4/16/22, 10:01 AM Whatever happened to the water wars?

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Whatever happened to the water wars?

More of them have happened than most people think

Nov 18th 2019

THE FORECAST that future wars will be fought over water has been made long
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enough for it to become both a platitude and subject to doubt. Demand for water
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4/16/22, 10:01 AM Whatever happened to the water wars? | The Economist

has surged because populations have grown and rising prosperity has enabled
them to live more water-intensive lives. But supply of the wet stuff is already
coming under ever greater pressure, as climate change, crudely put, makes dry
places drier.

Yet the great water-based conflicts that were feared—India v Pakistan, Ethiopia v
Egypt, Brazil v Paraguay, China v any of the countries downstream from the
Himalayas—have not come to pass. Maybe, argue optimists, the world is better at
sharing this resource than is often assumed.

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This complacent argument ignores two truths apparent from the latest update to
the Water Conflict Chronology, a database of water-related conflicts maintained
since the 1980s by the Pacific Institute, a think-tank in Oakland, California. First,
for as long as human history has been recorded, water has played a role in conflict,
even though it has rarely been the sole cause of it. Second, water-related struggles
are becoming far more common. Its database includes over 900 instances, and
shows a clear acceleration in recent years.

The institute distinguishes between three types of violence. Sometimes water itself
can be used as a weapon, as when the Spartans poisoned the drinking water in
Athens in the second year of the Peloponnesian war, in 430BC. Or, just last year, al-
Shabaab, a terrorist group, diverted water from the Jubba river in Somalia, causing
a flood that forced opposing forces to move to higher Get ground,
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they were
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4/16/22, 10:01 AM Whatever happened to the water wars? | The Economist
ambushed.

Sometimes water is the trigger. Fighting over grazing land in central Mali this year
has led to massacres and the displacement of 50,000 people. Ariel Sharon, an

Israeli commander in the six-day war of 1967 who went on to become prime
minister, wrote that the war really started when Israel was provoked by the
diversion of the Jordan river.

Third, water installations can also be the target of military action. The institute
notes that the large number of new additions to its chronology results in part from
more comprehensive data collection. But it also reflects a big increase in attacks on
civilian water systems. Indeed, almost wherever there has been warfare this year,
water installations have been in the cross-hairs—in Syria, Ukraine and Yemen, for
example.

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4/16/22, 10:01 AM Whatever happened to the water wars? | The Economist

Most water conflicts are subnational disputes. But a study last year by the Joint
Research Centre, a think-tank under the European Commission, used computer
modelling to rank the rivers where cross-border water disputes are most likely to
flare up. Its scientists listed five: the Colorado, Ganges-Brahmaputra, Indus, Nile
and Tigris-Euphrates. In all these instances, downstream nations fear or resent the
effect on their waters of the actions of upstream countries.

So, whatever happened to the water wars? The answer is that they continued—and
that repeated forecasts did nothing to reduce the risk of bigger conflicts.

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Feeling the heat

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