MATHEMATICS

SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

Maximum number of lecture allowed : 9 for Nurture ; 8 for Enthuse ; 6 for Leader
Syllabus IIT JEE : Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions, arithmetic, geometric and harmonic
means, sums of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sums of squares and
cubes of the first n natural numbers.

INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Arithmetic progression
3. Summation of n terms of an A.P.
4. Properties of A.P.
5. Arithmetic mean
6. Geometrical progression
7. Summation of n terms of A.G.P.
8. Properties of GP
9. Geometrical mean
10. Harmonical progression
11. Harmonical mean
12. Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean & Harmonic mean of 'n' numbers
13. Properties related with Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean & Harmonic mean
14. Arithmetic geometric progression
15. Special sequences

st
1 LECTURE
1. INTRODUCTION :
Sequence : A succession of terms which may be algebraic, real or complex numbers, written according to
definite rule is called sequence.
e.g. (i) sequence of prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,.....
(ii) –1, 1, –1, 1,..........
Progression : Special case of sequence in which it is possible to express n th term mathematically.
e.g. Tn = {n3 – 1} º 0, 7, 26..........
ì n ü 1 2 3 4 5
Tn = í 2 ý º , , , , ......
în + 1þ 2 5 10 17 26
Series : If we put sign of addition or subtraction between the terms of sequence, then it is called as series.
1 2 3 4 5
e.g. 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 + ....., 0 + 7 + 26 .........., + + + + ...... , 1 – 3 + 9 – 27........
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

2 5 10 17 26
Tn ® denotes the nth term of any sequence.
Sn ® denotes the summation of n terms of any series.
T1 T2 T3 T4 .................Tn -1 Tn
144444 42444444 3
S n -1
1444444 24444443
Sn

Note : For any series Sn – Sn–1 = Tn

E(1) Find nth term of the sequence whose sum to n terms is 5n 2 + 2n. [Ans.Tn= 10n – 3]
Common sequences

A.P. G.P. H.P. A.G.P. Miscellaneous

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 MATHEMATICS
2. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION :
If each and every term except the Ist term bears the constant difference with its immediately preceeding term
then the sequence is called A.P. i.e. difference between two consecutive terms is constant (common difference).

Tn +1 - Tn = d n³1
If 'a' is the first term and 'd' is the common difference, then the standard appearance of an A.P. is
a, (a + d), (a + 2d), ......... (a + (n - 1)d)
and nth or last term is given by

Tn = a + (n – 1)d

Note : (i) If Tn = an + b, then the series so formed in A.P.

(ii) (a) If d > 0 Þ increasing A.P.
(b) If d < 0 Þ decreasing A.P.
(c) If d = 0 Þ all the terms remain same
Examples :
E(1) If 6th and 11th term of an A.P. are respectively 17 and 32. Find the 20 th term. [Ans. 59]
E(2) In an A.P. if Tp = q and Tq = p, then find the rth term. [Ans. p + q – r]
E(3) In an A.P. if a2 + a5 – a3 = 10 and a2 + a9 = 17, then find the 1st term and the common difference.
[Ans. a1 = 13 and d = –1]
E(4) If p , q and r term of an A.P. are respectively a, b and c, then prove that a(q – r) + b(r – p) + c(p – q) = 0
th th th

E(5) Number of common terms in series 5 + 10 + 15 +...+200 and 6 + 8 + 10 + ...+ 100 is [Ans. 10]
[Sol. common terms are 10,20,30,....100]
An important fact about A.P. : 1 4 7 10 13 16
In an A.P. summation of k term from beginning and
th

17
kth term from the last is always constant which is equal to
summation of first term and last term. 17

Tk + Tn - k +1 = constant = a + l 17

3. SUMMATION OF n TERMS OF AN A.P. :

Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ....... + (a + (n - 1)d)

Sn = (a + (n - 1)d) + (a + (n - 2)d) + (a + (n - 3)d) + ....... + a

————————————————————————————————
2Sn = n[2a + (n – 1)d]

n
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

Sn = [2a + (n - 1)d]
2
Alternate : a a+d a+2d l

a+l
a+l
a+l
n n
If number of terms are n, then there are pairs, hence its summation is Sn = (a + l), where
2 2
l (last term) = [a + n - 1d]
Note : If Sn = an2 + bn, then series so formed is an A.P.
Asking : S = 1002 – 992 + 982 – 972 + 962 – 952 + ....... + 22 – 12 = 5050.
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 MATHEMATICS
Examples :
E(1) The first term of an A.P. is 5, the last is 45 and the sum 400. Find the number of terms and the common
2
difference. [Ans. n = 16, d = 2 ]
3
E(2) If sum of first 2n terms of the A.P. 2, 5, 8,........ is equal to sum of first n terms of A.P. 57, 59, 61,.....,
then value of n [Ans. 11]
1 1 1
E(3) In an A.P. if Tm = and Tn = , then show that S mn = (mn +1)
n m 2
1 2
E(4) How many terms of the series, 20 + 19 + 18 + ........ must be taken so that sum is 300. Explain the
3 3
reason of double answer. [Ans. n = 25 & 36]
E(5) The sum of n terms of two A.P.'s are in the ratio of 7n + 1 : 4n + 27. Find the ratio of their 11th
terms. [Ans. 4/3]
E(7) Find the sum of all integers from 1 to 100 which are divisible by 2 or 3. [Ans. 3417]
D(8) If S1, S2, S3, ....... S p are the sums of n terms of 'p' arithmetic series whose first terms are
1, 2, 3, 4..... and whose common difference are 1, 3, 5, 7,....... prove that
np
S1 + S2 + S3 + ....... + Sp =(np + 1)
2
D(9) In an A.P. Sp = q and Sq = p, then show that Sp+q= – (p + q)
D(10) The number of terms in an A.P. is even, the sum of the odd term is 24 & sum of the even terms is 30 and
1
the last term exceeds the first term by 10 . Find the number of terms. [Ans. 8]
2
4. PROPERTIES OF A.P. :
(i) Three numbers in A.P. : a – d, a, a + d
Five numbers in A.P. : a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d
Four numbers in A.P. : a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
Six numbers in A.P. : a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d etc.
(ii) If we pick the term of an A.P. in a particular interval, then picked sequence is also an A.P. with common
difference interval times the original common difference.
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Interval = fourth term – first term = 3
df = Final common difference = 6
di = initial common difference = 2

d f = interval × di
(iii) If a1, a2, a3....... and b1, b2, b3 ......... are two A.P.s, then a1 ± b1, a2 ± b2, a3 ± b3......... are also in A.P.

but a1b1, a2b2, ......... and a1 , a2 , ........ may or may not be in A.P..
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

b1 b2

(iv) (a) If each term of an A.P. is increased or decreased by the same number, then the resulting sequence
is also an A.P. having the same common difference.
(b) If each term of an A.P. is multiplied or divided by the same non zero number (k), then the resulting
sequence is also an A.P. whose common difference is kd & d/k respectively, where d is common
difference of original A.P.
(v) Any term of an AP (except the first & last) is equal to half the sum of terms which are equidistant from it.
Tr - k + Tr + k
Tr = , k<r
2
Tr -1 + Tr +1
For k = 1, T r = ; For k = 2, an = (1 / 2)(a n -2 + a n +2 ) and so on.
2

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 MATHEMATICS
Examples :
E(1) The sum of first 3 terms of an A.P. is 27 and the sum of their squares is 293. Find first term and common
difference of A.P. [Ans. a = 9, d = ±5]
E(2) If a, b, c are in A.P. then prove that
(a) b + c ; c + a; a + b are also in A.P.
(b) (b + c)2 – a2; (c + a)2 – b2 ; (a + b)2 – c2 are also in A.P.
E(3) Find four numbers in A.P. whose sum is 50 & in which the greatest number is four times the least.
[Ans. 5, 10, 15, 20]
D(4) If a , b , c are in A.P. then prove that
2 2 2

1 1 1 a b c
(a) , , are in A.P.. (b) , , are in A.P..
b+c c+a a+b b+c c+a a+b
Home Work : ................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

nd
2 LECTURE
5. ARITHMETIC MEAN :
Definition : When three quantities are in A.P. then the middle one is called the Arithmetic Mean of the other
two.
e.g. a, b, c in A.P. then 'b' is the arithmetic mean between 'a' and 'c' and a + c = 2b. It is to be noted that between
two given quantities it is always possible to insert any number of terms such that the whole series thus formed
shall be an A.P. and the terms thus inserted are called the arithmetic means.
1) ( )

ibn
2b ( 't bn
n a tb
an
- -

Note : If a, b, c are in AP then 2b = a + c .

2 an t =

Insertion of 'n' AM's between a and b :

an ! !
b t bn 9
'

a ant Ibn
but
-

a, A , A , A ,........, A , b ® A.P.
ant =
1 2 3 n

t b!
b-a *
Þ
an + bn an as
Ia
b = a + (n + 1)d d=
n +1 =
æb-aö
An = a + n ç ÷
è n +1ø
Note : Summation of all the 'n' arithemetic means inserted between two number a & b is n times single

CE D
arithemetric mean between a & b.
an f E)
-
-
=
n
æa +bö
åA
k =1
k = nç
è 2 ø
÷
n -
I n
-
I
Examples : a = b
E(1) Insert 20 AM's between 4 and 67. [Ans. 7, 10, 13,.....,64]
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

E(2) If 101 means are inserted between 1 and 99 then find their sum. [Ans. 5050]
a n + bn
E(3) If n -1 is the A.M. between a and b, (a ¹ b), then find the value of n. [Ans. 1]
a + bn -1
A3 2
E(4) If p arithmetic means are inserted between 5 and 41 so that the ratio = , then find the value of p.
A p -1 5
[Ans. p = 11]
D(5) A number sequence a1, a2, a3,......an is such that
a1 = 0; |a2| = |a1 + 1| ; |a3| = |a2 + 1| ...... |an| = |an – 1 + 1|.

1
Prove that the arithmetic mean of a1, a2,......an is not less than – .
2

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 MATHEMATICS
General Examples on A.P. :

æ 7ö
E(1) (a) If log32, log3(2x – 5) & log3 ç 2x - ÷ are in A.P. determine x. [Ans. x = 3]
è 2ø

x -1 x - 2 1
(b) Solve the equation + + ........ + = 3 [Ans. x = 7]
x x x
E(2) (a) Find the condition that the roots of the equation x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0 may be in A.P. and hence
solve the equation x3 – 12x2 + 39x – 28 = 0.
[Ans. 2p3 – 9pq + 27r = 0 (This is the required condition) : roots are 1, 4, 7]
(b) If the first 3 terms of an increasing A.P. are the roots of the cubic 4x 3 – 24x2 + 23x + 18 = 0, then

n
find Sn. [Ans. (5n - 7) ]
4
E(3) If a1,a2, ......., an are in A.P. with common difference d ¹ 0, then find the sum of the series
sin d[cosec a1 cosec a2 + cosec a2 cosec a3 + .... + cosec an – 1 cosec an]. [Ans. cot a1 – cot an]
D(4) If the sum of the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of the squares of their
reciprocals, then show that bc2, ca2, ab2 are in A.P.
D(5) Prove that 2, 3, 5 can not be the terms of an A.P. (not necessarily adjacent)

6. GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION :

Definition : G.P. is the collection of non-zero terms in which each term bears the same constant ratio with its
immediately preceding term the series is called a G.P. and the constant ratio is called the common ratio.
Standard appearance of a G.P., where a is first term & r is common ratio is
a, ar, ar2, ar3, ...... , arn – 1

nth term is Tn = ar n – 1
Examples :
1 1
E(1) In a G.P. if T3 = 2 and T6 = - find T10. [Ans. – ]
4 64
E(2) If pth, qth and rth terms of G.P. are x, y and z respectively then prove that xq – r. yr – p . zp – q = 1.
E(3) Find four numbers forming a geometric progression in which the third term is greater than the first term
by 9, and the second term is greater than the fourth by 18. [Ans. 3, –6, 12, –24]
E(4) If the first and the nth terms of a G.P. are a and b, respectively, and if P is the product of first n terms,
prove that P2 = (ab)n.
7. SUMMATION OF n TERMS OF A G.P. :

HE ]
S = a + ar + ar2 + ...... + arn – 1

EH -14
Sr = + ar + ar2 + ...................+ arn -
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

subtract – – –
——————————————————
S(1 – r) = a – arn = a(1 – rn)
5
]
1,18
-15N
-

ì a(1 - r n )
ï if r ¹ 1
S= í 1 - r
ï na if r = 1
î
Note : Sum of infinite terms of G.P.
If 0 < |r| < 1 and n ® ¥, then rn ® 0 and in this case geometric series will be summable upto infinity and
a
its sum is given by S¥ =
1-r

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 MATHEMATICS
Examples :
E(1) The sum of an infinite number of terms of a G.P. is 15 and the sum of their squares is 45. Find the series.
10 20
, ,.......... ][Ans. 5,
3 9
E(2) The first term of an infinite geometric progression is x and its sum is 5. Then -
(A) 0 £ x £ 10 •(B) 0 < x < 10 (C) –10 < x < 0 (D) x > 10
E(3) Let a , b be the roots of x2 - x + p = 0 and g, d be the roots of x2 - 4x + q = 0. If a, b, g, d are in
G.P., then the integer values of p and q respectively, are -
•(A) –2, –32 (B) –2, 3 (C) –6, 3 (D) –6, –32
47
E(4) (a) Use infinite series to compute the rational number corresponding to 0.423 . [Ans. ]
111
10
(b) Find the sum S = 9 + 99 + 999 + ....... + 999.......9
14243 n times [Ans. (10n - 1) - n ]
9
3 33 333 3333
(c) + 2 + + + .......¥ [Ans. 19/54]
19 19 193 19 4
E(5) If S1, S2, S3, ....... Sp are the sums of infinite G.P. whose first terms are 1, 2, 3, ..... p, and whose
1 1 1 1 p
common ratios are , , ,......., respectively. Prove that S1 + S2 + S3 + ...... Sp = (p + 3) .
2 3 4 p +1 2
E(6) If Sp denotes the sum of the series 1 + rp + r2p + ...... as inf., and sp the sum of the series
1 – rp + r2p – ....... ad inf., prove that Sp + sp = 2S2p.
8. PROPERTIES OF GP :
(i) In an G.P. product of kth term from beginning and 1 3 9 27 81 243
k term from the last is always constant which equal
th

243
to product of first term and last term.
243
Tk . Tn - k +1 = constant = a. l
243
(ii) Three numbers in G.P. : a/r, a, ar
Five numbers in G.P. : a/r2, a/r, a, ar, ar2
Four numbers in G.P. : a/r3, a/r, ar, ar3
Six numbers in G.P. : a/r5, a/r3, a/r, ar, ar3, ar5
(iii) If each term of a G.P. be raised to the same power, then resulting series is also a G.P.
(iv) If each term of a G.P. be multiplied or divided by the same non-zero quantity, then the resulting sequence
is also a G.P.
(v) If a1, a2, a3 ..... and b1, b2, b3, ....... be two G.P.'s of common ratio r1 and r2 respectively, then
a1 a2 a3 r1
a1b1, a2b2 ..... and , , ...... will also form a G.P. common ratio will be r1 r2 and respectively.
b1 b2 b3 r2
(vi) In a positive G.P. every term (except first) is equal to square root of product of its two terms which are
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

equidistant from it.

i.e. Tr =Tr - k Tr + k , k < r
(vii) If a1, a2, a3.....an is a G.P. of non zero, non negative terms, then log a1, log a2,.....log an is an A.P.
and vice-versa.
Home Work : ................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

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 MATHEMATICS
rd
3 LECTURE
Examples :
✓
E(1) (a) The sum of first 3 consecutive terms of a G.P. is 19 and their product is 216. Find S n, also compute
æ æ2ö ö
n
æ 3 n ö
S¥ if it exist. [Ans. In 1st case Sn = 8 ç æç ö÷ - 1 ÷ ; In 2nd case Sn = 27 ç 1 - ç ÷ ÷
çè 2 ø ÷ ç è 3 ø ÷ø
è ø è
1st case S¥ does not exist ; in 2nd case S¥ = 27]
(b) If a1, a2, a3 ......... are in G.P. such that a1 + a2 + a3 = 13 and a12 + a22 + a23 = 91 . Find a and r..
[Ans. a = 1, r = 3 or r=1/3, a = 9]
E(2) Find the four successive terms of a G.P. of which the 2 term is smaller than the first by 35 and the 3 rd
nd

35 140 560 2240

term is larger than the 4th by 560. [Ans. 7, –28, 112, –448 & - ,- , - ,- ]
3 3 3 3
D(3) If the pth, qth, rth, sth terms of an A.P. are in G.P., show that p – q, q – r, r – s are in G.P.

9. GEOMETRICAL MEAN :
Definition : If a, b, c are three positive number in G.P., then b is called the geometrical mean between a and
c and b2 = ac. If a and b are two +ve real and G is the G.M. between them, then G = ab .
Note : If a, b, c are in G.P. then b2 = ac.
Insertion of 'n' GM's between a and b :
a, G1, G2, G3 ,........, Gn, b ® G.P.
1
æ b ö n +1
b = arn + 1 Þ r= ç ÷
èaø
n
æ b ö n +1
Gn = a. ç ÷
èaø
Note : Product of all the 'n' geometric means inserted between two number a & b is nth power of single
geometric mean between a & b.

( )
n n
ÕG
k =1
k = ab

Examples :
E(1) Insert 4 GM's between 5 and 160. [Ans. 10, 20, 40, 80]
E(2) If AM between a and b is 15 and GM between a and b is 9. Find the number. [Ans. 3, 27]
a n + bn
E(3) If is the G.M. between a and b (a ¹ b), then find the value of n. [Ans. 1/2]
a n -1 + bn -1
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

a n + n2 - 4
E(4) If sum of two positive numbers a, b, where a > b is n times their GM then show that =
b n - n2 - 4

1 1 2
D(5) If a, b, c are in G.P. and x, y are respectively the AM's between a, b and b, c, then prove that + =
x y b
a c
and + =2.
x y
Home Work : ................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

E 7
 MATHEMATICS
th
4 LECTURE
10. HARMONICAL PROGRESSION (H.P.) :
Definition : A non zero sequence is said to be in H.P. if the reciprocals of its terms are in A.P.
1 1 1
e.g. if a1, a2, a3,........ are in H.P., then , , ..... are in A.P..
a1 a 2 a 3
1 1 1 1
A standard H.P. is + + + ....... +
a a + d a + 2d a + (n - 1)d
Asking :
(i) Reciprocal of every A.P. is H.P. [Ans. False]
(ii) Reciprocal of every H.P. is A.P. [Ans. True]
Note :
(i) There is no general formula for finding the sum to n terms of H.P.
1 1 1
(ii) If a, b, c are in H.P. Þ , , are in A.P..
a b c
2 1 1 2ac
\ = + Þ b=
b a c a+c
1 1 1 1 a-b b-c a a-b
or - = - i.e. = i.e. =
b a c b ab bc c b-c
Examples :
mn
E(1) (a) The mth term of a H.P. is n and the nth term is m. Prove that the pth term is .
p
mn
(b) If mth term of an H.P. is n, and nth term is equal to m then prove that (m + n) th term is .
m+n
1 1 3
E(2) If the 3rd, 6th and last term of a H.P. are , , , find the number of terms. [Ans. 100]
3 5 203
✓
E(3) If a1, a2, a3,..... an are in H.P., then prove that a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + ..... + an – 1. an = (n – 1)a1an.

q-r r-p p-q

E(4) if the pth, qth and rth terms of a H.P. are a, b, c respectively, prove that + + = 0.
a b c

11. HARMONICAL MEAN :

If a, b, c are in H.P. then middle term in called the harmonic mean between them. Hence if H is the harmonic
2ab
mean (H.M.) between a and b, then a, H, b are in H.P. and H = .
a+b
E(1) Harmonic mean of roots of equation ( 5 + 2 ) x 2 - ( 4 + 5 ) x + 8 + 2 5 = 0 Ans. 4
E(2) If ln(a + c), ln(a – c), ln(a – 2b + c) are in A.P., then prove that a, b, c are in H.P.
Insertion of 'n' HM's between a and b :
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

a, H1, H2, H3 ,........, Hn, b ® H.P

1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , ,.......... , ® A.P.
a H1 H 2 H 3 Hn b
1 1
-
1 1
= + (n + 1)D Þ D= b a
b a n +1
æ1 1ö
1 1 ç - ÷
= + nç b a ÷
Hn a çç n + 1 ÷÷
è ø

8 E
 3 H P
E- an →
'
.

i a
92 93 94
-

, i ,
-

, , ,
- - -

P
IT at at at tan
→ A -

÷
' .

'
- -

'
-

go
,

Ia at at taa
-

,
atnatn.FI
=

.
- '

at at -

.
-

-
- - - - =

in
aid -

-
d
9192

9,92=9-92
d

f( ]

¥3
'
9 -

as
a. as = ,

$am aaas
-

f- ]
ask at
[93-14]
=

i. : : :
-
an . an .
-

-
Lacanian]
Etd 9,92-1929519394-1 - - -

t 9ns, 9h =
f- [ ai
-

]
an
 9,92-1929519394 t -

t 9ns, 9h =
f- [ al
-

]
an

y
- -

÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷°
:
at oats at In AP
'

, e
- - -

.
- .

(n t ) D=
-

arana , an

Ln 1) 9 , an
-
=

aidan

: .
from ①
=

9,92+9293 t
939ft
- - - - -
t 9ns , -9N

= (n 1)-
a
, an
 MATHEMATICS
Examples :

1 1 1 1
E(1) If 'b' is the harmonic mean between a and c, prove that + = + .
b-a b-c a c

:§
÷÷
E(2) If b, a, c are in A.P.; c, b, a are in G.P., then prove that a, c, b are in H.P. .

a n + bn
E(3) If is the H.M. between a and b (a ¹ b), then find the value of n. [Ans. 0]
a n -1 + bn -1
a-x a-y a -z
E(4) If = = and p, q, r are in A.P., then prove that x, y, z are in H.P..
px qy rz
E(5) If a,b,c,d Î R+ and a,b,c,d are in H.P., then prove that b + c > a + d
p r a c
E(6) If a, b, c are in A.P. p, q, r are in H.P. and ap, bq, cr are in G.P., then prove that + = +
r p c a
D(7) If a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. show that b + c, c + a, a + b are in H.P.
12. ARITHMETIC MEAN, GEOMETRIC MEAN & HARMONIC MEAN OF 'n' NUMBERS :
(a) Arithimetic mean of n numbers :
Given any n numbers a1, a2, a3,........., an, then its arithemetic mean (An) is defined by
n

åa k
a1 + a 2 + a 3 .......a n
An = k =1
Þ An =
n n
(b) Geometric mean of n numbers :
Given any n positive real numbers a1, a2, a3, ........ an, then its geometric mean (Gn) is defined by
1
æ n ön 1
G n = ç Õ a k ÷ Þ G n = ( a1 .a 2 .a 3 .........a n ) n
è k =1 ø
(c) Harmonic mean of n numbers :
Given any n positive real numbers a1, a2, a3, ........ an, then its harmonic mean (Hn) is defined by
n n
Hn = Þ
n
1 1 1 1 1
å a
k =1 k a 1
+
a 2
+ .....
a 3 a n

(d) Root mean square of n numbers, (R.M.S.)

a12 + a 22 + ...... + a 2n
Given any n real numbers a1, a2, a3, ........ an, then root mean square is defined by
n
13. PROPERTIES RELATED WITH ARITHMETIC MEAN, GEOMETRIC MEAN & HARMONIC MEAN :
(a) Applicable only for two positive numbers :
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

If a and b are two positive numbers & A, G, H are its A.M., G.M., H.M. respectively, then
A, G, H are in G.P. Þ G2 = AH
(b) If a1, a2, a3 ......... an are 'n' positive numbers are in G.P. and An, Gn, Hn are its A.M., G.M., H.M.
respectively, then

An, Gn, Hn are in G.P. Þ G2n = AnHn

(c) Applicable for n positive numbers :

If a1, a2, a3 ....... an are n positive number & An, Gn, Hn are its A.M., G.M., H.M. respectively, then

R.M.S. ³ An ³ Gn ³ Hn

Note : Moreover equality holds at either place if and only if a1 = a2 =......= an

E 9
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ant 't bn
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= an
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-

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=

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 MATHEMATICS
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality :
If a1, a2, ......, an and b1, b2, ......, bn are any real numbers such that

( ) (
(a1b1 + a2b2 + ..... + anbn)2 < a12 + a22 + ...... + a n2 ´ b12 + b22 + ..... + b2n )
a1 a 2 a
Equality holds iff = = ...... = n
b1 b2 bn
Examples :
E(1) (a) Prove that if a, b, c > 0, then a2(b + c) + b2(c + a) + c2(a + b) ³ 6 abc.
(b) If a > 0 prove that (a3 + a2 + a + 1)2 ³ 16a3.
E(2) (a) If x > 0, y > 0, z > 0, then prove that (x + y)(y + z)(z + x) ³ 8xyz.
(b) Show that if a,b,c,d be four positive unequal quantities and s = a + b + c + d, then (s – a) (s – b)
(s – c) (s – d) > 81 abcd.
1 1

I
2 2
(i) x yz £
E(3) (a) If x, y, z > 0 and x + y + z = 1, prove that : r (ii) x
r + y2 + z 2 ³
64 3
310.24
(b) If a + b + c = 3 and a, b, c are +ve, then prove that a2 b3 c2 £ . Find values of a, b, c where
77
6 9
a 2 b3 c2 attains its maximum value. [Ans. a = =c, b = ]
7 7
pn-M.s.ZA.IM# ✓
(c) Let x, y, z are positive numbers such that x + y + z = 12, then minimum value of x + y2 + z2 is
2

[Ans. 48]
✓
E(4) If a, b, c are sides for scalene triangle, prove that ab + bc + ca < a2 + b2 + c2 < 2(ab + bc + ca).
E(5) If ai < 0 for all i = 1,2,........, n prove that
# use

" '
æ1
(i) ( a1 + a 2 + ..... + a n ) ç +
1
è a1 a 2
1 ö
+ ..... + ÷ > n2 .
an ø •e
II. Em side
(ii) (1 – a1 + a12) (1 – a2 + a22).......(1 – an + an2) > 3n (a1a2......an) (where n is even).
E(6) Let x, y, z are positive numbers such that 3x + 4y + 6z = 12, then minimum value of x 2 + y2 + z2 is
144
[Ans. ]
61

÷
n
E(7) (i) If n is a positive integer, prove that {(n + 1)!}1/(n+1) < 1 + (n!)1 / n
n +1
n n +1
æ 1ö æ 1 ö
(ii) If n is a positive integer, show that ç 1 - ÷ < ç 1 - .
è n ø è n + 1 ÷ø
n +1
æ 1 + na ö
(iii) For every positive real number a ¹ 1 and for every positive integer n prove that ç ÷ > an .
è 1+ n ø
a +b
æa+ bö
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

E(8) Prove that ç ÷ > a b .b a , a, b Î N; a ¹ b

è 2 ø
n -1
D(9) If a1, a2, ........ an > 0 prove that åå
0 <i < j £n
aia j £
2
(a1 + a 2 + ..... + a n )

q
D(10) (a) Prove that a DABC is equilateral if and only if tan A + tan B + tan C = 3 3 .
-

2æ Aö 2æBö 2æCö
(b) If A,B and C are the angles of a triangle, prove that : tan ç ÷ + tan ç ÷ + tan ç ÷ ³ 1
è2ø è2ø è2ø

H D(11) If a, b, c are three distinct positive reals in H.P. & n does not lie between 0 and 1 then prove that
an + cn > 2bn.
Home Work : ................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
10 E
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I 2
 MATHEMATICS
th
5 LECTURE
14. ARITHMETIC GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (AGP) :
Standard appearance of an AGP is
S = a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 + (a + 3d)r3 + ..........
Here each term is the product of corresponding terms in a arithmetic and geometric series.
Let
Sn = a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 + (a + 3d)r3 + ........ + (a + (n – 1) d)rn – 1
Snr = ar + (a + d)r2 + (a + 2d)r3 + ........ + (a + (n – 2)d)rn – 1 + (a + (n – 1)d)rn
– – – – – – –
————————————————————————————————————————
Sn (1 – r) = a + dr + dr2 + dr3 ............ drn – 1 – (a + (n – 1)d)rn

a – (a + (n – 1)d)r n dr(1 - r n -1 )
Sn = + r¹1
1-r (1 - r)2

a dr
S¥ = + 0 <|r|< 1
1 - r (1 - r)2

Note : Above formulas are applicable if portion of G.P. in the first term is unity.
Examples :
E(1) If |x| < 1, then compute S¥ :

=
(a) 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + .............. [Ans. ]
(1 - x)2

1
(b) 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + ............ [Ans. ]
(1 - x)3

÷
44 1
E(2) (a) If the sum to the infinity of the series 3 + 5r + 7r 2 + ........ is , then find r.. [Ans. ]
9 4

(b) If the sum to infinity of the series. [Ans. 2]

1 1 44
3 + (3 + d) + (3 + 2d) 2 + ....... is , then find d.
4 4 9
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

E(3) Simplify 2× 4× 8 × 16 ............¥ [Ans. 4]

E(4) Find the sum to n terms and also S¥,

4 7 10 35 12n + 7 35
(a) 1+ + + + ......... [Ans. Sn = - ; S¥ = ]
5 52 5 3 16 16.5n -1 16

3 5 7 9 3é n + 2ù
(b) + + + +........... [Ans. Sn = ê 2- n ú]
5 15 45 135 5ë 3 û

E 11
 MATHEMATICS
15. SPECIAL SEQUENCES :

Sigma Notations ( S )

n n n n n n
(a) å (a r ± br ) = å a r ± å br (b) å k ar = k å ar (c) å k = nk ; where k is a constant.
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1

TYPE-1 : Sequence dealing with ån : ån ; ån 2 3

n
n(n + 1)
(a) år =
2
(sum of the first n natural numbers)
r =1

n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
(b) å r2 =
6
(sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers)
r =1

2
n
n 2 (n + 1)2 é n ù
(c) år = 3
4
= ê å rú (sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers)
r =1 ë r =1 û
n
(d) å (2r - 1) = n2 (sum of first n odd natural numbers)
r =1

n
(e) å 2r = n(n + 1) (sum of first n even natural numbers)
r =1

For proof :
* Consider the identity k3 – (k – 1)3 = 3k2 – 3k + 1
** Consider the identity k4 – (k – 1)4 = 4k3 – 6k2 + 4k – 1

n
Note : If rth term of sequence is Tr , then the sum of n terms of sequence is given by Sn = å Tr
r =1
Examples :

÷
24 24
E(1) Find value of å 25r - å r2 [Ans. 2600]
r =1 r =1
10
E(2) Find value of å n 2 (n - 1) [Ans. 2640]
n =1
n i j
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
E(3) å å å1
i =1 j =1 k =1
[Ans.
6
]
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

n
E(4) Find the value(s) of the positive integer n for which the quadratic equation, å (x + k - 1)(x + k) = 10n has
k =1

solutions a and a + 1 for some a. [Ans. 11]

E(5) Compute the sum (31) + (32) + (33) + ....... + (50) .
2 2 2 2
[Ans. 33470]
E(6) (a) Compute the sum of the series whose nth term is given by Tn = n(n + 1)(3n – 1).
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(9n - 1)
[Ans. ]
12
n(16n2 + 12n - 1)
(b) 32 + 72 + 112 + ....... (sum to n terms) [Ans. ]
3
Home Work : ................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
12 E
 MATHEMATICS
th
6 LECTURE
TYPE-2 (Using method of difference) :
If T1, T2, T3, ........... are the terms of a sequence then the terms
T2 – T1, T3 – T2, T4 – T3 .........
some times are in A.P. and some times in G.P. for such series we first compute their n th term and then compute
the sum to n terms, using sigma notation.
Note :
(i) If kth order difference between consecutive terms is constant then rth term is polynomial of degree k in r.
e.g. (1) 1, 3, 5, 7, ......
Ist order difference d1 = 2
Þ Tr = ar + b
(2) 3, 7, 14, 24 ......
Ist order difference d1 : 4, 7, 10
IIst order difference d2 = 3
Þ Tr = ar2 + br + c
Now find the value a, b, c from given sequence
(ii) If k order difference are in G.P. then rth term of the sequence is given by
th

Tr = a(CR)r + a polynomial of degree (k – 1) in 'n'

e.g. (1) 1, 3, 7, 15 ......
Ist order difference d1 : 2, 4, 8...
Þ Tr = a(2)r + b
(2) 1 2 5 12 27
Ist order difference d1 : 1, 3, 7, 15
IIst order difference d2 = 2,4,8
Þ Tr = a(2r) + bn + c
Examples :
n(n + 1)(2n + 13)
E(1) 6 + 13 + 22 + 33 + ........... n terms [Ans. +n]
6
n(n + 1)(2n + 7)
E(2) 3 + 8 + 15 + 24 + ......... up to n terms [Ans. ]
6
1 n
E(3) 5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + ....... up to n terms [Ans. 4n + (3 - 1) ]
2
1 n +1
E(4) 2 + 5 + 14 + 41 + 122 + ........ up to n terms. [Ans. (3 + 2n - 3)]
4
æ 1ö æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 1 ö 3n (2n - 1) + 1
E(5) 1 + ç 1 + ÷ + ç 1 + + 2 ÷ + ..... + ç 1 + 3 + 2 + ..... + n -1 ÷ [Ans. ]
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

è 3ø è 3 3 ø è 3 3 ø 4.3n -1
[Not to be taught]
For I / II difference A.P.. The general formula of nth term is
(n - 1) (n - 1)(n - 2)
Tn = a + d1 + d 2 + ..........
1! 2!
a = I term of original sequence
d1 = I term of I difference sequence
d2 = I term of II difference sequence
For I / II difference A.P.. The general formula of summation of n term is
an n(n - 1) n(n - 1)(n - 2)
Sn = + d1 + d 2 + ..........
1! 2! 3!

E 13
MATHEMATICS
a = I term of original sequence
d1 = I term of I difference sequence
d2 = I term of II difference sequence

TYPE-3 (Splitting the nth term as a difference of two ) :

(a) Here is a series in which each term in composed of the reciprocal of the product of r factors in A.P., the
first factor of the several terms being in the same A.P.
Examples :

1 1 1 1
E(1) Find Sn and S¥ for + + + ...... [Ans. Sn = 1 - , S =1]
1.2 2.3 3.4 n +1 ¥
n
1 n
E(2) Sum the series to n terms and to infinity : å 4 r2 - 1 [Ans.
(2n + 1)
]
r =1

1 1 1
E(1) Find Sn and S¥ for + + + ........
1×2 ×3 × 4 2 × 3 ×4 ×5 3 × 4 × 5 ×6

1 1 1
[Ans. Sn = - ; S¥ = ]
18 3(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) 18

1 1 1 1 1 1
E(2) Find Sn and S¥ for + + + ........ [Ans. Sn = - , S¥ = ]
1×3×5 3×5 ×7 5 ×7×9 12 4(2n + 1)(2n + 3) 12

3 4 5 2n n n
E(3) + + + ......... [Ans. + + ]
1×2 × 4 2 ×3 ×5 3 ×4 ×6 3(n + 1) 12(n + 2) 18(n + 3)

1 2 3 4 1é 1 ù
D(4) + + + + ....... [Ans. 1- ]
1×3 1×3×5 1×3×5×7 1×3×5×7×9 2 êë 1 × 3 × 5......(2n + 1) úû

1 1×3 1×3×5 1 1 × 3......(2n + 1)

D(5) Find Sn and S¥ for + + + ........ [Ans. - ]
2×4 2×4×6 2×4×6×8 2 2 × 4.....(2n + 2)
TYPE-4 :
Here is a series in which each terms is composed of r factor in A.P., the first factor of the several terms being in
the same A.P.
Examples :

n(n + 1)(n + 2)
E(1) 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ............ upto n terms [Ans. ]
3
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
E(2) 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ............ upto n terms [Ans. ]
4
D:\DATA\TARGET-2012\TEACHING NOTES\SEQUENCE & PROGRESSION

n
E(3) 1.5.9+2.6.10+3.7.11+..... up to n terms [Ans. (n + 1)(n + 8)(n + 9) ]
4

1
E(4) 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 + 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 + 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 + ......... up to n terms [Ans. [n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4)] ]
5

(2n - 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)(2n + 5)(2n + 7) + 105

E(5) 1.3.5.7 + 3.5.7.9 + 5.7.9.11 .......... up to n terms. [Ans. ]
10
Home Work : ................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

14 E