The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04284-y

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Research on digital production technology for traditional

manufacturing enterprises based on industrial Internet of Things
in 5G era
Yi Liu 1,2 & KaiDi Tong 1 & Feng Mao 1 & Jie Yang 1

Received: 9 July 2019 / Accepted: 8 August 2019

# Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
Based on the analysis of 5G and Internet of Things technology, this paper proposes the reference architecture of smart factory and
its application path for traditional manufacturing enterprises in China, in which the intelligent manufacturing workshop is the
core component of smart factory. The Internet of Things technology combined the advanced technologies (Industrial Big Data,
WSN, RFID, Cloud Computing Platform) and provides hardware network foundation and technical theory for designing the real-
time tracking and monitoring system of intelligent workshop products. The developed system has the advantages of low cost,
rapid deployment, and convenient expansion, which traditional manufacturing enterprises realize intelligent management based
on IoT application platform.

Keywords 5G . Industry 4.0 . Internet of Things . Product tracking . Smart factory . Workshop monitoring

1 Introduction However, the Chinese traditional manufacturing enterprises

Since the international financial crisis of 2008, some devel-
oped countries have promoted manufacturing upgradation in
order to break through the economic dilemma. The “Industry
4.0” is considered as the national strategy and the fourth in-
dustrial revolution launched by Germany, which has received
global attention from all over the world. Its purpose is to
promote the innovation of the manufacturing development
model and the construction of an ecological modern industrial
system through the integration of the Internet industry and
manufacturing industry [1]. The Chinese goal is to turn the
country into the world’s leading and competitive nation at
manufacturing, digital innovation, and sustainable develop-
ment based on the guarantee of huge Chinese market.
* Yi Liu
liuyi@hdu.edu.cn
1
Management School, Hangzhou Dianzi University,
Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
2
The Research Center of Information Technology & Economic and
Social Development, Hangzhou Dianzi University,
Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
are not well-functioning in implementation and upgradation
so far. The problems of traditional manufacturing enterprise
faced can be summarized as the follows: There are the serious
information island problems of inaccuracy production data,
which the information is difficult to share and standardization
among the customers and suppliers. The traditional
manufacturing is inability of the intelligent scheduling on
multi-tasks and mixed-flow production equipment resulting
in unreasonable materials dispatching and low equipment uti-
lization, which the manual intervention still needed in the
equipment patrol and quality inspection.
Smart factory, the typical application form of Industry 4.0
[2], applies the wireless sensing network and radio frequency
identification technology of the industrial Internet of Things
(IoT) to the production manufacturing, which can promote the
production automation level; improve the production
workflow and scheduling control, utilization of resource,
and production efficiency; reduce manufacturing costs; and
enhance manufacturing competitiveness of traditional
manufacturing enterprises [3]. Smart factory can realize intel-
ligent manufacturing real-time monitoring of production
equipment and the decision-making management on the
workshop in the “Internet +” environment through the inte-
gration of the Internet network with industrial manufacturing,

which promote the innovation of manufacturing development
and construct the ecological system for modern industrial,
which provides the development opportunity of smart factory
manufacturing workshops in China [4].
In the 5G era, the infrastructure for economic and social
digital transformation will be fully constructed from online to
offline, from consumption to production, and from platform to
the ecology, which promote the rapid development of the dig-
ital economy [5]. Thereby, the distance between all things is
drawn closer providing the connective flexibility; the intelli-
gent interconnection of people with everything will be real-
ized through seamless integration. 5G will become a propeller
for the development of the Internet of Things. It can be seen
that the current commercial service of 5G is for the public
consumer and the family, and the core global value of 5G in
the future is reflected in the industry enterprises [6].
According to Geissbauer et al. [7], a roadmap for digital trans-
formation starts by evaluating company’s own digital level of
maturity “(…) to understand what strengths you can already
build on , and which systems/processes you may need to in-
tegrate into future solutions.” When traditional manufacturing
enterprises are able to respond to digital developmental envi-
ronment in an appropriate way, they can achieve the pre-
emptive advantage in manufacturing, which implies the po-
tential growth in capabilities of developing products or
services.
This paper researches the digital production technology
and the reference architecture of smart factory in the 5G era,
which propose the intelligent technical theory and designed
the real-time tracking and monitoring system based on the
Internet of Things technology including the network integrat-
ed equipment of CNC machine tools, wireless sensor network,
and radio frequency identification network in the workshop.
With the application of 5G and Internet of Things technology,
the manufacturing industry gap between China with Japan,
Europe, the USA, and other developed countries will be short-
ened by constructing the smart factory based on interconnec-
tion of enterprise production, equipment, and other materials,
in which the business and manufacturing processes are oper-
ated in the flexible, sustainable, and efficient way.
2 Research on smart factory by Internet
of Things technology in 5G era
2.1 Research on RFID technology of workshop
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is the non-contact au-
tomatic identification technology, which consists of electronic
tags, antennas, readers, and application software [8]. The elec-
tronic tags are bound to the product items of attachment, print-
ing, slot, and so on. The RFID can store the encoded data from
the manufacturing enterprise, the market, and the user, in
Int J Adv Manuf Technol
which the reader reads the encoded data of the electronic tag
(generally the static information such as product code and
serial number). The RFID can access and update the corre-
sponding information of the product through the application
and database system by connecting to the Internet network
and the transmission client, so that the global physical inter-
connection can be achieved by the remote information query
and management. Its working principle is shown in Fig. 1.
Due to the non-contact automatic identification technology,
RFID does not require manual intervention in the whole pro-
duction process, so it is very suitable for automatic acquisi-
tion, identification systems in various fields. The advantages
of RFID technology are as the follows: (I) non-contact iden-
tification, with high recognition accuracy and high speed; (II)
Radio frequency identification can penetrate obstacles (such
as external packaging materials, and containers) to read data
on electronic tags, which can work normally in tough envi-
ronments; (III) It can read multiple tags and identify multiple
objects at the same time, which is suitable for situations where
multiple entities share resources; and (IV) The information
storage capacity of the electronic tag chip is much larger than
the previous bar code, which can set the read/write password
with the higher security level.
2.2 Research on WSN technology of workshop
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a group of specialized
transducers with a communication infrastructure for monitor-
ing and recording conditions at diverse locations, in which
commonly monitored parameters are pressure, vibration in-
tensity, current voltage, and so on. With the development of
Internet of Things technology, wireless sensor network has
become a hot research topic of interdisciplinary and multi-
technology, which needed information acquisition system,
network service support, and network communication proto-
col design [9]. The wireless sensor network reference layout
scheme is shown in Fig. 2.
The traditional manufacturing enterprises have the com-
plex environment factors and many disturbances in the work-
shop, which the operating status and parameters of the equip-
ment affect the product quality. The WSN technology can
promote the optimal energy utilization of equipment in the
workshop through the intelligent scheduling and dispatching
of the sensor nodes idle [10]. According to the historical data
collection, the coupling relationship between the various
influencing factors of the equipment operation can be ana-
lyzed, and the variation rules for the operating parameters of
the equipment can be summarized. So that the production
quality can be guaranteed by predicting the abnormal trend
of the equipment, monitoring the equipment robust condition
and early warning of the displacement, vibration, or the other
faults in the manufacturing process.
Int J Adv Manuf Technol
Fig. 1 RFID reader working principle diagram
2.3 Research on industrial big data cloud platform
Industrial big data cloud platform can provide cloud comput-
ing and big data analyzed for the PB level industrial data
through the data sharing cluster, computing service cluster,
and data warehouse cluster, which uses OpenStack to realize
hardware resource virtualization, and memory computing
technology to enhance all kinds of on-demand resources and
data management performance for traditional manufacturing
enterprise [11]. The physical structure of the industrial big
data cloud platform is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 2 Workshop wireless sensor network design architecture
Based on Lambda architecture, the industrial big data cloud
platform constructs the big data system of multi-computing
mode, integrated offline, and real-time flow computing, which
can integrate all kinds of big data components such as
Hadoop, Kafka, Storm, Spark, HBase, and MPP database
[12]. The new generation of MPP parallel database cluster
has been selected as the core of big data processing platform
to realize the operation of storage, integration, and analysis for
massive data, which support online query, real-time interac-
tive analysis, heterogeneous data processing, high-frequency
historical data analyze, and visual data display. Traditional

Fig. 3 The structure of industrial big data cloud platform
manufacturing enterprises build the big data analysis and pro-
cessing platform of smart factory based on data processing
technology of Hadoop for un/semi-structured big data and
online business transaction database system to support intelli-
gent factory.
2.4 Research on edge computing technology
of workshop
Edge computing is the distributed computing paradigm in
which computation is completely performed on distributed
device nodes known as smart devices or edge devices as op-
posed to primarily taking place in the centralized cloud envi-
ronment [13]. The eponymous “edge” refers to the geographic
distribution of computing nodes in the network as Internet of
Things devices, which are at the “edge” of an enterprise, met-
ropolitan, or other networks. The motivation is to provide
server resources, data analysis, and artificial intelligence (“am-
bient intelligence”) closer to data collection sources and
cyber-physical systems such as smart sensors and actuators.
Edge computing is seen as important in the realization of
physical computing, smart factory, ubiquitous computing, and
the Internet of Things, which is remotely managed autono-
mous mini datacenters [14]. Like in classic cloud environ-
ment, staff is centralized and all computers are centrally man-
aged. But they are located on sites not in central datacenter and
that alleviate WAN bottleneck, for certain applications
Int J Adv Manuf Technol
eliminating it completely [15]. The smart factory reference
architecture based on the edge computing is shown in Fig. 4.
3 Smart factory design of traditional
manufacturing enterprise based on Internet
of Things
In order to construct smart factory based on IoT, the traditional
manufacturing enterprise needs the following technical re-
quirements of real-time information transfer network, produc-
tion monitor system, and real-time product tracking system,
which realize interconnection of production equipment, re-
mote operation, and production manufacturing optimization
in workshop [16].
3.1 The multi-level scheme of big data analysis
for traditional manufacturing enterprise
There are many kinds of big data collection in the traditional
manufacturing enterprise, which includes the production and
business data from the management information systems, the
Internet of Things data transmitted from the automation equip-
ment of DCS, PLC, and the external data of market, the
Internet, and suppliers [17].
Int J Adv Manuf Technol
Fig. 4 Smart factory reference architecture based on the edge computing
I. The Internet of Things data acquisition: The multi-
sources, heterogeneous data of production process (mate-
rials, process parameters, and equipment operation, etc.)
and factory environment information (pollutants, flamma-
ble, and harmful gases, etc.) are collected by of various
Internet of Things technology combined with RFID, bar
code scanner, PDA, production monitoring equipment,
and other intelligent terminal sensors, which store in
real-time database and accurately transmit through the
Internet, bus, and other technologies.
Fig. 5 The diagram of big data analysis network system
II. Business data collection: The business data of pro-
duction and operation be extracted and shared from
MES, ERP, PDM, PLM, SAP, and CRM in order to
realize the data management of enterprises by inte-
grated Sqoop, Flume, Fluentd, Logstash, Chukwa,
Scribe, and parallel ETL and other big data collection
technologies.
III. External data acquisition: The external data are collected
from E-commerce platform, WEB, self-media, WeChat,
Weibo, and so on through the Nutch, Snoopy, and Web

crawler technologies. The data acquisition of the whole
network diagram is shown in Fig. 5.
The multi-level scheme of big data management analysis
consisted of the AdHoc query, statistical analysis, data min-
ing, and knowledge automation decision-making. The AdHoc
query system can flexibly combine query conditions and
quickly generate corresponding statistical reports according
to specific needs of users. The statistical analysis is suitable
for the upper business application based on the data statistical
method and the object analysis knowledge. The data mining
technology can automate reasoning and deductive analysis of
the potential management value by artificial intelligence tech-
nology. Knowledge automation decision-making is a disrup-
tive technology and solution for industrial production sched-
uling problem in the future based on the knowledge automa-
tion algorithm of representation, acquisition, association, re-
organization, and reasoning [18].
3.2 Design of wireless sensor network in workshop
The WSN technology is used to extract the workshop state,
equipment state monitoring, and manufacturing information
in the manufacturing process, and the work situation of each
workshop and equipment is reflected in real time so that the
workshop process is automatically judged in the production
Fig. 6 Smart factory architecture based on the Internet of Things
Int J Adv Manuf Technol
process, and the idle equipment of the corresponding process
is automatically matched, which wireless sensor network pro-
vides new favorite opportunity for smart factory integrated
informatization and industrialization.
The sensor nodes of the workshop continuously transmit
the digital and analog signals to the coordinator, which make
the automatic corresponding process [19]. The coordinator
transmits the signals to the processor for AD conversion and
signal amplification through the serial port asynchronous com-
munication, and then converts the signals into wireless signals
through the wireless network card. The wireless monitoring
video signal transmitted by the high-definition camera is sent
to the wireless sensing gateway together, and finally enters the
workshop local area network and is stored in the database
server, and the application terminal such as the control center
converts the collected voltage, current, and other signals into
corresponding collection parameter values through a calcula-
tion program. The smart factory reference architecture based
on wireless sensor network is shown in Fig. 6.
3.3 Product tracking and monitoring function design
in workshop
The RFID technology realizes the dynamic information man-
agement and tracking query of the whole production process
by electronical identification through the serial port and net-
work port. The radio frequency identification network of
Int J Adv Manuf Technol
intelligent workshop enables all entities of the workshop to
have unique locations and standardized attributes, which over-
come the management problems of manual registration and
finding tools and tooling in traditional workshops [20]. The
RFID technology realizes the real-time transmission of pro-
cess information encryption and tracks the processing prog-
ress of WIP at any time, which can achieve the automatic
regulation, resource matching, intelligent decision-making,
and operation management.
In the workshop, the Internet of Things needs to connect
the communication units such as CNC machine tools and
touch screens to realize the real-time communication between
the management department and the workshop [21]. With the
network of sensor and RFID in the workshop, the workshop,
workpiece, and equipment can be connected and paralleled
through the transmission of NC code to the CNC machine
tool, the transmission of the process documents and the release
of tasks, etc. The real-time data of the position and production
information are converted into wireless data collection host,
which can upload the data through the workshop Ethernet
network of the sensors and RFID readers arranged in the
workshop. In the workshop execution terminal, the workshop
control center makes management decisions based on the real-
time database server, and passes the control commands
through the wireless network. The real-time production data
of the workshop send to the integrated controller to control the
intelligent execution units in the workshop, which integrate all
Fig. 7 System architecture model
the networks into the workshop Ethernet and access the cor-
porate Internet through the firewall to ensure network and data
security. The system architecture model is shown in Fig. 7.
3.4 Product optimization function design
on workshop IoT
The production optimization is a key process of the life-cycle
manufacturing management, in which the smart factory simu-
lates the practical manufacturing process and proposed the op-
timization scheduling of production by big data technology.
Considering the influence from the market, employee skill,
and process flow constraint, the reasonable and effective pro-
duction scheduling was obtained and adjusted dynamically by
intelligent optimization algorithm according to the equipment
attribute, external environment data, and the monitored produc-
tion data. In order to optimize the energy consumption, big data
analysis algorithm can predict the abnormal energy consump-
tion with the unexpected value in the production process by the
real-time data monitoring of power, water, and gas consump-
tion through automatic acquisition of production data, which
realize JIT feeding in the whole set of materials and provide the
operation decision through real-time production data analysis
by intelligent system of the on-line RFID equipment platform.
Figure 8 show the realization of production optimization by
mining and analysis of industrial big data cloud platform.

Fig. 8 The production optimization by industrial big data platform
With the virtual manufacturing, the intelligent factory sim-
ulates the whole production process by real-time monitoring
and visualization of the office area [22]. The optimized
manufacturing process makes processing automation, service
initiative, and decision-making intelligent through the indus-
trial IoT system, which reflect the intelligent characteristics of
manufacturing process adaptation, self-optimization, and self-
diagnosis.
Fig. 9 The overall functional structure of system implementation
Int J Adv Manuf Technol
4 System implementation for traditional
manufacturing enterprises
4.1 The system implementation by Java, Python,
and Wing
In order to make the real-time tracking and monitoring of the
intelligent manufacturing workshop for the traditional
Int J Adv Manuf Technol
Table 1 System development
environment Types
Data acquisition server development
RFID reader development
System client development
Database development
manufacturing enterprise under the IoT architecture and ubiq-
uitous sensing network, this system is developed and main-
tained by Java, Python, Wing, and other service interfaces of
SQL or Restful, which achieve the following functions such as
the workshop monitoring, warehousing management, product
tracking, and DNC statistical analysis, according to the re-
quirements of the whole life cycle management and the phys-
ical connection of the manufacturing workshop [23]. The im-
plementation architecture of the system is shown in Fig. 9.
The big data algorithm library is composed of the correla-
tion analysis algorithm, classification algorithm, clustering al-
gorithm, the decision tree, and so on. The manufacturing
knowledge and theory of the domain field is deeply excavated
based on statistical analysis and deep learning method, which
has the high confidence level of the large-scale industrial data
analysis [24]. The analysis algorithm can be programmed and
compiled by Python and Spark MLibrary of Copula (risk
analysis), ExpSmooth (exponential smoothing model),
MovingAVG (moving average model, product demand
growth rate forecast), and Trend (trend analysis). The real-
time data monitoring and product tracking application system
in the workshop is designed and developed by modular pro-
gramming ideas based on intelligent optimization algorithm
[25]. The multi-dimensional analysis results can be presented
as the visual frameworks according to different scenarios by
drilling traceability and reasoning deduction technology. The
development and operation environment of system server and
client is as shown in Tables 1 and 2.
4.2 Realization of RFID application system
in workshop
The RFID reader is an important component to realize the
tracking and positioning of workshop products, which can au-
tomatically recognize the target object attached with the
Table 2 System operating environment
Types Name
Data acquisition server operating system Ubuntu Server 12
RFID read/write operating system, etc. Windows XP, Windows 10
System client operating system Windows, Linux, Unix, etc.
JRE JRE1.8
Development tools Programming language
Hadoop-2.6.0/Python3.5/Eclipse Java
Eclipse/Swing Java
Eclipse Java
Microsoft SQL Server 2012 SQL
electronic tag through the radio frequency identification signal,
update the current status information of the target object, and
transmit the data of the electronic tag from the client to the
remote server database. The memory of the electronic tag can
be divided into four storage areas; each of which typically
contains one or more memory units. EPC area (EPC) is the
location for storing the EPC number. Generally, it can store
up to 15 words of EPC number according to the different spec-
ifications of reader. It is readable and writable. TID area (TID)
stores the ID number of the fixed number of digits set by the
electronic label manufacturer, which is readable and writable.
User area (user) is different for the various vendors. Inpinj’s G2
tag has no user area. Philips has 8 words of readable and writ-
able storage area. Password used the four bytes of readable and
writable storage area to store the destruction or access pass-
word. The JR301N RFID reader and electronic tags are select-
ed; the main technical parameters are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
In the RFID communication process, the reader/writer
module should be connected with the host computer via the
USB/RJ45/RS232/WIFI interface that receives and executes
the commands from the host computer, in which the RFID
system returns the executed result information to the upper-
layer application. When the host computer sends the com-
mand data block to the RFID reader module, the interval be-
tween adjacent characters must be less than 15 ms. Otherwise,
the previously sent data will be directly discarded by the RFID
reader module, and the data after 15 ms will be treated as the
new one. The command data block is re-received until the
read-write module receives the correct command, executes
the command, and returns the response to the reader module.
The transmitting process of the response data by the reader/
writer is actually the process of returning the execution result
and the response data to the upper computer, when the reader
receives and executes the command from the upper computer.
4.3 Realization of CNC machine serial communication
As a key role in manufacturing, CNC machine tools have been
emphasized by developed countries [26]. However, the differ-
ent brands and models of CNC machine tools are used in
various traditional manufacturing enterprises. Therefore, the
CNC serial communication systems are the key components
of CNC machine tools. In order to realize the real-time trans-
mission of manufacturing data to the workshop, the NC code
is transmitted to the CNC machine tool. The process card, 2D
 Int J Adv Manuf Technol

Table 3 Main technical

parameters of RFID reader Equipment model JR301N Working frequency 840~960 MHz

Protocol EPCC1GEN2(ISO18000-6C)
Reading distance 1~100 mm Communication interface RS232/USB
Output power 10~27 dBm Operating voltage 3.3~5.5 V
Operating temperature − 30~70 °C RSSI value Provide RSSI value

drawing, and 3D model are transmitted to the station touch
screen. The working status of the CNC machine tool and the
production data are uploaded to the upper management de-
partment in real time through the network of CNC machine
tools, workstation touch screens, and other embedded touch
screens. Due to updating and maintaining the machine tools,
there are various types of CNC machine tools in different
workshops, which leads to inconsistencies of data and trans-
mission in the reserved network interfaces. At present, the
reserved networking interfaces of CNC machine tools are
the RS232, RS485 serial interface, and RJ45 Ethernet port.
Based on the above serial interface and network port, the
networking scheme of workshop CNC machine tool and sta-
tion touch screen should be achieved as shown in Fig. 10.
The serial communication is main tools of the CNC ma-
chine with the special communication protocols according to
different numerical control systems. Therefore, different
brands of CNC machine tools need to adopt different proto-
cols to achieve communication function with all CNC ma-
chine tools. Huazhong CNC machine tool is taken into the
design serial software flow of communication machine tool
with the special communication protocol. Huazhong CNC
system requires the communication program to send a 46-
character, 92-bit hexadecimal program header before sending
the NC code to inform the CNC system, which needed to
receive the file and accept the information. The program head-
er of each NC code indicates the specific meaning that “52”
refers to the machine tool reception, “30” refers to the ordinary
file, “3F” indicates that the CNC machine ready to receive,
“49 41 00” is the fixed identifier, “4F 31 32 33 34” means that
the file name sent is “1234” and the file name is 32 bits, so the
following 0 is used for filling. “31 38 01 00” indicates the size
of the file to be sent, and the following “3F 49 41 00” is the
fixed identifier.
Due to the complex environment in the workshop, the wire
line should be minimized in order to enhance the anti-
interference ability of the serial transmission. Here, the
RS232 and RS485 serial ports are connected into RJ45
Ethernet ports through the serial port server, which connects
the wireless access device to the wireless network. The wire-
less connector is powered by the Passive PoE network cable,
so that the AP can get rid of the limitation of the power access
point and enable the wireless ,which make the accessor direct-
ly attached to the CNC machine. Then, through the AP client,
access point client mode of the wireless accesses device, wire-
lessly connects with other APs, and connects all the machine
tools and touch screens in the workshop to the total wireless
AP by setting a fixed IP address and MAC address. Finally,
the total wireless AP is connected to the database server and
other computers through the Ethernet switch to realize the
wireless networking connection of the CNC machine tool
and the workstation touch screen in workshop.
4.4 The data transmission tasks scheduling algorithm
on Hadoop platform
From the optimal task load and resource utilization of isom-
erism environment, the specific implement of the data trans-
mission tasks scheduling algorithm by MapReduce on
Hadoop platform is as follows:
Step 1. In the Hadoop platform, the ApplicationsManager
keeps the all assigned tasks of MRAppMaster of
the progress information. The map tasks can be di-
vided into three types of NodeLocal, RackLocal,
and offSwitch. Container denotes the real resource
demand by the reciprocal of the task processing
time, which reflect the system loss of the resource
consumption for fault handing backup task. If the
primary node receives the new task request from
the idle node B and the number of backup tasks is

Table 4 Main technical

parameters of RFID electronic Label size 50 × 30 mm Working frequency 840~960 MHz
tags
Protocol EPCC1GEN2(ISO18000-6C)
Data capacity 96bit/512bit Data storage time > 10 years
Data form Read and write Material PET
Anti-interference It is good Operating temperature − 30 °C~60 °C
Int J Adv Manuf Technol
Fig. 10 The CNC machine and workstation touch screen network of intelligent workshop
less than the system default value, then the algorithm
will run next step, else the request is ignored.
Step 2. Assumed that node A performs the production tasks
and node B performs fault handing backup tasks, the
average time of A node to process this type of task is
avgRunTimeA and the average time of B node to
process this type of task is avgRunTimeB.
Compared the handing backup time of
avgRunTimeB from node B with the threshold of
these kinds of nodes with fast or slow values, if there
is fast node, then the algorithm will run next step,
else the request is ignored.
Step 3. The Hadoop platform will consume 2 Containers for
the execution of scheduling task. When the backup
task is executed on the B node, the profit of cluster is
remTime-avgRunTimeB and the profit of node A with
C on t a i n e r is ( rem Tim e- a vg R u nTim eB ) *1 /
avgRunTimeA. When consuming the time of
avgRunTimeA by A node with Container and the
time of avgRunTimeB by B node with Container,
t h e p r o f i t o f c l u s t e r i s a v g R u n Ti m e B *
(1/avgRunTimeA+1/avgRunTimeB).
If the task scheduling stops, then the profit of the Container
is the remTime*1/avgRunTimeA, in which node A consumes
the time of remTime. Therefore, the cluster benefits of the two
cases are as follows:
profitbackup ¼ œðremTime−avgRunTimeBÞ*1= ð1Þ
avgRunTimeA−ßavgRunTimeB*
ð1=avgRunTimeA þ 1=avgRunTimeBÞ
profitbackup ¼ −ßremTime*1=avgRunTimeA ð2Þ
where the remTime is the evaluation time of the task, œ is the
profit weight value of scheduling task, and ß is the expense
weight value of scheduling task.
profitbackup > profit backup
ð3Þ
remTime > avgRunTimeB þ ß=ðœ þ ßÞavgRunTimeA
According to formulas (2) and (3), the completed time of
estimatedEndTimeA that node A backup task by the rate of
progress is obtained, and the average task running time of
estimatedRunTimeA at the A node is read.
The ApplicationsManager updates the averageRunTime
according to the device reports and task type, when each
NodeManager sends the device report of the running status
and task information.
Step 4. In order to ensure the comprehensive benefits of the
cluster, the execution of scheduling task considers
not only the time but also the load and resource,
which make the definition that ∂ = ß/œ. When the
load of cluster is lower and the underutilized re-
sources are more, the scheduling execution of back-
ing up task will not have any impact on the other
tasks at this time; it can be considered that the ex-
pense weight value of the scheduling execution is
smaller and the value of ∂ trends to 0. On the other
hand, when the load of cluster is higher and more
tasks wait for resources at this time, the scheduling
execution of backing up task will extend the progress
of other tasks and the expense weight value of the

scheduling execution is bigger and the value of ∂
trends to ∞. When the load of cluster is lower, then
∂ = 0(ß = 0), else ∂ = ∞(ß = ∞). Thus, the difference
value of ∂ is calculated according to formula (4).
∂ ¼ capabilityscheduled =capabilitylimit
where capabilityscheduled indicates the allocation amount of
resources and capabilitylimit means the availability amount of
resources.
After the calculation of ∂, the tasks are ranked by descend-
ing order according to formula (5).
currentTimestamp þ remTime > currentTimestamp ð5Þ
þ avgRunTimeB þ ß=ðœ þ ßÞ*avgRunTimeA
According to the task information reported by the node,
ApplicationsManager calculates the task processing ability
of the corresponding node and obtains the processing time
threshold of different types nodes.
Step 5. After calculating the estimatedEndTimeB, the task of
the largest difference is selected by formula (1) in
Step 3, judge whether the scheduling algorithm is
executed according to formula (6).
estimatedEndTimeA > estimatedEndTimeB
þ ∂=ð1 þ ∂Þ*avgeRunTimeA
The MRAppMaster obtains the totalCapabilityLimit the to-
tal available resources in the cluster by the function
AllocateResponse#getAvailableResources.
Step 6. The totalCapabilityscheduled is the total statistic
number of Container in MRAppMaster wherein
t h e s t a t u s o f Ta s k A t t e m p t i s d e f i n e d a s
UNASSIGNED. In order to implement the schedul-
ing program, the interface of TaskScheduler is re-
vised by formula (7).
estimatedEndTimeA−∂=ð1 þ ∂Þ*avgRunTimeA > estimatedEndTimeB
The implement steps and codes of the data transmission
tasks scheduling algorithm are as follows and are shown in
Table 5.
4.5 Testified system
The workshop monitoring system real-time analyzes the
delay-sensitive data of material and equipment from the auto-
matic interact sensors of the production line based on the
optimization algorithm, which provide the optimal scheme
Int J Adv Manuf Technol
Table 5 The offline optimal load scheduling algorithm by MapReduce
on Hadoop platform
private Map<Node, List<TaskInProgress>>
createCache(JobClient.RawSplit[] splits, int maxLevel) {
Map<Node, List<TaskInProgress>> cache=new
IdentityHashMap<Node, List<TaskInProgress>>(maxLevel);
ð4Þ for (int i = 0; i < splits.length; i++) {
String[] splitLocations = splits[i].getLocations(); // obtain the physical
location of the data slice
if (splitLocations.length == 0) {
nonLocalMaps.add(maps[i]);
continue; }
for(String host: splitLocations) { //Resolvedata copy in which cluster
according to the physical location of node
Node node = jobtracker.resolveAndAddToTopology(host);
LOG.info("tip:" + maps[i].getTIPId() + " has split on node:" + node);
for (int j = 0; j < maxLevel; j++) {
List<TaskInProgress> hostMaps = cache.get(node);
if (hostMaps == null) { //mount the Map task to the node
hostMaps = new ArrayList<TaskInProgress>();
cache.put(node, hostMaps);
hostMaps.add(maps[i]); }
if (hostMaps.get(hostMaps.size() - 1) != maps[i]) { // avoid the same
Map tasks mount at parent node
hostMaps.add(maps[i]); }
node = node.getParent(); //obtained the parent node }
}
return cache; }
private synchronized int findNewMapTask(final TaskTrackerStatus tts,
final int clusterSize, final int numUniqueHosts, final int
maxCacheLevel, final double avgProgress) { ………. }
private synchronized TaskScheduler(Collection<TaskInProgress> list,
ð6Þ
TaskTrackerStatus ttStatus, double avgProgress, long currentTime,
boolean shouldRemove) {
Input: TaskInProgress
Output: TaskScheduler
//Initial Stage
avgRunTimeB=getAvgRunTime();
avgRunTimeA=getAvgRunTime();
progress =getCurrentProgress();
estimateEndTimeA=Yarn default and progress;
estimateEndTimeB=getCurrentTime() and avgRunTime;
totalCapabilityLimit=getAvailableResources();
For( i=1 To totalNumberTask Do){
If TaskAttempt==Unassigned {
capabilityScheduled=getScheduledResources();
totalCapabilityScheduled+=capabilityScheduled; } }
// TaskScheduler Stage
While( task is runing )Do {
r=totalCapabilityLimit/totalCapabilitySchedule;
ð7Þ value=estimatedEndTimeA-R/(1+r)*avgRunTimeA;
For( sort(value) Do) {
If( Max(value)>estimateEndTimeB ){
speculativeExecution(); } } }
for traditional manufacturing enterprises by IoT technology,
industrial big data cloud platform, and so on [27]. All the
production equipment connected with the MQX bus realize
the real-time acquisition, the co-operation, and unified control
among the people, devices, and equipment. The collection
result is continuously uploaded to the database server in real
Int J Adv Manuf Technol
Fig. 11 Workshop data acquisition curve of the motor load current
time. The workshop monitoring system continuously reads
the sensor signal of data collection information from the server
database according to the set frequency, performs the opera-
tion and determination program, and shows the real-time sta-
tus signal of the production equipment. Figure 11 shows the
monitoring data of equipment machines in workshop, which
the motor current signal or measured digital power unit of
each channel is collected into the data acquisition server. If
the motor current exceeds the threshold value or deviates
greatly from the historical statistical data, the system will
make alert that the equipment is seriously worn-out and needs
to replace spare parts.
The industrial cloud platform can realize the full data trans-
mission and real-time monitoring of equipment production
Fig. 12 The equipment operation statistics and fault prediction
status by connecting the CNC shearing machine, CNC
punching machine, CNC bending machine, and other equip-
ment in workshop. Figure 12 shows the statistical data of start-
up rate, operation rate, and failure rate of workshop equipment,
in which managers can grasp the real-time operation informa-
tion of production equipment, such as operation status, failure
rate, and production efficiency of equipment at any time.
The management ability of traditional manufacturing en-
terprises will be promoted by data analysis on the production
equipment base on the establishment of the whole life-cycle
management, which can improve the production process and
the manufacturing quality by shortening the production lead
time and reducing the manual intervention in the production
process. The automatic level of traditional manufacturing

enterprises will be enhanced about 13% through the intelligent
operation and remote monitoring system, in which the re-
sponse time of process handover and the on-site quality su-
pervision will be reduced from 15 to 3 s in average.
5 Conclusion
This paper proposes the reference architecture and construc-
tion path of smart factory for traditional manufacturing enter-
prises in China, pointing out that the industrial Internet of
Things and the intelligent manufacturing workshop are the
core components of smart factory, which research the big data
analysis, product tracking method, and real-time monitoring
technology in the application of smart factory. The intelligent
manufacturing workshop of real-time tracking and monitoring
system is built based on the Internet of Things including the
CNC machine tools, wireless sensor network, and radio fre-
quency identification network. Through the real-time process-
ing of production data from upstream and downstream supply
chain by IoT network platform, traditional manufacturing en-
terprises realize intelligent management by monitoring the
material usage of the production line and the maximize effi-
ciency scheme of production optimization, which has the ad-
vantages of low cost, strong applicability, rapid deployment,
and convenient expansion.
Funding information This work is supported by the Zhejiang Provincial
Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. LY18G020009,
LQ17D010005) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(Grant Nos. 71831006, 71804038).
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