Phonology

Def: The study of the sound system of a language including the rules and
patterns governing how sounds are organized, pronounced and used to
.convey meaning within that language
:Phonological rules*
A voiceless velar stop is not to precede a voiced alveolar nasal word .1
initially
Kn
Knife
Knight
Knee
Know
Knead
When you have a /w/ followed by the voiced alveolar approximant /r/ .2
word initially، then the /w/ is silent
Wrestle
Wrote
Write
Wrist
.NO exception to the previous rules *

What type of topics are studied in phonology *

Minimal pairs, phonemes and allophones, syllables, stress and
.tone, clusters, dialects, connected speech
What are the differences between a phoneme and an *
.allophone and how is the distinction related to minimal pairs
Phonemes are the smallest unit in language that can cause a
change in meaning when used in minimal pairs → meaning-
related in the sense that they are contrastive
Allophones are different shapes/realizations/ manifestations/
pronunciations of the same phoneme/sound. Pronunciation-
related
Theoretical linguistic Syntax, Phonetics*
Applied linguistics Translation, language acquisition, *
sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, stylistics, phonology,
.pragmatics, and psycholinguistics
We can use minimal pairs as evidence that two sounds are in *
fact two separate phonemes or two allophones for
.the same phoneme

Segmental phonology VS non-segmental phonology

Segmental phonology is concerned with individual sounds of *
.speech
Non-segmental phonology is concerned with larger units of *
sounds such as words, phrases and sentences in terms of
.aspects like stress, rhythm and intonation
Examples showing the distinction between phonemes and
allophones
/The case of fronted /k/ VS retracted /k .1
.When /k/ is followed a front vowel, the /k/ is fronted
King, kiss, keep, key
.When /k/ is followed by a back vowel, then /k/ is retracted
This distinction between fronted and retracted /k/ is not
phonemic because it does not result in a difference in
meaning. Cool, copy
/The case of dentalized /n/ VS ordinary /n .2
Tenth, month, ninth → dentalized
/Ten, moon, man → ordinary /n
Two different pronunciations of the same sound (two
allophones for the same phoneme)
:/Ordinary /s/ and rounded /s .3
Soup
Seep
We have an allophonic difference here, because ordinary /s/
and rounded /s/ are two allophones for the same phoneme and
.they are not two separate phonemes
V VS f
Vat fat
Vile file
Predictability → page 16
Allophones are predictable from the phonetic environment
.where they occur
.Phonemes are unpredictable
Vowel length
Bad, bat
When a vowel is followed by a voiced consonant, then it will *
be slightly longer than when it's followed by a voiceless
.consonant
We know this and we can predict it from the phonetic
.environment because it is an allophonic distinction
.Phonemes are unpredictable from the phonetic environment
Allophones are predictable from the phonetic environment
.where they occur
In Spanish, the voiced alveolar stop and the voiced dental
fricative are two allophones for the same phoneme, but in
.English, they are two separate phonemes
In Spanish, the voiced bilabial fricative and the voiced bilabial
stop are two allophones for the same phoneme, but in English,
.the voiced bilabial fricative does not exist
In Spanish, /g/ and /y/ are allophones for the same phoneme,
and in English sometimes in certain dialects they are used as
.two allophones [variants] for the same phoneme
:Haida
A language where aspiration is phonemic
English → Aspiration is allaphonic - native speakers of English
are unaware of the difference in aspiration between the /t/ in
.top and the /t/ in stop because the difference is allophonic
However, native speakers of Haida can notice the difference
between the /t/in top and the /t/ in stop because aspiration is
.phonemic in their native language
Phonemes are unpredictable from the phonetic environment .1
.where they occur whereas allophones are predictable
Native speakers are less aware of the allophonic differences .2
.in their language than phonemic differences
Phoneticians should consult the native speakers of an .3
unfamiliar language on the phonological rules of their language
.and should not rely on their intuition
Find as many examples as you can of languages where .1
aspiration is phonemic  Haida, Icelandic, ancient Greek,
.varieties of Chinese, Hindi and Thai, Korean, Tamil
Find as many examples as possible of languages where .2
.voicing is allophonic  Haida, Kipigis
Would you say that Arabic is a language where aspiration .3
is phonemic? NO

Methods of phonemic analysis

If we have two sounds from a language we are unfamiliar with,
there is no way of knowing for sure whether they are
contrastive or not because we are unable to provide minimal
pairs. What we can do, however, is look at the phonetic
environment where each one of them occurs and see if there
.are similarities
If two sounds occur in similar phonetic environments, then they
.are likely to be two separate phonemes
Allophones are usually identified when two sounds occur in two
.different phonetic environments
a. Bags B. Bats
Complementary distribution Associated with allophones: Each
allophone occurs in a phonetic environment where the other
.allophones cannot occur