COLLEGE OF GENERAL EDUCATION

MATH2010

Unit 1
Integration Essentials

1.1 Antiderivatives ............................................................................................................................................. 3

1.2 Integration Rules .......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Area Under the Curve and The Definite Integral ....................................................................................... 11
1.4 The Representative Rectangle ................................................................................................................... 13
1.5 Area Under a Curve .................................................................................................................................... 15
1.6 Area Under f(y)........................................................................................................................................... 16
1.7 The Particular Solution............................................................................................................................... 18
1.8 U-Substitution ............................................................................................................................................ 20
1.9 Exponential Functions ................................................................................................................................ 23
1.10 Natural Logarithms .................................................................................................................................. 27
1.11 Trigonometric Functions .......................................................................................................................... 31
1.12 Applications of Integration: Electrical Applications................................................................................. 37

Note: Sections 1.1-1.5 were previously completed in MATH1030. These will be briefly reviewed in
MATH2010 but should be reviewed extensively by students at home.
Page 2 of 40
1.1 Antiderivatives

We have worked on the process to find the derivative, now we consider the process in reverse.

Finding a derivative is called Finding the antiderivative is

differentiation called integration
df ( x) = f '( x) ∫ f' ( x ) dx = f ( x )
dx
Integral Integrand Differential
sign
ANTIDERIVATIVE
F ( x ) is the antiderivative of f ( x ) provided F ' ( x ) = f ( x ) .

Consider the following functions: The Derivative:

All three of these functions
have the same derivative

G’(x)=

F'(x)=

H'(x)=

So the function 2x: Has antiderivatives:

Family of antiderivatives

∫ 2x dx =
To avoid all the possible where 𝑪𝑪 is called the constant of
antiderivatives we write integration

We can ALWAYS check the

antiderivative by taking
the derivative:
The derivative of the is the original integrand
antiderivative +C:
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 1.2 Integration Rules

The integration sign and the differential

tell us to integrate After integrating, NO integration sign and NO
differential
∫ 3 x dx = x3 + C
2

The antiderivative is often called the

(indefinite) integral as well…

POWER RULE
To find the integral of a function of the form f ( x ) = x n we use the power rule.
1
∫ x dx = n + 1 x
n +1
n
+C

Example:
Find the antiderivative of each of the following:

∫ ( x ) dx b) ∫ 5 dx ∫ ( x ) dx
3
a) c)

NOTE: The power rule will work for any value of n with one exception, n = −1 . What rule do we know
from derivatives that can help us solve this?

1
∫ x dx =

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 CONSTANT MULTIPLE RULE
Constants in front of the integrand are simply carried through the integration.

∫ ax dx = a ∫ x dx
n n

Example:
Find the antiderivative of each of the following:

∫ ( 5x ) dx
6
a)

Example:
Find the antiderivatives of the functions below. Check your answer by finding the derivative.
t4
a) f ( x ) = x 4 b) f ( x ) = 3 x 2 c) f ( t ) =
2

SUM AND DIFFERENCE RULE

Polynomials are functions with more two or more terms. To integrate them we simply integrate each
term one after another.

∫ u ( x ) + v ( x ) + w ( x ) dx = ∫ u ( x ) dx + ∫ v ( x ) dx + ∫ w ( x ) dx

Example:
Find the antiderivative.

∫ (3x − 2 x + 1)dx
2

THREE THINGS TO REMEMBER WHEN YOU’RE INTEGRATING

1. Integration symbol ∫
2. The differential is what to integrate with respect to 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑…
3. Constant of integration +𝐶𝐶

Think of ∫ and dx as a pair. We can’t have one without the other!

Page 5 of 40
 Remember you may need to rewrite as a power first!
Example:
Find the antiderivatives of the functions below. Check your answer by finding the derivative.

2
a) ∫x 3
dx b) ∫ xdx c) ∫ 2x 7 dx

3 1 65 3
d) ∫ 4 y 6 dy e) ∫ 3 x dx f) ∫ dx
5x

g) ∫ 5x −1dx

Example:
Find each integral. Check your answer by finding the derivative.

 4 9 3 2

∫ (11x + 2 x + 9 ) dx b) ∫  7 x − x + x 3 − 4  dx
2
a)
 5 

Page 6 of 40
As with derivatives we should simplify/rewrite first!

Rewrite as powers:
 2
∫  x + x 2  dx

Expand brackets:
∫ x( x + 1)dx

Simplify to polynomial:
 x−4
∫  x  dx

Always look for ways to simplify the integrand before integrating.

There isn’t a product rule or a quotient rule for antiderivatives!!!

Page 7 of 40
Example:
Rewrite the functions and integrate.

 x3 
∫  x x −
x
 dx

Example:
Expand the functions and integrate.

∫ 2x ( x 3 − x −1 )dx ∫ (2 x − 1) 2 dx
2 3

Example:
Simplify the functions and integrate.
 x2 − 2 x + 1 
∫  x3  dx

Page 8 of 40
In MATH1030 we also had to know the antiderivatives of some trigonometric and exponential functions.

Example:
Find the antiderivative of each of the following:

a) ∫ sin ( x ) dx b) ∫ cos ( x ) dx

c) ∫ sec 2 ( x ) dx d) ∫ csc ( x ) cot ( x ) dx

e) ∫ sec ( x ) tan ( x ) dx f) ∫ csc 2 ( x ) dx

g) ∫ 3sec ( x ) tan ( x ) − cos ( x )  dx h) ∫ e x dx

Page 9 of 40
 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
If a function f ( x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and F ( x) is an antiderivative of f ( x) on
the interval then:
b

∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) = F ( b ) − F ( a ) is the Definite Integral,

b
a
a

with a and b as lower and upper bounds

Example:
Find the values of the following definite integrals
 x − x2 
∫ ( 2 − 2t ) dt
2 3
a) 3
b) ∫   dx
0 0
 2 

Example:
Determine the following definite integrals
4
 x4 − 3 
x ( x 2 − 3) dx
2
a) ∫
1
b) ∫
1

 x 
 dx

3 x 2 ( x 3 + 1) dx
2
c) ∫
−1

Antiderivatives or Indefinite integrals used constants of integration, where we added C to the end of
every integration.

Definite integrals don’t include C! They are numbers and can be positive or negative.

Page 10 of 40
1.3 Area Under the Curve and The Definite Integral

In MATH1030 we used the rectangle method to approximate the area under f ( x) and between 𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 and
𝑑𝑑 = 𝑏𝑏

more rectangles
smaller ∆𝑑𝑑
better approximation

A ≈ f (a ) ∆x + f ( x 1) ∆x +  + f ( x n −1) ∆x

We can get an exact area of f ( x) by having an infinite number of rectangles.

This means ∆𝑑𝑑

n −1
A= lim
∆x → 0
∑ f ( x i ) ∆x
i =0

b
= ∫ f ( x ) dx
a

a b

We call this exact area beneath a curve and above the axis- the Definite Integral.

THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

If a function f ( x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and F ( x) is an antiderivative of f ( x) on
the interval then:
b

∫ f ( x)dx = F ( x)
b
a
= F (b) − F (a ) is the Definite Integral,
a

with a and b as lower and upper bounds

The area under a curve between two points is found by calculating the definite integral between the two
points. The area under the curve means the area bounded by the curve, the axis, and the boundary
points.
So, the area under f ( x) = x 2 + 1 and between x = 0 and x = 4 can be found using the definite integral:

∫(x + 1) dx
2

Page 11 of 40
Area Under a Curve

We know that area is related to the definite integral. Consider f ( x) = x on the given intervals:

4 0 4

∫ f ( x ) dx =
0
∫ f ( x ) dx =
−4
∫ f ( x ) dx =
−4

EXACT AREA UNDER A CURVE

The definite integral for a curve from a to b will give the sum of the SIGNED Areas
Area should be POSITIVE ONLY
To find Area we must be careful to use the HEIGHT from the Representative Rectangle.

Find the area under the curve f ( x ) = x between x = −4 and x = 4 .

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1.4 The Representative Rectangle

For all Area problems, it is important to understand the representative rectangles.

REPRESENTATIVE RECTANGLE: is the same rectangle we used for approximation
The height of the rectangle helps us determine what our definite integral should be
Instead of ∆𝑑𝑑 or ∆𝑑𝑑 we will now use dx and dy as we will use the Definite Integral to
find areas.

Different areas will require different Representative Rectangles and have different heights.
Some Areas will require more than one Representative Rectangle
Draw another rectangle anytime the nature of the area changes
**Each rectangle will have a different expression for the height

For each graph of f ( x ) :

1. Shade the area.
2. Draw the representative rectangle(s) and label it.
3. Write the definite integral needed to find the area.
a) b)

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 c) d)

For functions of Y, area under the curve

is between the curve and the y axis:

The rectangle will be horizontal, the bounds are y-

values and the width of the rectangle is dy .

4
Area= ∫ f ( y ) dy
0

Example:
For each case below, draw representative rectangles and label them dx or dy:
Write an expression for the height of the rectangle
f ( y)

f ( x)
f ( x)

a) b) c)

Page 14 of 40
1.5 Area Under a Curve
Solving Area Problems
1: Mark the lower and upper bounds of the on your graph. Shade the area
2: Draw the representative rectangle(s). Find any other required bounds
3: Find the equation for the height for each rectangle, h( x)
b
4: Write the Definite Integrals for each rectangle with its bounds. A = ∫ h( x)dx
a

5: Evaluate the Definite Integral. Remember: Area has units

Example:
Find the exact area under the curve y = − x 2 + 9 between the lines x = −3 and x = 3 .

Example:
Find the exact shaded area under the curve y = 2 x 5 − 4 x 3 + 2 x

Page 15 of 40
1.6 Area Under f(y)
All of the functions we’ve seen so far are functions of x . Some problems involve functions of y . The area
under the curve is then between the curve and the y-axis.

x = 4 − y2 x = y3 x = sin y

IMPORTANT: The functions must be written with x as the dependant variable. ie x=

For the area between the y-axis and this curve y = x 3 with bounds y = −1 and y = 1 ,
we need to consider:

The negative and positive regions

The bounds The equation y = x 3

The representative
rectangle(s)

The definite integral would be:

Page 16 of 40
 d
In General: The definite integral for area bounded by the y-axis is A = ∫ h( y )dy
c

E3 Find the area under the curve y = (− x) from y = −2 to y = 2 .

E4 Find the shaded area between the y-axis and the curve x = y 5 − 7 y 4 + 17 y 3 − 17 y 2 + 6 y

Note: We can use a

calculator to
determine definite
integrals:

Page 17 of 40
1.7 The Particular Solution

So, what is the value of the constant, C?

We know already that when finding the antiderivative of a given function we have to include a constant of
integration. This is because a single function can have a family of antiderivatives.

Consider some function, 𝑓𝑓(𝑑𝑑).

∫ f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C
If we know something about its antiderivative 𝐹𝐹(𝑑𝑑) we can solve for the
constant, C.

This is usually a point on a curve called an initial value.

This process gives us a particular solution.

The graphs above all have the same derivative, 3𝑑𝑑 2 and we are given an initial value of 𝐹𝐹(1) = 3. What is
the particular solution?

FINDING THE PARTICULAR SOLUTION GIVEN AN INITIAL VALUE

1. Perform the integration to find the antiderivative.
2. Use the given information (initial value) to solve for C.
3. Replace C in your indefinite integral and state the Particular Solution

Page 18 of 40
E1 Find the particular solution f ( x ) given that f ' ( x ) = x3 − x + 1 ,
and the function passes through (2, 6).

x2 + 4
E2 Find the particular solution of f '( x) = , if the function has an initial
x2
value of 2 when x = 2 .

1
dy
E3 Find the particular solution of = x 3 − 3cos x , given y ( 0 ) = 4 .
dx

Page 19 of 40
1.8 U-Substitution

Look at the following integrals:

4 x3
∫ 3x ( x + 1) dx ∫
4
∫ 2 x x + 1 dx dx
2 3 2

(x + 1)
4 3

Notice anything? Each expression is a function and it’s derivative.

d
f ( g ( x)) = f ' ( g ( x ) ) g ' ( x ) ∫ f '( g ( x)) g '( x)dx = f ( g ( x ) ) + C
dx

If the
integrand we will
is a know the
derivative integral.

If we see this pattern, we can use U-substitution to find the integral .

∫ 3x ( x + 1) dx we need to rewrite it to see the parts of the derivative
2 3 4
To integrate

Check:

PROCEDURE FOR U-SUBSTITUTION

1. Carefully define a new function, u , (it will be the inside function).
2. Find its differential, du .
3. Rewrite the original function in terms of u and du .

Page 20 of 40
 ∫
E1 Find the indefinite integral 2 x x + 1 dx .
2

4 x3 dx
E2 Find the indefinite integral ∫ .
(x + 2)
4 3

Check:

Page 21 of 40
Often we will need to use a constant multiple to make the substitution work. GET GOOD AT THIS

∫x ( x 3 + 1) 4 dx
2

E3 Find the indefinite integral, confirm your result by taking the derivative
a) ∫ 10 x 2 x3 + 1 dx .

x3
b) ∫2 dx .
(x + 2)
4 3

Page 22 of 40
1.9 Exponential Functions

Natural Exponential Rule

x
For the function e , So, going backwards, we know

d x
(e ) = ∫e dx =
x

dx

If the
we will
integrand
know the
is a
integral.
derivative

f ( x)
From the chain rule for e So:

de f ( x )
= ∫e f '( x) dx =
f ( x)

dx

If the
integrand we will
is a know the
derivative integral.

We can use U Substitution to make the process easier.

NATURAL EXPONENTIAL RULE

We integrate functions with a natural base of e using this rule.

∫e f '( x)dx = e f ( x ) + C
f ( x)

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E1 Find the integral of the following functions and check your answers by differentiation.
ex 1
(a) f ( x ) = 4e x (b) f ( x ) = (c) f (t ) = et
5 3

E2 Find the integral of the following functions and check your answers by differentiation.
3
e2 x
a) f ( x ) = 4e 3x
b) f ( x ) = x2

𝑒𝑒 2
E3 Find the particular solution of the function f(x) when its curve passes through the point �1, 30�.
1
f(x) = ∫ xe5 x −3 dx
2

Page 24 of 40
General Exponential Rule – Base of Any Constant, 𝒂𝒂

x
For the function a So, we know:

da x
∫a ln(a )dx =
x
=
dx

If the
we will
integrand
know the
is a
integral.
derivative

f ( x)
From the chain rule for a So:

da f ( x )
∫a ln(a ) f '( x) dx =
f ( x)
=
dx

If the
we will
integrand
know the
is a
integral.
derivative

GENERAL EXPONENTIAL RULE

We integrate functions whose base is any constant, a using this rule.

∫a ln a f '( x)dx = a f ( x ) + C
f ( x)

Page 25 of 40
E3 Find the integral of the following functions.

a) ∫ 5 x ln(5)dx b) f ( x ) = 12 x

d) f ( x ) = 7 x ln(7) 2 x
2

∫x
3
e) 2
⋅ 3x dx

f) ∫ 5 x
2
+x
(4 x + 2)dx

Page 26 of 40
1.10 Natural Logarithms
d 1
We know the derivative of the natural logarithmic function, ln x =
dx x

For the antiderivative however, we need to consider the functions

1
f ( x) = f ( x) = ln x
x

SO

1
∫ x dx =

Now, for the function ln( f ( x)) So, we know:

d 1
dx
ln( f ( x)) = ∫ f ( x) f '( x)dx =

If the we will
integrand know the
is a integral.
derivative

If we see this pattern, we have a Ln function as the antiderivative .

U-substitution is still used for logarithms.
For a function that is a quotient:
6x + 6
f ( x) = 2
3x + 6 x

“Ln” RULE
If a quotient can be manipulated with u-substitution to be a function in the denominator with its
derivative in the numerator then: 1
∫ f ( x) f '( x)dx = ln f ( x) + C
Remember: that you need to add the absolute value symbols to your integral
Page 27 of 40
E1 Find the integral of the following functions.
4 1 1
∫ x dx ∫ 11 t
−1
a) b) dt c) ∫ 3( x − 5) dx

Remember: you may need a constant multiple to make the rule work.
E2 Find the integral of the following using U substitution

2t + 1 x4
a) ∫ 2 dt b) ∫ 5 dx
3t + 3t 2x + 2

1
E3 Find the particular solution of y = ∫ dx , when x=0 and y= 2.
2x +1

Page 28 of 40
 When you see a quotient, check and see if it is logarithmic!

Things to look for:

3x3 + 3x
x 4 + 3x 2 + 2 x

The quotient could use 2e 2 x + 1

other rules as well: e2 x + x

Be careful if you see a log in the denominator! We solve these a little differently. Usually, u = ln x
1
∫ x(ln x)2 dx

Page 29 of 40
E3 Simplify the following integrals if necessary and solve

x( x − 1) 2x − 2
a) ∫ 2x3
− 3x 2
dx b) ∫ ( x − 1) 2
dx

e2 x
c) ∫ e x (e x + 1)dx

1
d) ∫ x ln( x ) dx
2

Page 30 of 40
1.11 Trigonometric Functions

We know the derivatives of the basic trigonometric functions:

d d
sin x = csc x =
dx dx

d d
cos x = sec x =
dx dx

d d
tan x = cot x =
dx dx

Working backwards from these will lead us to integrals of the most basic trigonometric functions.

BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

∫ sin x dx = ∫ csc x cot x dx =

∫ cos x dx = ∫ sec x tan x dx =

∫ sec x dx = ∫ csc x dx =
2 2

Page 31 of 40
E1 Find the indefinite integral of each of the following.

a) ∫ 4sin ( x ) dx b) ∫ 3cos (θ ) dθ

4 sec 2 ( x) 1
∫ 5 sec( x) tan( x) + x dx ∫ 3 + cos2 ( x) dx
2
c) d)

e) ∫ sec ( 2 x ) tan ( 2 x ) dx

f) ∫ − cos (θ ) sin(θ ) dθ g) ∫ 4sec 2 ( x ) tan( x) dx

Page 32 of 40
There are other trigonometric functions whose integrals are not so obvious.

∫ tan ( x ) dx =

OTHER TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

∫ tan( x) dx = ∫ cot( x) dx =
= =

∫ sec( x) dx = ln sec( x) + tan( x) + C ∫ csc( x) dx = ln csc( x) − cot( x) + C

Note that ∫ tan(𝑑𝑑)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑑𝑑( 𝑑𝑑)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 have two

forms. Choose the one that works best for you!

Page 33 of 40
E2 Prove ∫ cot ( x ) dx = ln sin ( x) + C
= − ln csc ( x) + C

E3 Use the rules to find the following integrals

a) ∫ 4 tan( x)dx b) ∫ −3cot( x) − x 3 dx

c) ∫ 3 x 2 sec( x 3 )dx d) ∫ 9 x csc(3 x 2 )dx

Page 34 of 40
For integrands we do not recognize as derivatives, some simplification, identities, or applying the
substitution method will help.

Basic Identities: You must know these

1 1 sin( x) 1
csc( x) = sec( x) = = =
cos( x)

Try rewriting with identities:

cos(θ )
∫ sin 2 (θ )dθ

Try U-Substitution:
cos(θ )
∫ sin 2 (θ )dθ

Page 35 of 40
E4 Use identities, then find the integral
cos(5 x)
a) ∫ cos −2 ( x) sin( x)dx c) ∫ sin(5 x) dx

4
E5 Use u substitution to find the particular solution of 𝑔𝑔(𝑑𝑑) = ∫ cos 2 ( x) sin( x)dx , given that 𝑔𝑔(𝜋𝜋) = 3

Page 36 of 40
1.12 Applications of Integration: Electrical Applications

TOTAL CHARGE
Recall that current i is the rate of change of charge q :

dq
i= ⇒ q=∫
dt

What are the units for charge?

VOLTAGE ACROSS A CAPACITOR

Voltage V across a capacitor with capacitance C is:

q
V=
C ⇒ V=
1
= ⋅q
C

What are the units for voltage?

Page 37 of 40
 −t
E1 The current in a certain electric circuit is given by: i (t ) = e , Initial Conditions: q (0) = 0
10

a) Find an expression for the total charge, q (t ) , that passes a point in the circuit.

q (t )

i (t )

b) Use your expression to determine the amount of charge that passes the point in 2 seconds.

E2 The initial voltage across a 5 F capacitor is zero.

2t
a) What is the expression for voltage across the capacitor if i = ?
t2 +1

V (t )

i (t )

b) What is the voltage after 4 s?

Page 38 of 40
 CURRENT THROUGH AN INDUCTOR
Current i through an inductor with inductance L is:

di
V =L
dt ⇒ i=
di 1
= ⋅V
dt L

What are the units of current?

Page 39 of 40
E3 A circuit has a 0.5 Henry inductor and has a voltage given by V (t ) = 2t sin(t 2 ) . The current through the
inductor at t = π seconds is 4 Amps.
What is the expression for the current through the inductor?

i (t )

V (t )

What is the current at 1s?

Page 40 of 40