EKLAVYA TELUGU

FOR CLASS 12Th BOARDS/JEE/NEET/EAMCET

Magnetism & Matter

ONE SHOT LECTURE

Krishnareddy sir
Today’s Goal

* BAR MAGNET

* MAGNETIC FIELD LINES

* TORQUE ON A BAR MAGNET IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD

* EARTH’S MAGNETISM

* TANGENT GALVANOMETER

* DIAMAGNETISM, PARAMAGNETISM & FERROMAGNETISM

* HYSTERISIS
BAR MAGNET:

When suspended freely with the help of a thread a magnet always rests in
North-South direction. The pole and the one pointing towards south is called
South Pole.
Properties of BAR Magnet:

1. Like poles repel each other & unlike poles attract each other. Confirm test of

polarity ( magnetism) is repulsion & not attraction.

2. Magnetic monopoles do not exist.

3. The Poles are situated “near” the ends of the magnet & not exactly at the ends.
BAR Magnet as Magnetic Dipole

m ⟶ pole strength (measured in Am)

2l ⟶ Magnetic length
Q1. Two identical thin bar magnets, each of length L and pole-strength m are

placed at right angles to each other, with the N-pole of one touching the south

pole of the other. Find the magnetic moment of the system.

(a) 𝟐mL

(b) √𝟐 mL

(c) mL

(d)m𝟐L𝟐
Q2. Following figure show the arrangement of bar magnets in different

configurations. Each magnet has magnetic dipole moment 𝑚. Which configuration

has highest net magnetic dipole moment? (2014)

Q3. A bar magnet of length l and magnetic dipole moment M is bent in the form
of an are as shown in figure. The new magnetic dipole moment will be (2013)

(a) M
3
(b) M
π

2
(c) M
π

𝑀
(d)
2
Q4. A bar magnet of magnetic moment M is cut into two part of equal length.

The magnetic moment of each part will be (1997)

(a) M

(b) 2M

(c) zero

(d) 0.5 M
Magnetic Moment of Current Loop

Direction of 𝑀 ⟹ Curl your Right H and fingers in direction of current, your

Thumb now points in the direction of 𝐴Ԧ or 𝑀

Q5. A charged particle (charge q) is moving in a circle of radius R with uniform
speed v. The associated magnetic moment M is given by

(a) 𝑞𝑣𝑅2

𝑞𝑣𝑅2
(b)
2

(c) 𝑞𝑣𝑅

𝑞𝑣𝑅
(d)
2
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES:

Imaginary lines/curves drawn in space along which a ‘free North Pole’ would

move, if allowed to do so.

Properties of Magnetic Field lines

1. Magnetic Field lines form closed loop outside the magnet → N→ S Inside
the magnet → S →N

2. The tangent at any point on the field lines, gives the direction of Magnetic Field at
that point.
3. In a region of strong Magnetic Field, the field lines are closer & in region of weak
field, field lines are far apart.

4. Two magnetic Field Line can never intersect each

Some standard diagrams of magnetic field lines

1. Straight current carrying wire

2. Current carrying loop
Analogy with Electrostatics

1. Coulomb’s Law of Electric Force Coulomb’s Law of Magnetic Force

2. Electric Field due to a Point Charge Magnetic Field due to a Point Charge
3. Electric Field due to an Electric Dipole Magnetic Field due to a Magnetic Dipole
(BAR Magnet)

a) On the Axis a) On the axis

b) On the equatorial line
Torque on a BAR magnet (magnetic dipole) in a uniform

magnetic filed.
1. Maximum torque

2. Minimum Torque
Q6. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 𝑀 is placed in a magnetic field of

induction 𝐵. The torque exerted on it is (1999)

(a) 𝑀. 𝐵

(b) -𝑀. 𝐵

(c) 𝑀 × 𝐵

(d) 𝐵 × 𝑀
Torque on a current loop (magnetic dipole) in a uniform
magnetic field
Q7. A coil in the shape of an equilateral triangle of side l is suspended between
the pole pieces of a permanent magnet such that 𝐵 is in plane of the coil. If due
to a current i in the triangle a torque τ acts on it, the side l of the triangle is
2 τ
(a)
3 𝐵𝑖

τ 1/2
(b) 2
3𝐵𝑖

2 τ 1/2
(c)
3 𝐵𝑖

1 τ
(d)
3 𝐵𝑖
Potential energy of a BAR magnet ( magnetic dipole) in a uniform magnetic
field.
Equilibrium

Θ = 00 Θ = 1800
Q8. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.4 JT-1 is placed in a uniform

magnetic field of 0.16 T. The magnet is in stable equilibrium when the potential

energy is (2011)

(a) 0.064 J

(b) –0.064 J

(c) Zero

(d) – 0.082 J
Q9. A bar magnet having a magnetic moment of 2 × 105 JT-1 is free to rotate in a
horizontal plane. A horizontal magnetic field B = 6 × 10-4 T exists in the space.
The work done in taking the magnet slowly from a direction parallel to the field
to a direction 600 from the field is (2009)

(a) 12 J
(b) 6 J
(c) 2 J
(d) 0.6 J
Q10. A bar magnet is hung by a thin cotton thread in a uniform horizontal
magnetic field and is in equilibrium state. The energy required to rotate it by 600
is W. Now the torque required to keep the magnet in this new position is

2𝑊
(a)
3

𝑊
(b)
3

(c) 3𝑊

3𝑊
(d)
2
Q11. A magnetic needle suspended parallel to a magnetic field requires 3 J of

work to turn it through 600. The torque needed to maintain the needle in this

position will be (2016)

(a) 2 3 J

(b) 3 J

(c) 3 J

3
(d) J
2
Gauss law and magnetism
Magnetic Needle & Nomenclature of Poles

1. When a Magnetic Needle is moved close to Earth’s Surface, then at two places it
becomes vertical(perpendicular) to the surface.

2. The pole where ‘N’ pole of needle points vertically downward, that point on
Earth’s surface is called Magnetic North Pole.

3. The pole where ‘S’ pole of needle points vertically downward, that point on
Earth’s surface is called Magnetic South Pole.
G.N: Geographical North Pole

M.N : Magnetic North Pole

G.S: Geographical South Pole

M.S: Magnetic South Pole

G.E : Geographic Equator

M.E: Magnetic Equator

Angle of Dip

1. A magnetic needle which is free to rotate in vertical plane (called Dip needle)

is placed at various places on Earth’s surface.

2. The needle aligns with Earth’s Magnetic Field lines with North Pole of needle

pointing towards Magnetic North Pole.

3. At this instant , the angle made by needle with the horizontal to Earth’s

Surface is called Angle of Dip( δ )

At any place → δ
Q12. If the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place where the

angle of dip is 600 is 0.4x10-4 T, calculate the vertical component and the

resultant magnetic field at that place.

Q13. A compass needle which is allowed to move in a horizontal plane is taken

to a geomagnetic pole. It (2012)

(a) Will become rigid showing no movement

(b) Will stay in any position

(c) Will stay in north – south direction only

(d) Will stay in east – west direction only

Q14. The relations amongst the three elements of earth’s magnetic field, namely

horizontal component H, vertical component V and dip δ are, (BE = total

magnetic field) (2019)

(a) V = BE, H = BE tan δ

(b) V = BE tan δ, H = BE

(c) V = BE sin δ, H = BE cos δ

(d) V = BE cos δ, H = BE sin δ

Q15. At a point A on the earth’s surface the angle of dip, δ = +250. At a point B on

the earth’s surface the angle of dip, δ = - 250. We can interpret that: (2019)

(a) A is located in the northern hemisphere and B is located in the southern

hemisphere.

(b) A and B are both located in the southern hemisphere.

(c) A and B are both located in the northern hemisphere.

(d) A is located in the southern hemisphere and B is located in the northern

hemisphere.
Geographical Meridian, Magnetic Meridian & Angle of Declination

Geographical Meridian: At any point on Earth’s surface, a plane passing through

Geographic Poles at that point.

Magnetic Meridian: At any point on Earth’s surface, a plane passing through

Magnetic poles at that point.

Angle of Declination : At any point on Earth’s Surface, the angle between

Geographic Meridian & Magnetic Meridian.
True dip and apparent dip
Apparent Dips in two vertical planes at right angle to each other
Magnetic Suspectibility (χ)

1. The Magnetization of a Material is influenced by external factors.

2. Stronger the Magnetizing Field (H), more is Magnetization (I)

Absolute Permeability (𝝁𝒐), Magnetic Permeability (𝝁) & Relative

Permeability(𝝁𝒓)
Q. A solenoid of 500 turns/m is carrying a current of 3A. Its core is made of iron

which has a relative permeability of 5000. Determine the magnitudes of the

magnetic intensity, magnetization and the magnetic field inside the core.
 Diamagnetism

1. In atoms of some materials ,e- are in pairs. The Magnetic Moment of

paired e- cancel each other and Net Magnetic Moment of atom is ZERO.

Examples of Diamagnetic Materials:-

Bismuth Gold, Quartz, Mercury, Water,

Alcohol, Hydrogen , etc.
Dia Magnetic Substance
When an external Magnetic Field is applied across any
Material, there are two effects-:

1. If there are Atomic Dipoles in material, they align with

external Field ⇒Magnetization.

2. There is an Induced Magnetic Dipole Moment in each atom

of material. The Magnetic Field due to these induced dipoles
always opposes the applied Field. (Lenz’s Law)
In Diamagnetic Substances

i. There are NO Atomic diploes , so NO alignment occurs

ii. The induced dipole Moment occurs which weakly opposes the applied Field.
Hence Diamagnetic Substances are weakly repelled by Applied Magnetic Field.
Properties of Diamagnetic Substances

1. The Magnetization(I) is slightly negative due to induced Magnetic Moment.

2. Magnetic Susceptibility χ is small –ve. (χ<0) for example χ≈ -10-5 for copper.

3. When a diamagnetic substance is kept in an external Magnetic Field, the

Magnetic Field inside the diamagnetic is slightly less than external magnetic
field.
4. When a diamagnetic substance is placed inside a magnetic field, the

magnetic field lines become slightly less dense in the diamagnetic material

5. In a non-uniform magnetic field , a diamagnetic material tends to move

from stronger part to the weaker part of the magnetic field.

6. The behaviour of diamagnetic material is independent of temperature.

Susceptibility does not change with temperature

7. Relative Permeability (𝝁𝒓) is slightly less than 1.

Q. The magnetic moment of a diamagnetic atom is (2010)

(a) much greater than one

(b) 1

(c) between zero and one

(d) equal to zero

ParaMagnetism:

1. In some materials, e- are unpaired & net Magnetic Moment of atom is Not

zero.

2. So there are Atomic Dipoles in Paramagnetic substances

➢ But, In the absence of an external Magnetic Field, the atomic

dipoles are Randomly aligned & net Magnetic Moment of

material is ZERO.

On applying Magnetic Field, the atomic dipoles align with applied

field due to Torque acting on it.

Hence Paramagnetic Substances are weakly attracted by Applied

Magnetic Field.
 The alignment of atomic dipoles increases with

i. Stronger External Magnetic Field.

ii. Low Temperature

Examples of Paramagnetic Substances are:-

Aluminium, Platinum, Chromium, Manganese, Copper Sulphate, O2 (STP)

Properties of Paramagnetic Substances

1. The Magnetization (I) is positive due to dipole alignment.

2. Magnetic Susceptibility χ is small +ve (χ >0) for example

χ = +2.3 x 10-5 for Aluminium.

3. When a Paramagnetic Substance is kept in an external Magnetic Field, the

Magnetic Field inside the Paramagnetic substance is slightly greater than

external Magnetic Field.

4. When a paramagnetic substance is placed inside a magnetic field, the

magnetic field lines become slightly more dense in the paramagnetic

material

5. In a non-uniform magnetic field , a paramagnetic substance tends to move

from weaker part of the field to the stronger part.

6. Relative Permeability (𝝁𝒓) is greater than 1.

7. The behaviour of paramagnetic material is temperature dependent.

Susceptibility (χ ) varies inversely with temperature

Ferromagnetism

1. There are Atomic dipoles in ferromagnetic material

just like paramagnetic material.

2. Domain Theory:

In Ferromagnetic materials , the atomic dipoles

interact with each other in such a way that they

spontaneously align themselves in some direction in

small volumes (called domains).

When external Magnetic Field is applied, two things occur:-

i. Domain Growth: The domains aligned with external field grows in size &

other domains reduce in size.

ii. Domain Orientation: The domains tend to align in the direction of applied

field.
Examples of Ferromagnetic Substances are:-

Iron , Nickel, Cobalt, alloys like Alnico ,etc.

Hence Ferromagnetic Substances are Strongly Attracted by Applied Magnetic

Field.
Properties of Ferromagnetic Substances:

1. The Magnetization (I) is large positive due to domain formation

2. Magnetic Susceptibility (χ) is very large +ve χ = 103

3. When a Ferromagnetic material is kept in an external Magnetic Field, the

Magnetic Field inside the Ferromagnetic material is greatly enhanced.

4. When a Ferromagnetic substance is placed inside a Magnetic Field , the

Magnetic Field lines become highly dense in the ferromagnetic material.

5. In a non-uniform Magnetic Field , a Ferromagnetic substance tends to move

quickly from weaker part of the field to the stronger part.

6. Relative Permeability (𝝁𝒓) is much greater than 1.

7. The behaviour of ferromagnetic material is temperature dependent.

1. The ferromagnetic behaviour of a substance becomes temperature dependent.

2. With the rise of temperature , susceptibility of ferromagnetic materials

decreases.

3. At a certain temperature, ferromagnetic pass over to paramagnetic. This

transition temperature is called Curie temperature or Curie Point (Tc).

4. For example, Curie Temperature for iron is 770oC

1. At a temperature above the Curie Point, a ferromagnetic becomes an

ordinary paramagnetic whose magnetic susceptibility obeys the Curie-

Weiss Law.

2. According to Curie-Weiss law, at temperatures above Curie temperature to

the magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic materials is inversely

proportional to (T-Tc)
Q. The magnetic susceptibility is negative for (2016)

(a) Ferromagnetic material only

(b) Paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials

(c) Diamagnetic material only

(d) Paramagnetic material only

Q. Curie temperature above which

(a) Paramagnetic material becomes ferromagnetic material

(b) Ferromagnetic material becomes diamagnetic material

(c) Ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic material

(d) Paramagnetic material becomes diamagnetic material

Q. Nickel shows ferromagnetic property at room temperature. If the

temperature is increased beyond Curie temperature, then it will show

(a) anti ferromagnetism

(b) no magnetic property

(c) diamagnetism

(d) paramagnetism
Q. According to Curie’s law, the magnetic susceptibility of a substance at an

absolute temperature T is proportional to

(a) l/T

(b) T

(c) l/T2

(d) T2
HYSTERISIS
1. A specimen of ferromagnetic material is placed in a magnetizing field whose

strength and direction can be changed.

2. Suppose that the specimen is unmagnetized initially

3. When the magnetizing Field (H) is increased, the intensity of magnetization

(I) of the material of the specimen also increases.

4. It is found that when the magnetizing Field is made Zero, the intensity of

magnetization does not become zero but still has some finite value.

5. It becomes zero only, when magnetizing field is increased in reverse direction.

6. The relationship between I & H in a Ferromagnetic substance is not linear

and is quite complex.

7. In order to study this relation, let us take a Ferromagnetic substance

through a cycle of Magnetization.

Hysteresis: Greek word meaning lagging or delayed.

The phenomenon of the lagging of Intensity of Magnetization (I) behind the

Magnetizing Field (H) in Ferromagnetic materials.

‘I’ does not retrace its path when ‘H’ is reversed, that is value of ‘I’ is not unique

for unique ‘H’, instead it depends on history of the sample.

SOFT Ferromagnetic
HARD Ferromagnetic
Materials
Materials
SOFT Ferromagnetic Materials
Examples:-
Soft iron core, mu metal (nickel
iron alloy)
HARD Ferromagnetic Materials
Examples:-
Steel, Alnico(alloy of Al,Ni,Co)

Used in:-
Used in:-
Cores of Solenoid
Making permanent magnets
(electromagnets), core of
transformers
Q. Electromagnets are made of soft iron because soft iron has

(a) low retentivity and high coercive force

(b) high retentivity and high coercive force

(c) low retentivity and low coercive force

(d) high retentivity and low coercive force

THANK YOU