sphere reaches a
terminal speed of 5.00 cm/s. Determine the time constant 𝜏 and the time at which
the sphere reaches 90.0% of its terminal speed.
SOLUTION
Conceptualize With the help of Active Figure 5.16, imagine dropping the sphere
into the oil and watching it sink to the bottom of the vessel. If you have some thick
shampoo in a clear container, drop a marble in it and observe the motion of the
marble.
Categorize We model the sphere as a particle under a net force, with one of the
forces being a resistive force that depends on the speed of the sphere.
For large objects moving at high speeds through air, such as airplanes, skydivers, and
baseballs, the magnitude of the resistive force is modeled as being proportional to the
square of the speed:
20
where 𝜌 is the density of air, A is the cross-sectional area of the moving object measured
in a plane perpendicular to its velocity, and D is a dimensionless empirical quantity
called the drag coefficient. The drag coefficient has a value of about 0.5 for spherical
objects moving through air but can be as high as 2 for irregularly shaped objects.
Solving for 𝑎, we find that the object has a downward acceleration of magnitude
Again, we can calculate the terminal speed 𝑣𝑇 because when the gravitational force
is balanced by the resistive force, the net force is zero and therefore the acceleration
is zero. Setting 𝑎 = 0 in Equation 5.9 gives
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Table 5.2 lists the terminal speeds for several objects falling through air, all computed
on the assumption that the drag coefficient is 0.5.
Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between them. This force acts along the line joining the two particles.
Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every particle in the Universe attracts
every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the
masses of the particles and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them.
The magnitude of the gravitational force can be written as
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹=𝐺
𝑟2
where:
𝐹= gravitational force
𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 =masses of the two particles
𝑟=distance between the particles
𝐺= universal gravitational constant
𝑚2
𝐺 = 6.67 𝑥 10−11 𝑁.
𝑘𝑔2
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The Electromagnetic Force
The electromagnetic force is the force that binds atoms and molecules in compound to
form ordinary matter. It is much stronger than the gravitational force. The force that
causes a rubbed comb to attract bits of paper and the force that a magnet exerts on an
iron nail are electromagnetic forces. Essentially all forces a work in our macroscopic
world, apart from the gravitational force, are manifestations of the electromagnetic
force. For example, friction forces, contact forces, tension forces, and forces in
elongated springs are consequences of electromagnetic forces between charged
particles in proximity
Coulomb’s law expresses the magnitude of the electrostatic force 𝐹𝑒 between two
charged particles separated by a distance 𝑟:
where 𝑞1 and 𝑞2 are the charges on the two particles, measured in units called coulombs
(C), and 𝑘𝑒 (5 8.99 3109 N · m2/C2) is the Coulomb constant.
The electrostatic force is attractive if the two charges have opposite signs and is
repulsive if the two charges have the same sign, as indicated in Figure 5.20.
The smallest amount of isolated charge found in nature (so far) is the charge on an
electron or proton. This fundamental unit of charge is given the symbol e and has the
magnitude 𝑒 = 1.60 × 10−19 𝐶. An electron has charge −𝑒, whereas a proton has
charge +𝑒. Theories developed in the latter half of the 20th century propose that
protons and neutrons are made up of smaller particles called quarks, which have
2 1
charges of either 3 𝑒 𝑜𝑟 3 𝑒. Although experimental evidence has been found for such
particles inside nuclear matter, free quarks have never been detected.
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The Strong Force
The weak force is a short-range force that tends to produce instability in certain nuclei.
It was first observed in naturally occurring radioactive substances and was later found
to play a key role in most radioactive decay reactions. The weak force is about 1034
times stronger than the gravitational force and about 103 times weaker than the
electromagnetic force.
For years, physicists have searched for a simplification scheme that would reduce the
number of fundamental forces needed to describe physical phenomena. In 1967,
physicists predicted that the electromagnetic force and the weak force, originally
thought to be independent of each other and both fundamental, are in fact
manifestations of one force, now called the electroweak force.
We also now know that protons and neutrons are not fundamental particles; current
models of protons and neutrons theorize that they are composed of simpler particles
called quarks, as mentioned previously. The quark model has led to a modification of
our understanding of the nuclear force. Scientists now define the strong force as the
force that binds the quarks to one another in a nucleon (proton or neutron). This force
is also referred to as a color force, in reference to a property of quarks called “color,”.
The previously defined nuclear force, the force that acts between nucleons, is now
interpreted as a secondary effect of the strong force between the quarks.
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D. ACTIVITIES/EXERCISES
Instructions: Answer the following conceptual questions. Kindly write your answer
in the Answer Box provided after each question. Please write your answer neat and
clearly.
Quiz 5.1
A car is moving forward slowly and is speeding up. A student claims that “the car exerts a
force on itself” or that “the car’s engine exerts a force on the car.” (a) Argue that this idea
cannot be accurate and that friction exerted by the road is the propulsive force on the car.
Make your evidence and reasoning as persuasive as possible. (b) Is it static or kinetic friction?
Suggestions: Consider a road covered with light gravel. Consider a sharp print of the tire
tread on an asphalt road, obtained by coating the tread with dust.
Answer
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Quiz 5.2
Your hands are wet, and the restroom towel dispenser is empty. What do you do to
get drops of water off your hands? How does the motion of the drops exemplify one
of Newton’s laws? Which one?
Answer
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Quiz 5.3
A pail of water can be whirled in a vertical path such that no water is spilled. Why
does the water stay in the pail, even when the pail is above your head?
Answer
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E. Evaluation/Post-test
Instructions: Solve the following problems. Show your solution in the Answer Sheet
provided. Please write your answer neat and clearly.
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Section 5.4 Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces
1. A small piece of Styrofoam packing material is dropped from a height of 2.00
m above the ground. Until it reaches terminal speed, the magnitude of its
acceleration is given by 𝑎 = 𝑔 − 𝐵𝑣. After falling 0.500 m, the Styrofoam
effectively reaches terminal speed and then takes 5.00 s more to reach the
ground. (a) What is the value of the constant 𝐵? (b) What is the acceleration at
𝑡 = 0? (c) What is the acceleration when the speed is 0.150 m/s?
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Answer Sheet
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Answer Sheet
31
Answer Sheet
32
Answer Sheet
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Answer Sheet
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References
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Congratulations for completing this module!
Student’s Information
Name:
Program:
Year and Section:
Contact No.:
E-mail address:
Facebook Account:
Messenger Account:
Instructor’s Information:
Name: JINKY P. TABASA
Contact No.: +639482853328
Email Address: jinky.tabasa@wpu.edu.ph
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Mission
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research and extension services.
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