Presentation on

“Building Construction and Elementary

Building Drawing”
Author
Prof. P. A. Deotale
Department of Civil Engineering

Wainganga College of Engineering &

Management
Dongargaon, Wardha Road, Nagpur – 440012

1
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
III-semester
Building Construction And
Elementary Building Drawing

Unit No.5
PLASTERING, POINTING,
5 TIMBERING & PAINTING
 Plastering and Pointing
• Plastering: This is a process of covering rough surfaces
with a plastic material to obtain an even, smooth, regular,
clean, and durable surface.

• Pointing: The term pointing is used to denote the finishing

of mortar joints of either stone masonry or brick masonry.
The joints are racked out to a depth of about 20mm and
then spaces are filled up by suitable mortar in the desired
shape.
 Necessity of plastering and pointing

• To improve the appearance of the structure as a whole and

to give smooth surface.

• To protect the exposed surfaces from the effects of

atmospheric action.

• To rectify the defective workmanship or to conceal inferior

materials.
 Preparation of surface for plastering
• The durability of plaster depends to a great extent upon its adhesion
with the background.
• The projections more than 13 mm from general surface of masonry
wall face are knocked off to obtain a uniform surface and this also helps
to reduce consumption of plaster.
• In order to obtain a good key for the plaster with the wall surface, all
the joints in masonry are raked out to a depth of 13 mm .
• Dust and loose mortar is brushed out of the raked joints. The surface is
rendered free from oilygreasy spots. Efflorescence if any is removed by
brushing and scrapping.
• The surface is then thoroughly washed with water and kept wet before
plastering is commenced.
• To ensure required thickness and a true surface patches of
plaster 15cm x15 cm are first of all applied horizontally and
vertically at about 1.8 m apart over the entire surface.

• The surface of the patches of plaster (also known as screed )

serves as a gauges for maintaining even thickness of the
plaster being applied. Mortar is then applied on the wall
between screed with trowel.
 Types of plastering
• Lime plaster
• Cement plaster
• Mud plastering
• Stucco plastering
• Plaster on lath
 Lime plaster

• Thickness of plaster- 13mm and 16mm.

• In case of rubble masonry -19mm
• Plaster may be applied in one, two or three coats.
• Finishing coat -3mm
• Proportion 1:2(lime and sand)
 Cement plaster

• Cement plaster is usually applied in one coat.

• The thickness of coat can be 12mm, 15mm or 20mm
depending upon the type of building and site conditions.
• Curing for at least 7 days.
• Proportion 1:3
 Mud plastering
• Chopped straw, hay or hemp @ 33Kg/ m3 of mud.
• No curing is required
• Applied in two coats
• First coat 18mm thick and second coat 6mm thick.
 Stucco plastering
• Stucco is name given to a decorative type of plaster which
gives excellent finish.
• Laid in three coats thickness-25mm
• The first coat is called scratch coat
• Second coat is finer coat also known brown coat
• Third coat is called white coat or finishing coat.
• Applied in three coats -Scratch coat is 12mm thickness
second brown coat-10mm thickness, finishing coat -3mm.
 Plaster on lath
• Lathing may be either of wood or that of expanded metal.
• Wooden lath consist of thin strips of well seasoned wood
about 25mm in width and9o-120cm in length.
• Depending upon the strain due to load of plaster thickness
of strips vary from 3mm to 13mm.
 Beaded pointing and flush pointing

Beaded pointing: It is formed by as steel or iron rod with a concave edge. The beaded
Pointing is good in appearance. It is difficult to maintain as it can be easily damaged.

Flush pointing: It is formed by removing the excess mortar from the joint the joint is
Made flush with the face. It does not give good appearance. But it is durable and does
Not provide any space fro accumulation of dust water etc. and hence it is extensively used.
 Recessed pointing
Rubbed or keyed or grooved pointing

Recessed pointing: The face of the pointing is kept vertical and it is pressed inside
The wall surface by a suitable tool to a depth of about 5mm or more. This pointing gives
Very good appearance.

Rubbed pointing: In this type of pointing a groove is formed at the centre of height by a
pointer . This type of pointing gives better appearance and is generally adopted.
 Struck pointing and Tuck pointing

• Struck pointing : In this type of pointing the face of pointing is kept

inclined. The upper edge of joint is about 10mm inside the face of the
masonry. This joint disposes water easily .
• Tuck pointing: A groove is formed at the centre of the joint the width
and depth of groove are respectively 5mm and 3mm The groove is then
filled in or tucked in by white cement putty with a projection of 3mm
 Vee pointing and Weathered pointing

• Vee pointing: in this of pointing v-shaped groove is formed

in the mortar joint.
• Weathered pointing: In this pointing a projection in the
form of vee–shaped is formed.
 Methods of pointing
• The mortar of the masonry joints to be covered by
pointing is racked out at least to a depth of 20mm.
• The dust from the masonry joints is removed by the
brushes.
• The surface is then washed with clean water and it is
kept wet for few hours.
• The mortar is then carefully placed in desired shape in
these prepared joints. The mortar is placed by a small
trowel and it is slightly pressed to bring it in to close
contact with the old interior mortar of the joint.
• The finished surface is well watered for a period of at
least 3 days if lime mortar is used and 10days if cement
mortar is used.
 Centering and formwork

• Centering, shuttering and formwork is a sort of

temporary construction provided for laying cast in
situ concrete to required shape.
 Centering and formwork

• Centering, shuttering and formwork is a sort of

temporary construction provided for laying cast in
situ concrete to required shape.
 Materials for formwork

• Timber formwork
• Plywood formwork
• Steel formwork
Timber formwork
Details of timber formwork for RCC beam and
slab floor
Enlarged details
Details of timber formwork for circular RCC
column
Details of timber formwork for a square or
rectangular RCC column
Details of timber formwork for an octagonal
column
Details for timber formwork for a stair
Timber formwork for a RCC wall
 Shoring
• The term shoring is applied to construction of the temporary structure
required to support an unsafe structure.
Objects of shoring
1) When the walls of a building develop signs of bulging or leaning
outwards shoring is necessary to prevent further development of the
defects.
2) When defective walls of a building are to be dismantled and rebuilt,
shoring is restored to for supporting the floors or roofs connected to
the wall
3) Shoring is necessary to support the superstructure when large
opening s are required to be made in the main walls
 Types of shoring

• Raking shores
• Flying shores
• Dead shores
Raking shores
Raking shores
Raking shore
Flying shores
Flying shores
Dead shores
 Underpinning

• This term is applied to the building of new work

underneath an existing structure without disturbing its
stability. Underpinning may be necessary when defective
foundation of a wall is to be replaced with new foundation
or when the existing foundation of a wall is required to be
strengthened to enable it to carry more loads.
Underpinning
 scaffolding

• Scaffold is a temporary rigid structure having

platforms raised up as the building increases in
height. Scaffold enables the masons to work at
different stages of a building and to hoist the
material for the immediate use at various heights.
 Types of scaffolds

• Brick layers scaffold

• Mason’s scaffold
• Steel or tubular scaffold
• Needle scaffold
• Wooden scaffold
Brick layers scaffold
Mason’s scaffold
Steel or tubular scaffold
Tubular scaffolding
Needle scaffold
 Painting: White washing
• Preparation of white wash: white wash is made from pure
fat lime ( white stone lime) or shell lime.
• The unslaked lime is dissolved in a tub with sufficient
quantity of water and it is thoroughly stirred with a
wooden pole until it attains the consistency of thin cream.
As a rough guide about 5 liters of water should be added to
each kg. of lime for making the cream. The mixture is
allowed to stand in the tub for a period of about 24 hours
and then strained through a clean course cloth.
• Clean gum dissolve in hot water is then added in
proportion of 4kg.of gum per cu.m. of thin cream.
• 3 kg of indigo per cu.m. of thin cream is also added
 Preparation of surface
• Before applying white wash on new walls, the wall surface
is thoroughly cleaned, brushed and rendered free from
mortar droppings and other foreign matter.
• If the surface to be coated is sufficiently smooth it should
be rubbed with sand paper to ensure proper adhesion of
white wash
• In case of re white -washing of an old surface all loose
pieces and scales should be scraped off. When heavy
scaling has taken place the entire surface should be
scrapped by means of steel wire brushes or steel scrapers.
The old loose white wash is removed by rubbing with sand
paper and the holes in the wall are filled with lime putty.
 Application of white wash
• White wash may be applied in specified number of coats
until the surface presents a smooth and uniform finish.
• Three coats are considered necessary for new work and
one or two coats for old work.
• Usually brushes are used for white washing.
• Each coat consist of a stroke of the brush applied from the
bottom upwards over the first stroke and similarly one
stroke is applied horizontally form the right and another
form the left. Each coat should be allowed to dry before
next one is applied
 Color washing
• Color wash is prepared by adding minerals colors (which are
not affected by lime) of desired shade to the prepared white
wash. The color wash is applied in the same manner as white
wash
• The mixture is kept constantly stirred with bamboo stick while
it is being used.
• Only color wash sufficient for the days work should be
prepared at time.
• Prior to the application of color wash on new surfaces a coat of
white wash is applied over the patched and repair work
before start of color washing.
• Two or more coats of color wash are then applied on the
entire surface till it presents a uniform tint of shades.
 Distempering
• Distempers may be defined as water paints consisting of
(powdered chalk) some coloring pigment if desired and glue size
mixed in water.
• Distemper may give either a washable or non washable surface
according to the medium used. They are cheaper than paints and
varnishes and are easier to work. They act as sealers over porous
surfaces and are generally use over plastered surfaces to which a
priming coat of whiting has been applied.
• Distempers for exterior use on cement concrete stucco and brick
surfaces are provided with weather resistant ingredient during
the process of manufacturing. They are more smoother and
present distinctive appearance than an ordinary color / white
wash.
 Distempering with dry distemper
• In case of old surfaces all dust dirt scales and greasy marks
should be removed and all the holes and cracks should be
filled with plaster of paris .
• Coat of whiting is then applied over the prepared dry clean
surface which acts as a priming coat for the distemper. The
dry distemper is then converted in to liquid by mixing with
water and stirring it well.
• As a rule 0.6 liter of water should be used per kg. of
distemper
• Second or third coat should only be applied after the
previous coat has dried.
THANK YOU