CA 101 Notes

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
CORRECTIONAL
INSTITUTIONAL
CORRECTIONS
PREPARED BY:
IKYR T. BEATINGO
CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION | 1
CHAPTER 1
CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION
WHAT IS CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION?

The study and practice of a systematic management of jails or prisons and other
institutions concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
WHAT IS PENAL MANAGEMENT?

Penal Management refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of
confinement as in jails or prisons. It was change to correctional administration to mean the
manner or practice of managing or controlling places of confinement as in jails or prisons including
custody, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
WHAT IS PENOLOGY?
It is the study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study of
control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders.
The term penology is derived from the Latin word “poena” which means pain or suffering.
Penology is otherwise known as Penal Science or science for correction. It is actually
a division of criminology that deals with prison management and the treatment of offenders, and
concerned itself with the philosophy and practice of society in its effort to repress criminal
activities.
Penology has stood in the past and, for the most part, still stands for the policy of inflicting
punishment on the offender as a consequence of his wrongdoing.
The term was later change to correction due to its harsh connotation. The difference is
that penology mainly looks at what needs to go on inside a prison to keep it functioning while
corrections mainly look at the effectiveness and efficiency of the whole correctional subsystem
component of criminal justice.
PRINCIPAL AIMS OF PENOLOGY

1. To bring light on the ethical barriers of punishment, along with the motives and purposes of
society inflicting it.
2. To make a comparative study of penal laws and procedures through history between nations.
3. To evaluate the social consequences of policies enforced at a given time.
WHAT IS CORRECTION?
It is a branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision and
rehabilitation of criminal offenders. It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes
the body of knowledge and practices of the government and the society in general involving the
processes of handling individuals who have been convicted of offenses for purposes of crime
prevention and control.
It is the study of jail/prison management and administration as well as the rehabilitation
and reformation of criminals.
It is a generic term that includes all government agencies, facilities, programs, procedures,
personnel, and techniques concerned with the investigation, intake, custody, confinement,
supervision, or treatment of alleged offenders.
It is also a 20th century social engineering term for the ability to be technically proficient at
the processing of incarcerated offenders.
CORRECTION AS A PROCESS
Correction as a process refers to the reorientation of the criminal offender to
prevent him or her from repeating his deviant or delinquent actions without the necessity
of taking punitive actions but rather the introduction of individual measures of
reformation.
CORRECTION AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
The Criminal Justice System is the machinery of any government in the control and
prevention of crimes and criminality. It is composed of the pillars of justice such as: the Law
Enforcement Pillar (Police), the Prosecution Pillar, the Court Pillar, the Correction Pillar, and the
Community Pillar.
Correction as one of the pillars of Criminal Justice System is considered as the weakest
pillar. This is because of its failure to deter individuals in committing crimes as well as the
reformation of inmates. This is evident in the increasing number of inmates in jails or prisons.
Hence, the need of prison management is necessary to rehabilitate inmates and transform them
to become law-abiding citizens after their release.
CORRECTIONAL AGENCIES
1. Bureau of Corrections
2. Parole and Probation Administration
3. Board of Pardons and Parole
4. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
5. Provincial Rehabilitation Center
6. City/Municipal Rehabilitation Centers
7. Regional Youth Rehabilitation Center
Correction is the fourth pillar of the criminal justice system. This pillar takes over once the
accused, after having been found guilty, is meted out the penalty for the crime he committed. He
can apply for probation or he could be turned over to a non-institutional or institutional agency or
facility for custodial treatment and rehabilitation. The offender could avail of the benefits of parole
or executive clemency once he has served the minimum period of his sentence.
When the penalty is imprisonment, the sentence is carried out either in the municipal,
provincial or national penitentiary depending on the length of the sentence meted out.
MODELS OF CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION
1. Responsibility Model
This stresses prisoners’ responsibility for their own actions, not administrative control to
assure prescribed behavior. Proper classification of inmates according to this model, permits
placing prisoners in the least restrictive prison consistent with security, safety, and humane
confinement. Prisoners should be given a significant degree of freedom and then held to account
for their actions.
2. Custodial Model
This model is based on the assumption that prisoners have been incarcerated for the
protection of society and for the purpose of incapacitation, deterrence and retribution.
It emphasizes maintenance and security and order through the subordination of the
prisoner to the authority of warden. Discipline is strictly applied and most aspect of behavior is
regulated.
3. Control Model
This model emphasizes on prisoner obedience, work and education.
4. Rehabilitation Model
In this model, security and housekeeping activities are viewed primarily as a framework
for rehabilitative efforts. Professional treatment specialist enjoys a higher status than other
employees in accordance with the idea that all aspect of prison management should be directed
towards rehabilitation.
5. Reintegration Model
In this model, it linked to the structures and goals of community corrections but has direct
impact on prison operations. Although an offender is confined in prison, that experience is pointed
toward reintegration into society.
This kind of treatment gradually gives inmates greater freedom and responsibility during
their confinement and move them into a halfway house, work release programs or community
correctional center before releasing them to supervision. Consistent with the perspective of
community corrections, this model is based on the assumption that it is important for the offender
to maintain or develop ties with the free society. The entire focus of this approach is on the
resumption of a normal life.
6. Total Institution Model
This model is one that completely encapsulates the lives of the people who work and live
inside the jail or prison. A prison must be such an institution in the sense that whatever prisoners
do or do not do begins and end there; every minute behind bars must be lived in accordance with
the rules as enforced by the staff.
Adding to the totality of the prison is a basic split between large groups of inmates. Those
who have limited contact with the outside world and the small group of the staff members who
supervise the inmates and yet socially integrated with the outside world they live in.
This concept of inmate treatment is probably an influence of the broad goals of

incarceration. When we look at a prison, it is natural to believe that retribution, incapacitation and
deterrence are the goals being advanced, but one also knows that the most sought-after goal is
the rehabilitation of the offender.
7. Penitentiary Model
This model applies two systems namely: the separate and the congregate.
The separate system used solitary confinement and manual labor in which the prisoners
were kept separate from one another as well as from the outside world. The congregate system
is one in which the prisoners slept in solitary cells, worked together but complete silence is
observed. They are united but no moral connection exists among them. They see without knowing
each other. They are in a society without mental intercourse because there was no communication
and hence no interaction.
The penitentiary was practice as custodial institution. It demanded absolute obedience

from criminals who have never learned to respect limits, follow rules or put in an honest day’s
work and who, moreover, were filthy elements of the society.
8. Progressive Model
The New York’s famous Elmira Reformatory is described as the original model from which
progressive penology evolved.
It was praised as humanitarian “hospital” or “college on the hill”, the model developed a
new, liberating reformatory and produced a kind of scientific penitentiary.
CHAPTER 2
NATURE AND TRENDS OF PUNISHMENT
WHAT IS PUNISHMENT?
Punishment is a means of social control. It is a device to cause people to become

cohesive and to induce conformity. People believe that punishment is effective as a means of
social control but this belief is doubtful. There is no question, however, that some forms of
punishment are more effective in one society than in another. For example, punishment in a small
well-ordered community, where people practically know everybody, is more effective in inducing
conformity than in a highly mobile metropolitan city.
The general concept of punishment is that it is infliction of some sort of pain on the
offender for violating the law. This definition is not complete in the sense that it does not mention
the condition under which punishment is administered or applied.
In the legal sense, it is more individual redress, or personal revenge. Punishment,

therefore, is defined as the redress that the state takes against an offending member.
Punishment is restricted to such suffering as is inflicted upon the offender in a definite way
by, or in the name of, the society of which he is a permanent member. Punishment must be
intended and not accidental, to produce some sort of justified suffering on the offender.
It is essential that the offender should be forcibly made to suffer and that society is justified
in making him suffer. Punishment is a form of disapproval for certain behaviors that is followed by
imposing a penalty.
Punishment makes the offender stigmatized and penalized. The offender may or may not
actually suffer, under the intentional application of punishment, depending on the circumstances
it is applied and the toughness of the individual offender.
FORMS OF PUNISHMENT IN PRIMITIVE SOCIETY
1. Death penalty
a. Hanging
b. Beheading
c. Breaking wheel or Catherine wheel
d. Burning
e. immersing in boiling oil
f. Feeding to wild animals
g. Other barbaric ways or medieval executions.
2. Physical Torture/ Corporal Punishment

a. by flogging/whipping
b. Mutilation/maiming
c. Disfiguration
3. Public humiliation and shaming – also known as social degradation or putting the offender into
shame or humiliation
a. the use of stocks and pillory
b. docking stool
c. branding
d. shaving off the hair, etc.
4. Banishment or exile - sending or putting away of an offender which was carried out either by
prohibition against coming into a specified territory such as an island to where the offender
has been removed.
5. Other similar forms of punishment like transportation and slavery.
EARLY FORMS OF PRISON DISCIPLINE
1. Hard Labor - productive works.
2. Deprivation – deprivation of everything except the bare essentials of existence
3. Monotony – giving the same food that is “off” diet, or requiring the prisoners to perform drab
or boring daily routine.
4. Uniformity – “we treat the prisoners alike”. “the fault of one is the fault of all”.
5. Mass Movement – mass living in cell blocks, mass eating, mass recreation, mass bathing.
6. Degradation – uttering insulting words or languages on the part of prison staff to the prisoners
to degrade or break the confidence of prisoners.
7. Corporal Punishment – imposing brutal punishment or employing physical force to intimidate

a delinquent inmate.
8. Isolation or Solitary Confinement – non-communication, limited news, “the lone wolf”.
CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT
1. Imprisonment – putting the offender in prison for the purpose of protecting the public against
criminal activities and at the same time rehabilitating the prisoners by requiring them to
undergo institutional treatment programs.
2. Parole - a conditional release of prisoners after serving part of his/her sentence in prison for
the purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to free life under the guidance and supervision
of a parole officer.
3. Probation – a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense, the penalty of

which does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions imposed
by the releasing court and under the supervision of a probation officer.
4. Fine – an amount given as a compensation for a criminal act.
5. Destierro – the penalty of banishing a person from the place where he committed a crime,
prohibiting him to get near or enter the 25-kilometer perimeter.
JUSTIFICATIONS OR PURPOSES OF PUNISHMENT
1. Retribution
The punishment should be provided by the state whose sanction is violated, to afford the
society or the individual the opportunity of imposing upon the offender suitable punishment as
might be enforced. Offenders should be punished because they deserve it.
In primitive days punishment of the transgressor was carried out in the form of personal
vengeance. Since there were no written laws and no courts, the victim of a crime was allowed to
obtain his redress in the way he saw fit. Oftentimes, the retaliatory act resulted to infliction of
greater injury or loss than the original crime, so that the latter victim was perforce afforded his
revere.
Punishment therefore became unending vendetta between the offender and the victim.
Later, an attempt was made to limit the retaliation to the degree of injury inflicted, thus the
philosophy of “an eye for an eye” evolved. During this period nearly all offenses that are now
included in criminal codes as public crimes, were considered private offenses for which the victims
were allowed their redress through personal vengeance.
There were a few offenses, however, which were regarded as crimes committed against
the native gods. People being then superstitious, believed that any catastrophe that befell the
group was a retaliation of an offended god. In order to appease the offended god, the social group
or clan demanded that the supposed offended be banished or put to death. Witchcraft was
considered a public crime and person suspected of being a witch was tortured, banished or put
to death.
2. Expiation or Atonement
It is punishment in the form of group vengeance where the purpose is to appease the
offended public or group.
This theory or justification of punishment was also advocated during the pre-historic days.
A sort of common understanding and sympathetic feeling developed in the group. An offense
committed by a member against another member of the same clan or group aroused the
condemnation of the whole group against the offending member.
The group would therefore demand that the offender be punished. When punishment is
exacted visibly or publicly for the purpose of appeasing the social group, the element of expiation
is present. Expiation is therefore, group vengeance as distinguish from retribution which is
personal vengeance.
Punishing the offender gives the community a sense of its moral superiority, an assurance
that virtue is rewarded after all. Hostile action against the offender brings about cohesiveness in
society. Corporal punishment in most modern countries has been abolished and the application
of punishment has tended to be withdrawn from the public eye. Some segments of society,
however, still cling to the belief wrong doing or in order that punishment be punishment.
3. Deterrence
It is the punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing to others what would happen
to them if they violate the law. Punishment is imposed to warn potential offenders that they cannot
afford to do what the offender has done. This is the essence of deterrence as a justification for
punishment.
Cesare Beccaria, an exponent of the Classical School of Criminology and whose writings
at the end of the 18th century renovated the punitive justice system of Europe, contended that the
intent of punishment should not be to torture the criminal or to undo the crime (expiation) but to
“prevent others from committing a like offense”. He advocated the theory that “a punishment
should have only that degree of severity which is sufficient to deter others. It is doubtful if
punishment is as the proponents think.
In one New England state during the 18th Century, theft was punishable by whipping the
offender in the public plaza. The purpose of whipping the thief within the public view was to deter
others from committing the same offense. Public whipping, however, did not diminish the
incidence of the theft in that state.
In England during the 18th century, pick pocketing was one of fifty offenses punishable by
hanging. The offender was hanged on a Sunday afternoon in order to draw the largest number of
spectators. The hanging would be preceded by a brass band playing in the morning until in the
afternoon. On this occasion, thousands of spectators would mill their way in the crowd to obtain
better view of the victim at the condemned man was executed. On this same occasion
professional pick pocketers were busy plying their trade in the crowd.
The multitude that came to view the hanging were there to see how the offenders
withstood their fate, how callous they were, and how they would react to the jeers and
chastisement of the crowd. In some instances, punishment undoubtedly has a deterring effect.
For the great mass of infractions of the law, however, the fear of punishment does not enter into
the causation.
The conception of deterrence presumes that the person thinks before he acts and that all
he has to do is to think of the consequences and then he will be deterred. Actually, this is not so
because offenders commit crimes without the fear of punishment uppermost in their minds.
There are certain types of offenders who could not be deterred by the fear of punishment,
namely, the behavior of the moment type involved in crimes of anger and passion; and the type
of offender whose antisocial behavior is connected with his personality pattern and is part of his
approach to life as exemplified by the psychopathic offender and the neurotic offender.
There is no doubt, however, that some types of offenders, particularly first offenders, can
be stigmatized by the lightest form of punishment. To others more inured in crime; going in and
out of penal institutions does not deter.
4. Protection or Incapacitation
It means that the public will be protected if the offender has been held in conditions where
he cannot harm others especially the public. Punishment is effected by placing offenders in prison
so that society will be ensured from further criminal depredations of criminals.
Protection as a justification of punishment came after prisons, were fully established.

People believe that by putting the offender in prison, society is protected from his further criminal
depredation. If this were so, vicious and society is protected from his further criminal depredation.
If this were so, vicious and dangerous criminals should be made to serve long terms of
imprisonment. Recidivism and habitual delinquency laws are expected to attain this end.
5. Reformation or Rehabilitation
It is the establishment of the usefulness and responsibility of the offender. Society’s

interest can be better served by helping the prisoner to become law abiding citizen and productive
upon his return to the community by requiring him to undergo intensive program of rehabilitation
in prison.
This is the latest justification of punishment. Under this theory, society can best be
protected from crime if the purpose of imprisonment is to reform or rehabilitate the
prisoner. Advocates of this theory contend that since punishment does not deter; in as much as
imprisonment does not protect society from further commission of crimes because the greater
portion of the criminal population is at large; and because prisoners stay in prison for a short time,
from 3 to 5 years only, society’s interest can best be served by helping the prisoner become a
law-abiding and productive citizen upon his return to the community by making him undergo an
intensive program of rehabilitation in prison.
Theoretically, imprisonment for reformation is sound, but practically, rehabilitation is

difficult to achieve. Some prisoners are reformed, but about 50% get relapses. Failure to reform
prisoners may be due to poor administration of the reformatory program, or it may lie in the make-
up of the criminal population.
Probation, which is a substitute for imprisonment, and parole which an early release from
prison, are intended to reform the offender. A new concept of correctional administration has
developed; thus, reformation and rehabilitation are now thought of as “treatment”. Treatment
through institutional programs and through probation and parole services is the modern version
of reformation and rehabilitation.
LIMITATIONS OF PUNISHMENT
Punishment has certain limitations on the offender, in spite of the above -enumerated
justifications.
1. Punishment makes the criminal cautious about concealing his criminal activities.
2. Stigmatizes him and isolates him from society;
3. Makes him a martyr or a hero; and
4. Develops in him an antisocial grudge and a strong resentment of authority.
Punishment on the other hand does not deter; does not repair damage to society; or
reconstruct the personality of the offender.
TRENDS OF PUNISHMENT
The principal trends of punishment are the following:
1. Development of exemptions, pardon, and communications;

2. The decline in the severity of punishment;
3. The growth of imprisonment and its modifications;
4. Good time allowances;
5. Indeterminate sentences;
6. Suspended sentence and probation, conditional release, parole, short sentences, and fines.
EXEMPTIONS OF PUNISHMENT
The basis for exemptions is usually social. In Europe, Kings and Rulers in ancient and early
modern society could do no wrong. Upper classmen were often times exempted from criminal
liability for offences, which caused the commoner long imprisonment or death penalty.
Most countries today do not punish offenders for absence of “mens rea”, that is absence
of a guilty mind or lack of criminal intent. The right of sanctuary was practiced in the early
Christian era. The benefit of clergy was originally given to clerics who did not wear ecclesiastical
robes from being tried by lay courts but only by ecclesiastical courts. Later the privilege was
extended to anyone who could read and write.
Age of the offender was another basis for exemption from criminal responsible. Under
juvenile delinquents are not legally classified as criminals.
The mental condition of the offender is another basis for exemption from criminal
responsibility. The M’Naghtan case of England (1843) held the opinion that an offender is to be
considered sane and responsible until is proven that he was insane at the act was committed, and
therefore, could not have known right from wrong. This doctrine holds true in every progressive
country today.
Reformist would want the criminal insane, such as the criminal psychopaths and criminal
neurotics, handled by special laws and procedures in courts and to provide specialized mental
institutions for their care. There is now a move that in cases where the plea is “no responsibility”
because of insanity or mental disturbance, juries should be concerned only with the problems of
establishing guilt and that a panel of experts appointed by the courts; should determine the
disposition to be made of the case.
CHAPTER 3
PENALTY AND THE MODERN PERIOD OF CORRECTION
WHAT IS PENALTY?
Penalty is defined as the suffering inflicted by the state against an offending

member for the transgression of law.
JURIDICAL CONDITIONS OF PENALTY
Punishment must be:

1. Productive of suffering – without however affecting the integrity of the human personality.
2. Commensurate with the offense – different crimes must be punished with different penalties
(Art. 25, RPC).
3. Personal – the guilty one must be the one to be punished, no proxy.
4. Legal – the consequence must be in accordance with the law.
5. Equal – equal for all persons.
6. Certain – no one must escape its effects.
7. Correctional – changes the attitude of offenders and become law-abiding citizens.
HISTORICAL FEATURES OF PENALTY
1. Retaliation (personal vengeance) – was the earliest remedy for a wrong act to anyone. The
concept of personal revenge by the victim’s family or tribe against the family or tribe of the
offender, hence “blood feuds” was accepted in the early primitive societies.
2. Fines and Punishment – customs have exerted effort and great force among primitive
societies. The acceptance of vengeance in the form of payment (cattle, food, personal
services, etc.) became accepted as dictated by tribal traditions.
3. Securing Sanctuary – as early as the 13th century, a criminal could avoid punishment by
claiming refugee in a church for a period of 40 days.
4. In England at about 1468, torture as a form of punishment became prevalent. Transportation

of criminals in England was authorized. At the end of the century, Russia and other European
countries followed this system. It partially relieved overcrowding of prisons. It was later
abandoned in 1835.
5. Death Penalty became prevalent as a form of punishment during the 17th and 18th Century.
6. GAOLS (Jails) were common. These are pre-trial detention facilities operated in England.
7. GALLEYS were used. These are long, low, narrow, single decked ship used for transportation
of criminals in the 16th Century.
8. HULKS – were abandoned warships used to house prisoners were utilized, converted into
prisons as mean to relieve congestion of prisons. They were known as the “Floating Hells”.
THE EARLY LEGAL SYSTEM
There are three main legal systems influential around the world, and have been extended
to and adopted by all countries aside from those that produced them. In their chronological order,
they are:
1. Roman Laws
2. Mohammedan or Arabic Laws
3. Anglo – American Laws
Among the three, it was the Roman law that has the most lasting and most pervading
influence. The Roman private law (which include Criminal Law), inconsistent which sharply define,
in concise and inconsistent terminology, mature rules and complete system, logical and firm,
tempered with high sense of equity.
THE EARLY LEGAL CODES
1. Babylonians and Sumerian Codes
a. Code of Ur-Nammu (ca 2050 BC) – Through archeologist diggings, scientists have
acknowledged that the first law of system in the world belonged to the Mesopotamians,
especially the Sumerians. One of the most ancient legislators, Ur - Nammu, who was of
the city of Ur had a code detailing the punishments for witchcraft, the escapades of slaves
and assault.
b. Code of Eshnunna (ca 1930 BC) – a Sumerian code which forbid accepting money or
objects “from a hand of a slave” or making loans (that is any transactions with a slave).
Moneylenders are likewise forbidden from taking hostages, whether free men or slaves.
c. Codes of Lipit – Istahr (ca 1860 BC) – a more popular version the Sumerian law which
chronicles the rights of citizens, marriages, successions, property rights and penalties.
d. Code of Hammurabi (ca 1780 BC) – the Babylonian code that prescribes harsh
punishment. Punishments were calculated according to lex talionis-law of retaliation.
Death penalties could also be imposed on crimes such as murder, and several kinds of
execution, depending on the nature of the crime.
2. The Greek and Roman Codes
a. Greek Code of Draco (621 BC)- In Greece around 621 BC, the Code of Draco was
enforced, a hash code that provides the same punishment for both citizens and the slaves
as it incorporates primitive concepts. The penalty for many offenses was death; so severe,
that the word “draconian” comes from his name and has the come to mean, in the English
language, an unreasonably harsh law. The Draco laws were the first written laws of
Greece. These laws introduced the state’s exclusive role in punishing person accused of
crime, instead of relying on private justice. Thus, the Greeks were the first society to allow
any citizens to prosecute the offender in the name of the injured party.
b. Solon’s Law (530 BC) – This law repealed Draco’s laws allowed capital punishment only
for a limited number of serious offenses, such as murder or military or political offenses
against the state. It also gave the right representation, of every person to claim redress on
behalf of another to whom wrong was being done.
c. The Twelve Tables (450 BC)- represented the earliest codification of Roman Law which
was later on incorporated into the Justinian Code. It is the foundation of all public and
private law of the Romans until the tie of Justinian. It is also a collection of legal principles
engraved on metal tablets and set up on the forum.
d. Justinian Code- 6TH C A.D. Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code of law. This was
an effort to match a desirable amount of punishment to all possible crimes. However, the
law did not survive due to the fall of the Roman Empire but left a foundation of Western
legal codes.
3. The French Code
a. Burgundian Code (500 A.D.) – also known as Lex Burgundionum, published in about
475 in Burgundy, now Southeastern France. The codification married German to Roman
Law as well as advising other unique and novel aspects of written private law which
influenced the course of laws of Europe.
4. The Secular Laws
a. Secular Laws (4th AD)- WERE ADVOCATED BY Christian philosophers who recognizes
the need for justice. Some of the proponents these laws were St. Augustine and St.
Thomas Aquinas. During this period, three law were distinguished: External Law (Lex
Externa), Natural Laws (Lex Naturalis) are intended for the common good, but the human
law only becomes valid it does not conflict with the other two laws.
5. The Chinese Codes
a. Qin Code - During the Chin or Qin Dynasty of 221-206 BC, the King of Qin (aka Ch’in)
managed to defeat most of the other kings and was able to consolidate power over much
of modern-day territory of China. The Emperor of Ch’in heeded Han Fei’s (Han Fei Tze
280-233 BC was a Chinise Jurist) advice and consolidate his rule with a harsh penal code
for all- the Qin Code (also called the Chin Code). The Qin Code encoded the Confucian
base from which most Chinese law had benefited to date.
b. Han Code - In 206 BC, the Han Dynasty began and the Confucius legal policy was
reinvented with a vengeance and thereafter remained as the “dominant force” behind
Chinese law right up 1949. The legal reform was led by the benevolent spirit of Liu Pang
(aka Liu Bang), emperor of China from 206-195 BC. He stated publicly that there were far
too many laws. So, he whittled it down to three; prohibitions against murder, injury and
theft.
c. The Tang Code- (Tanlü Shuyi) – developed during the dynasty of the same name, circa
624, and as substantially revised in a second edition which issued in 637. The code
revised earlier existing Chinese codes and standardized procedures. For examples, there
were only two ways to perform capital punishment on a convicted criminal: beheading or
hanging.
d. The Ming Codes (Daming Lu)- were a succession of consolidations of the criminal law
in China, developed during the Ming Dynasty of 1368-1644.
e. Qing Code - In 1644, Chinese law was again altered by the publication of the Qing Code,
the last of the great law codes of the Chinese dynasties. Some Confucian features of the
Qing Code included deference to the family hierarchy were even the accidental death of
an elder meant death. Conversely, if a child cursed an elder and the child was then beaten
to death, the punishment to the offender was relatively mild.
THE EARLY PRISONS
1. Mamertine Prison/ “Carcere Mamertino” (600 BC) - The oldest known prison can be traced
to the Ancient Rome’s series of dungeons. It was originally designed as reservoir for water.
2. Le Stinche Prison - built in the 1290s in Florence, Italy, housed male inmates separately
from female inmates, and also segregated inmates by age group, degree of sanity, and
severity of offense.
3. Chateau d’If (pronounced as shat-o-dead) 1524 - fortress that was built on the rocky islet of
If, 2 miles off the French port of Marseilles. In 1580 it was taken into use as a state prison for
those convicted of serious political and religious crimes.
4. Bridewell Prison (1557) - the most popular workhouse in London which was built for the
employment and housing of English prisoners.
5. Maison de Force (1627) - a house of correction in Ghen, Belgium which separate adult from
juveniles and woman from men, an innovation to prison system during the 1600s.
6. Hospice of San Michele (1704) – an old included special facilities and programs for juvenile
offenders.
7. Walnut Street Jail (1776) – was originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia was
converted into a state prison and became the first American Penitentiary.
8. Devil’s Island (Isle du Diable) 1852 - the most notorious prison in the world in terms of the
harshness of it regime and position. The island is situated in the Atlantic off the coast of French
Guiana (N.E coastline of S. America) and was in use from 1852 to 1946.
9. Alcatraz (The Rock) 1850 - the prison is located on an island in San Francisco Bay. It was
built for the military in the 1850’s and used by them, as a fort and a prison until 1933 when it
passed to the Department of Justice and became a civil prison until it was closed in 1963.
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN PRISONS AND JAILS
The historical timeline on prison development is hereby presented below:
1. 1700 - Early punishments included transportation, indentured servitude and economic

sanctions, public humiliation, pillory, stocks and ducking stools.
2. 1704 - The Hospice of San Michele (Rome), Maison de Force (Ghent Belgium) – Two
very famous prison were the hospice of san Michele and the Maison de Force Ghent, Belgium.
Inmates were whipped and had to adhere to the rule of silence. These prisons were
considered to be ideals models of the prison institution at the time.
3. 1726 – Reform (JOHN HOWARD) – John Howard was a Christian activist who fought for
prison reform. He inspected jails in order to ensure that prisoners received humane treatment.
4. 1770 – Gaols (early jails - England) - Gaols / Jails were very small with few inmates. These
institutions operated on a fee system.
5. 1787 – Philadelphia prison Society (Benjamin Rush) – with the help of Quakers, he worked
to improve conditions for prisoner housed in the “Walnut Street Jail” in Philadelphia.
6. 1790 – Inspection house (Panopticon) – Jeremy Bentham was founder of the British
utilitarianism movement which suggested that laws should be evaluated to ensure that they
are ethical and useful. He designed a model prison which was referred to as the “Panopticon”.
7. 1800 – Parole – Began at the end of the 1800s. When it was instituted, many prisoners were
already receiving clemency, pardons and early release for good behavior. Parole began with
reformation but spread to all prisoners.
8. 1813 - Elizabeth Gurney Fry – worked to improve conditions for women who were
imprisoned.
9. 1822 – Eastern State Penitentiary – was built on the outskirts of Philadelphia. Prisoners
were in solitary confinement. This model was referred as an isolate system. The solitary
confinement and penance would lead to rehabilitation of prisoners. Prisoners were also given
a work detail which consisted of handicrafts.
10. 1825 – Auburn and Sing Sing Penitentiary (Mass Prisons) - a congregate system was
used. A rule of silence was enforced to keep the prisoners from corrupting one another. Strict
control and severed discipline were common. Whipping was common.
11. 1873 – The Indiana State Reformation (First Separate Prison For Women) - This was the
first separate female prison. Before instituting the first female prison, women were housed
with men. They also received the same punishment as men. For that reason, women were
preyed upon by both inmates and prison guards. In the early female prisons, women were
often housed in cottages. The conditions for women in state prisons remained the same. They
were subject to abuse and often required to endure long hours of hard labor.
12. 1876 – Reformatory (Elmira System) – this was a prison system designed to house young
men. It was believed that younger prisoners were capable of rehabilitation. An academic
program was put in place and athletics was encouraged. The silent system was not used. A
rewards system was used. Corporal punishment was used to control behavior.
13. 1878 – Probation (John Augustus) - was a humble shoemaker who advocated for fair
treatment of criminals. He housed offenders who were sentenced to prison. After helping them
get back on their feet, he would go to court with them. If their probationary program was
satisfactory, the original sentence was suspended. The actual legal statute for probation was
passed first by Massachusetts in 1878. Probation still exists today as a community-based
correction model.
14. 1890 - The Industrial Prison - In an effort to meet the demands of the increasing prison
population, the industrial prisons emerged. These prisons had heightened security via high
brick walls and guard towers. Prisoners worked with steel, made cabinets and other goods to
be sold on the market.
15. 1899 - Juvenile Court - A special court for under age offender was established. This type of
court was informal and the goal was for young offenders to be rehabilitated. Vocational and
academic programs were encouraged. Judges were expected to avoid custody if possible.
16. 1945 - The Treatment Era - During this postwar boom, there was an interest to reform prisons.
After conducting research, it was determined that a ‘’medical model’’ should be used in the
prison system. Prisoners were considered ill and the cure would be rehabilitation through
treatment.
17. 1967 - The Community Based Era (Deinstitutionalization) - A more Humanistic approach
was envisioned; the community base approach would help the inmate and it would help solve
the problem of overcrowding prisons. Inmates took part in half-way houses and job release
programs. Some were even allowed week end furloughs to visit family and loved ones.
18. 1980 - The ‘’Warehousing’’ Era - after many studies showed that efforts to rehabilitate
criminal’s mere failing miserably, it was evident that a new approach should be used. This led
to the “nothing works” doctrine. The new approach would be to simply put criminals away so
they would be simply put criminals away so they would no longer be a menace to society. This
is when the term “warehousing” began to surface. Prisoners were put away for determined
periods of time without the earlier frills of treatment and “coddling”.
19. 1995 - The “Just Deserts Era” - the “just deserts” doctrine goes back to the basic. Prisoners
are held responsible for their actions. There is no attempt to explain away their criminality.
This plain and simple approach emerged because of the embarrassing recidivism rate.
THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
18th Century is a century of change. It is the period of recognizing human dignity. It is the
movement of reformation, the period of introduction of certain reforms in the correctional field by
certain person, gradually changing the old positive philosophy of punishment to a more humane
treatment of prisoners with innovational programs.
THE PIONEERS
1. William Penn (1614-1718)

❖ He fought for religious freedom and individual rights.
❖ He is the first leader to prescribe imprisonment as correctional treatment for major
offenders.
❖ He is also responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture as a form of
punishment.
2. Charles Montesquieu (Charles Louis Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu) -

(1689- 1755)
❖ A French historian and philosopher who analyzed law as an expression of justice. He
believes that harsh punishment would undermine morality and that appealing to moral
sentiments as a better means of preventing crime.
3. Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) (1694 - 1778)

❖ He was the most versatile of all philosophers during this period. He believes that fear of
shame was a deterrent to crime. He fought the legality-sanctioned practice of torture.
4. Cesare Bonesa, Marchese de Beccaria (1738-1794)

❖ He wrote an essay entitled “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment”, the most exiting essay
on law during this century. It presented the humanistic goal of law.
5. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

❖ The greatest leader in the reform of English Criminal law. He believes that whatever
punishment designed to negate whatever pleasure or gain the criminal derives from crime;
the crime rate would go down.
❖ He was also the one who devise the ultimate PANOPTICAN PRISON – a prison that
consists of a large circular building containing multi cells around the periphery. It was never
built.
6. John Howard (1726 – 1790)

❖ The sheriff of Bedsfordshire in 1773 who devoted his life and fortune to prison reform. After
his findings on English Prisons, he recommended the following:
a. single cells for sleeping
b. segregation of women
c. segregation of youth
d. provision of sanitation facilities
e. abolition of fee system by which jailers obtained money from prisoners
THE REFORMATORY MOVEMENT

Most of the prisons established between 1819 and 1870 were constructed on the basis
of a program espousing the punitive philosophy, the features of which includes mass treatment,
enforced silenced, idleness, regimented rules and severe punishments.
THE PIONEERS
1. Capt. Alexander Mocanochie – He is the Superintendent of the penal colony at Norfolk

Island in Australia (1840) who introduced a progressive humane system to substitute for
corporal punishment the “Mark System”. A system in which a prisoner is required to earn a
number of marks based on proper department, labor and study in order to entitle him for a
ticket for leave or conditional release which is similar to parole.
Maconochie introduced several other progressive measures, which aimed at rehabilitating

prisoners. He introduced fair disciplinary trials, built churches, distributed books, allowed plays to
be staged, and permitted prisoners to tend small gardens. For his progressive administration of
prisoners, Maconochie should be considered one of the fathers of modern penology.
Maconochie is considered the “Father of Parole System” since the “mark system” was the
forerunner of the modern practice of parole.
2. Manuel Montesimos – The Director of Prisons in Valencia Spain (1835) who divided the
number of prisoners into companies and appointed certain prisoners as petty officers in
charge, which allowed good behavior to prepare the convict for gradual release. Academic
classes of one hour a day were given all inmates under 20 years of age.
3. Frederic – Auguste Demetz – established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in 1839
providing housefathers as in charge of these boys. The system was based on re-education
rather than force. When discharge the boys were place under the supervision of a patron.
4. Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise – The Director of the English Prison who opened the Borstal
Institution for young offenders. The Borstal Institution is considered as the best reform
institution for young offenders today.
5. Sir Walter Crofton – He is the Director of the Irish Prison in 1854 who introduced the Irish
system that was modified from the Mocanochie’s mark system called the progressive stage
system.
The first stage of the Irish system was solitary confinement for nine months at a certain
prison. The prisoners at this stage were given reduced diet and allowed monotonous work. The
prisoners progress to a more interesting work, some education, and better treatment toward the
end of the first stage.
The second stage was an assignment to the public works at Spike Island. The prisoner
worked his promotion through a series of the grades, according to a mark system, and wore a
badge of distinction to show his status. The purpose of the mark system and the progression
through grades was to shorten the length of stay.
In the third stage the prisoner was sent to Lurk or Smithfield which was a sort of
preparation for release. Here, the prisoner without custodial supervision and was expose to
ordinary temptations of freedom.
The final stage was the release on supervision under conditions equivalent to present day
parole. The important then to remember in the Irish system is that Crofton attempted to place the
responsibility for self-improvement on the prisoner himself through successive stages.
6. Zebulon R. Brockway – The Director of the Elmira Reformatory in New York (1876) who
introduced certain innovational programs like the following:
a. training school type
b. compulsory education of prisoners
c. casework methods - extensive use of parole
d. indeterminate sentence
Brockway introduced in Elmira a new institutional program for boys from 16 to 30 years of
age. The new prisoner was classified as second grade and was promoted to first grade after six
months of good behavior. Another six months of good behavior in the first grade qualified him for
parole.
If the prisoner committed a missed conduct, he was demoted to third grade where he was
required to show good conduct for one month before he could be reclassified to second grade.
For his efforts, Brockway also got the fame as the Father of American parole system.
WHAT IS THE ELMIRA REFORMATORY?
The Elmira Reformatory is considered forerunner of modern penology because it had

all the elements of a modern system. The Elmira system was based on the indeterminate
sentence and parole.
THE TWO RIVAL PRISON SYSTEM IN THE HISTORY OF CORRECTION
1. The Auburn Prison System (1819) – the prison system called the “Congregate System”.
The prisoners are confined in their own cells during the night and congregate work in shops
during the day. Complete silence was enforced.
2. The Pennsylvania Prison System (1829) – the prisons system called “Solitary System”.
Prisoners are confined in single cells day and night where they lived, they slept, and they ate
and receive religious instructions. Complete Silence was also enforced. They are required to
read the Bible.
States of the United States, which constructed their prisons, patterned them after the
Auburn prison system, while European countries adopted the Pennsylvania system.
GOLDEN AGE OF PENOLOGY
The period from 1870 to 1880 was called the “Golden Age of Penology” because of the
following significant events:
1. 1870 - the National Prison Association, now American Correctional Association, was
organized and its first annual Congress was held in Cincinati, Ohio. In this Congress the
Association adopted a “Declaration of Principles,” so modern, comprehensive in scope that
when it was revised in the prison Congress of 1933, few amendments were made. Since
founding the Association has held annual congresses of corrections in has taken active
leadership in reform movements in the field of crime prevention and treatment of offenders.
2. 1872 - the first International Prison Congress was held in London. Representative of the
government of the United States and European countries attended it. As a result of this
congress, the International Penal and Penitentiary Commission, an inter-governmental
organization was established in 1875 with headquarters at The Hague. The IPPC held
international congresses every five years. In 1950, the IPPC was dissolved in its functions
were transferred to the Social Defense Section of the United Nations.
3. The Elmira Reformatory - which was considered as the forerunner of modern penology, was
opened in Elmira, New York in 1876. The figures of Elmira were a training school type of
institutional program, social casework in the institution, and extensive of parole.
4. The first separate Institutions for Women were established in Indiana and Massachusetts.
DURATION OF PENALTIES
1. Death Penalty – Capital punishment

2. Reclusion Perpetua – life imprisonment, a term of 20-40 yrs imprisonment
3. Reclusion Temporal – 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 years imprisonment
4. Prision Mayor – 6 yrs and 1 day to 12 years
5. Prision Correctional – 6 months and 1 day to 6 years
6. Arresto Mayor – 1 month and 1 day to 6 months
7. Arresto Menor – 1 day to 30 days
8. Bond to Keep the Peace – discretionary on the part of the court.
THE MODERN PERIOD OF CORRECTION
Modern Penal Management incorporates general principles of treating offenders that are
based on humane practices such as the following:
1. Jail or Prison rules shall be applied impartially without discrimination on ground of race, color,
language, religion or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
2. The religious beliefs and moral precepts not contrary to law, which a prisoner holds, must be
respected.
3. Prison or Jail rules and regulations shall be applied with firmness but tempered with
understanding.
4. Custodial force shall, at all times, conduct themselves as good examples.
5. Abusive or indecent language to prisoners shall not be used.
6. Special care towards inmates shall be practiced preventing humiliation or degradation.
7. No use of force must be made by any of the custodial force, except in self-defense or attempt
to escape or in case of passive physical resistance to a lawful order.
8. Custodial force shall bear in mind that prisoners are sick people who need treatment.
THE TREATMENT PROGRAMS
A. The Institutionalized Treatment Programs
1. Prison Education – the cornerstone of rehabilitation. It is the process or result of formal

training in school or classrooms intended to shape the mind and attitude of prisoners towards
good living upon their release.
2. Work Programs – these are programs conducive to change behavior in morale by training
prisoners for a useful occupation. It is purposely to eliminate idleness on the part of prisoners,
which may contribute to “Prison stupor”, and it affects the incidence of Prison riot.
3. Religious Services in Prison - The purpose of this program is to change the attitudes of
inmates by inculcating religious values or belief.
4. Recreational Programs - The only program that is conducted during free time schedule.
5. Medical and Health Services - Medical and health services includes: Mental and physical
examination - Diagnosis and treatment – Immunization – Sanitary - inspections - Participation
in training.
6. Counseling and Casework
CHAPTER 4
ORGANIZATIONS, PROCESSES AND PROGRAMS IN A

CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM
The organization structure of a prison depends on the objectives of the agency. Prisons
are no longer places for retributive punishment of the offender but for his rehabilitation. The best
organizational structure of a prison therefore, is one which serves to carry out the program of
rehabilitation.
The successful administration of a prison depends largely on the personality and
leadership of the warden or director. It is therefore important that he should be a man of unusual
capacity, not only in the general field of administration but also in the more specialized aspects of
correctional administration. He should also have a minimum of 5 years of experience in a
subordinate position of responsibility in a similar organization.
5 IMPORTANT RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE HEAD OF A CORRECTIONAL

INSTITUTION
1. Decision making – The superintendent or warden limits his role to considering policy matters
and major problems. He delegates with confidence, to well-trained subordinate executives,
sufficient authority for management of daily operations in line with established policy.
2. Control prison operations and activities – It has always been important to ensure that the
program and policy are carried out and avoid mismanagement by incompetent personnel or
by individual or group of inmates getting into positions of power. The warden depends more
on sound organization planning, written manual policies and procedures, and an effective
communications system than controlling operations by constant personnel inspection of all
areas and frequent contact with all personnel and a large number of inmates.
3. Public Relation – the superintendent or warden should provide leadership to involve all
personnel in a program aimed at gaining public understanding, goodwill and community
acceptance.
4. Personnel Program – It is the superintendent or warden’s responsibility to provide leadership

and assign responsibility for recruitment, selection, training and supervision of personnel.
5. Executive Leadership – must be constantly demonstrated by the administrative head. He

must offer leadership and motivation to his staff in his personal drive, knowledge and sincerity
of purpose and must tie together all programs or discipline in cementing a meaningful
administrative course.
TYPICAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
The organizational structure should be based on principles of sound management. The

number of division heads responsible and reporting to the warden should be small. This injunction
should also apply to lower levels in the organizational structure.
TYPICAL PRISON OR CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION DISTINCT SUBDIVISIONS
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION
It is charge with the function of personnel including the recruitment and training of
personnel. It is also responsible for the procurement of supplies and materials, plant maintenance
and other administrative services of the institution.
CUSTODIAL DIVISION
It takes charge of all matters pertaining to the custody of prisoners and security of the
institution. This unit is headed by an assistant warden or assistant superintendent. The custodial
group constitutes the bigger number of the personnel in a maximum or medium security prison.
There are five or six levels of rank in the custodial force.
THE PHYSICAL PLANT
The study of the structural designs of prisons since the first prison was established reveals
the physical plants of institutions have changed in accordance with the changing philosophy of
penal work. The early prisons were constructed as strong and as escape proof as could be suit the
purpose of imprisonment which was then penitence. Modern trends of correctional administration
encourage the use of open institutions in line with the present concept of rehabilitation as the
objective of the correctional system.
The physical plant of big prisons in the past has always handicapped the rehabilitation
work of the administrators. The fundamental characteristics of prison architecture lag far behind
from the progress that correctional ideals and techniques have developed. The goals of correctional
work can far be realized, not until the physical plant of correctional institutions brought into basic
harmony with the assumptions and requirements of the philosophy of rehabilitation. The design of
an institution can and does affect the operational prison atmosphere.
THE DIVERSIFIED STATE SYSTEM AND THE SINGLE INSTITUTION
Diversification Process – Effective diversification of institution within the correctional

system is based upon some system of classification as follows:
a. Diversification by age – It is generally accepted practice that boys and girls under the age
of 18 should be segregated from the older group.
b. Diversification by sex – There is a general agreement on the principle that women prisoners
should be kept in special buildings located on the same site with the men’s prison, in some
cases, on top floor the administration building and similar unsatisfactory arrangement.
c. Diversification by Degree of custody – Correctional institutions are mostly diversified on

the basis of degree of custody, among which are the following:
❖ Super Security Facility – A small portion of any prison population consists of incorrigibles,
recidivists, escape artists and chronic troublemakers. This category of prisoners should be
confined in a unit or institution separate from the general population. Ideally, they should be
confined in a super maximum type of prison, if such facility is available, where escape is quite
impossible.
❖ Maximum Security Institution – this type of institution is characterized by a thick wall of all
enclosures, 18 – 25 feet high. On top of the walls are catwalks along which the guards patrol
at night. At corners and strategic places are tower posts manned by heavily armed guards.
The housing units within the walls are the interior cell block type. Inmates confined in these
types of institutions are not allowed to work outside the institutions but are assigned to
industrial shops within the prison compound.
❖ Medium Security Institution – This type of institution is usually enclosed by two layers of
wire fence. The inner fence is 12 – 14 high with curb and the outer fence is 8 – 12 feet high.
The two fences are from 18 – 20 feet apart. Usually, the top portion of the fence is provided
with a barbed wire. The perimeter fence requires a minimum number of personnel to guard it.
The housing units consist of outer single cells, rooms and dormitories. The inmates may be
allowed to work outside the fence under guard escorts.
❖ Minimum Security Institution – This type of institution is usually without a fence, and if there
is one, its purpose is to keep away the civilian population from entering the institution rather
than preventing escapes. There are no bars or keys to dormitories or armed guards within the
institution. The housing units are composed of dormitories requiring little or no supervision by
correctional workers.
❖ Special Security Facility – About two percent of an unselected prison population will consists
of incorrigibles, intractable and dangerous persons who are difficult to manage that they are
a source of constant disturbance and difficulty even in the typical maximum-security institution.
They are so few in number that even in big prison system it is not feasible to put up a special
institution for them. The need for heavy custodial restraints in a maximum custody prison,
calls for a large employee – inmate ratio. The smallness of the institution makes operating
costs prohibitive. The normal practical solution is to build a special security facility within the
confines of the maximum institution. The facility within the larger institution should be located
and constructed in such a way that any general disturbance within the building will not tend to
excite or inflame the general population.
INMATES AND PROGRAM RELATIONSHIP
Generally, prison administrators have attempted to fit a program as best they can do into
an existing facility, and for tailoring the program to these facilities. Careful analysis of the types of
inmates and the appropriate program for each type should be considered. The plan should
consider the following:
a. Selection of the site
b. Size of the institution
c. Custodial characteristics of the institution
d. Segregation
CLASSIFICATION PROCESS
Classification is a method by which diagnosis, treatment, planning and execution of

treatment program are coordinated in the individual case. It is where the rehabilitation program of
the prisoner is carried out.
The objectives of classification are development of an integrated and realistic programs of
the prisoners arrive at, through the coordination of diagnosis, planning and treatment activities;
and an informed continuity of these activities from arrival to release of the prisoners.
The first two phases of the classification process namely: diagnosis and treatment
planning take place in the reception center, which is a special unit separate from the prison or
in the classification clinic of the prison.
The third phase which is the execution of the treatment program takes place in the
operating institution or prison.
THE RECEPTION DIAGNOSTIC CENTER
Prisoners must undergo a diagnostic examination, study and observation for the purpose
of determining the program of treatment and training best’ suited to their needs and the institution
to which they should be transferred. These processes take place in the Reception and Diagnostic
Center within the first 60 days of their commitment to prison.
It is composed of the following staff members:
1. The Psychiatrist – responsible in the examination of the prisoner’s mental and emotional
make-up.
2. The Psychologist – responsible to conduct study on the character and behavior of the
prisoners.
3. The Sociologist – study the social case situation of the individual prisoner.
4. The Educational Counselor – conducts orientation classes in order to change inmates’
attitude towards education and recommends educational program for the prisoner.
5. The Vocational Counselor – to test the prisoner’s special abilities, interest and skills and
recommends for the vocational course best suited to the prisoner.
6. The Chaplain – encourage the prisoner to participate in religious activities.
7. The Medical Officer – conducts physical examination and recommends medical treatment of
prisoners.
8. Custodial - Correctional Officer – recommends the transfer and type of custody of inmates.
ADMISSION PROCEDURES IN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES
1. Receiving – the new prisoner is received at the RDC. The new prisoner usually comes from
a provincial or city jail where he was immediately committed upon conviction by the court, and
escorted by the escort platoon during his transfer to the National Prison.
2. Checking of commitment papers – the receiving officer checks the commitment papers if
they are in order. That is, if they contain the signature of the judge or the signature of the clerk
of court, and the seal of the court.
3. Identification – the prisoner’s identity is established through the picture and fingerprint
appearing in the commitment order. This is to ensure that the person being committed is the
same as the person being named in the commitment order.
4. Searching – this step involves the frisking of the prisoner and searching his personal things.
Weapons and other items classified as contraband are confiscated and deposited to the
property custodian. Other properties are deposited with the trust fund officer under recording
and receipts.
5. Issuance of clothes and equipment – From the receiving office, the new prisoner goes to
the supply room where he receives his prison uniform, mosquito net and beddings.
6. Assignment to quarters – After the prisoner is issued his clothing’s and beddings, he is brief
and oriented with prison rules.
7. Briefing and orientation – the prisoner will be brief and oriented on the rules and regulations
of the prison before he will be assigned to the RDC or the quarantine unit. The quarantine
may be a unit of the prison or a section of the Reception Center.
THE QUARANTINE UNIT
The new prisoner spends from 7 to days in the quarantine unit. During this period, he is
given thorough physical examination including blood test, X-rays and vaccinations.
One purpose of the quarantine is to ensure that the prisoner is not suffering from any
contagious diseases. The results of the examination are submitted to the Chief of the Center in
written form. The report forms part of the diagnostic record of the prisoner.
THE ORIENTATION PROCEDURES
The initial contacts of the prisoners with the Center are very meaningful. The first
impressions received by him may affect his entire institutional adjustment.
The orientation of the prisoners takes place within the first few days in the Center. It
consists of giving them a booklet of rules and regulations and explaining the rules to them;
conducting group meetings of Center inmates to explain the purposes of the treatment programs;
holding sessions with the Chief and individual members of the Center staff to explain the basic
purpose of the center and what the inmates should do in order to profit from their experiences.
THE TESTING PROGRAMS
In order that-each staff member can profit from psychological test results, group testing of
inmates should be scheduled one or - two weeks after arrival. Psychiatric - examinations should
also be given early during the stay of the inmate because the psychiatric analysis of the personality
of the inmate is very valuable to the rest of the staff.
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
After undergoing quarantine and orientation, the inmate is ready to go into a regularly
scheduled program which will continue until his last day in the Center. Some of these activities are
as follows:
1. Educational Program — the inmate attends literacy and citizenship classes and group therapy
sessions. The objectives of the educational classes in the Center are to determine the
educational possibilities of the inmate which may be pursued or encouraged in prison, and to
encourage, through group sessions, the individual to talk out his problems, to lend him to
recognize desirable goals and ways of attaining them.
2. Vocational Program — the inmate is given on-the-job training and observation to determine
his vocational interests and abilities and to determine his attitude toward work.
3. Physical Training and Recreation — this program is aimed at building the morale as well as
helping maintains the well-being of the prisoners. Also, it affords an opportunity for supervisors
to observe how the inmate reacts to various situations /which are very revealing of the
personality of the prisoner.
4. Staff Interviews — it is desirable that all members of the staff interview every inmate on whom
they are required to render a report. Each staff member should plan his interviews so that his
questions are pointed toward securing the information which will help him analyze the phase of
the study for which he is responsible. Each report should give indication of the staff member's
impression of the personality of the inmates.
THE STAFF CONFERENCE
When the prisoner is through with all tests, interviews and examinations, he is ready "for
the staff conference, sometimes called "guidance conference” or "case conference". The inmate
appears before the Center's staff in conference to plan out with: him his - tentative program of
treatment and training.
Every member of the staff gives an oral summary of his findings and his recommendation
on what to do with the prisoner pertaining to his field. For example, the vocational counselor informs
the body of what vocational tests given him, and the counselor's recommendation on what job
training is appropriate for the prisoner to learn in prison. After every staff has - given his report the
body votes on what - program of activities the prisoner should undergo, including institutional
training, recreational program, religious program-medical and psychiatric services and social
service.
THE ADMISSION SUMMARY
The written reports submitted by the staff, of the center regarding their findings on the
prisoners are compiled, and form the admission summary: The admission summary becomes
the, nucleus of the cumulative case history of the prisoner. The admission summary consists
of the following:
1. An account of the legal aspects of the case. In addition to citations from the summaries of the
reports, of law enforcement, judicial, and other officials, this may contain an explanation by the
inmate of how he got into trouble;
2. A summary of the man's earlier criminal history. If he has previously been in a juvenile or an
adult correctional institution, reports from these places contain information regarding his
program therein and related facts about his attitudes and behavior;
3. Social history, or the man's biography as a person, based upon the probation report or field
investigation, staff interviews, tests, examinations, and other staff observations. This may also
be provided or amplified by his family or friends, former employers, and others who may assist
through interviews or answers to questionnaires;
4. Physical condition;
5. Vocational interests, competence and experience;
6. Educational status;
7. Religious background and interest;
8. Recreational interest;
9. Psychological characteristics evaluated by the psychiatrist and the psychologist;
10. Behavior in the Reception Center, reported by the custodial staff;
11. Initial reaction to group psychotherapy or group counseling or other forms of treatment.
From the above interview and counseling situations, data are obtained from the inmate's
standpoint, that is, the man's own story, as well as from other persons. The admission summary
becomes a practical document when the final page is devoted to a listing of recommendations in
the above areas of diagnostic study for the inmate's institutional and parole program.
Most correctional systems have found it advisable to prepare a master stencil of the
admission summary from which additional copies may be made through a duplicating process.
Copies are required not only for the classification committee but also after the reception period for
the central office of the prison system, and still later for the parole agency. Requests for copies of
the case history may also come from other institutions or appropriate community agencies.
Usually, the cover page of the admission summary contains the summary of
recommendations of the Center in the above eleven areas of diagnostic study for the inmate's
institutional and parole program.
The admission summary is prepared in at least three copies, and distributed as follows:
1. One copy goes with the prisoner whichever prison he is confined;
2. One copy goes to the Central record system of the Bureau; and
3. One copy remains with the Reception and Diagnostic Center.
The admission summary is used by the Classification committee as guide in carrying out the
rehabilitation program of the prisoner in the operating institution; and by the parole office as
guide in parole program planning and parole supervision.
TRANSFER OUT OF THE CENTER
When the admission summary is completed, it is forwarded to the Director of Prisons for
approval of the tentative program prepared for the prisoner, after which the prisoner is then
transferred to the operating institution.
INTERPRETATION TO THE PRISONER
Just prior to transfer the inmates should be interviewed, either individually or in groups. This
interview should make clear to the individual some of the reasons why he is being transferred to a
particular institution and what will be expected to him there.
The essential findings of the center, as well as the recommendations made for his program,
should be interpreted to the inmate. He should, however, be made to realize that there may have
to be some changes in his program. For example, occasionally his assignment to an activity in
which he is interested may have to be postponed owing to lack of facilities in the institution.
The final interview is much more effective when it is done on an individual basis. In spite of
the time required, this should, if possible, be done. Through the individual interview, the man may
get a much clearer picture of what the reception center has found out in his case and be helped to
recognize his own responsibility for making a satisfactory adjustment in preparation for release. In
some correctional systems, the interview with the individual to discuss the findings of the reception
center in his case is carried out at the time of initial classification in the transfer institution.
THE OPERATING INSTITUTION
The prisoner is transferred from the Reception and Diagnostic Center to the operating
institution with a tentative plan of treatment already prepared. The treatment plan is contained in
the Admission Summary which is sent to the Classification and Treatment Division of the prison for
implementation.
On his arrival in the operating institution, the prisoner goes to the General Service or
Orientation Unit where he is temporarily quartered pending his permanent residence assignment
by the Classification Board. The stay of the prisoner in the general service unit is a sort of orientation
period for him. He is given lectures on the rules and regulations; and he is assigned to different
work projects to afford him various experiences which will guide him in the choice of a permanent
vocational program.
THE CLASSIFICATION COMMITTEE
Every prison or correctional institution has a classification committee which carries out the
treatment and training plan of the prisoner. The committee is composed of the following:
1. The Warden or Superintendent – Chairman
2. Deputy Warden for Custody - Asst. Chairman
3. Deputy Warden for Classification and Treatment – Member
4. Production Manager – Member
5. Chief, Medical Services – Member
6. Chaplain – Member
7. Psychologists or Psychiatrist – Member
The personnel of the Classification Committee, as may be noted above, are the division
heads and specialists who are primarily concerned with diagnosis, training, treatment and custody
of inmates.
THE ADMISSION CLASSIFICATION MEETING
The purpose of the admission classification, sometimes called initial classification

meeting is to plan a program for and with the inmate, which will be realistically directed toward his
rehabilitation. The admission classification meeting takes place shortly after the inmate's transfer
to the institution from the Reception Center. A member of the Committee, usually the caseworker
summarizes the diagnostic material, which is the Admission Summary, prepared by the Reception
Center, and presents the important factors to be considered in program planning.
Usually, the prisoner appears before the Committee so he can be available for interview
and consultation regarding major decisions to be made by the Classification Committee on his
assignments. The Committee decisions cover, all-important phases of the inmates’ life in the
institution. The principal decisions are as follows:
1. Custody classification - this usually determines the type of supervision and the type of
restriction under which an inmate live
2. Housing - inside or outside cell, squad room, or dormitory
3. Transfer - does the prisoner properly belong to this institution or is there another institution in
the system where he would be suitably confined?
4. Medical and Psychiatric treatment
5. Occupational or vocational training assignment
6. General education program
7. Casework and social services
8. Religious and recreational recommendations
The Classification Committee considers and reaches at least tentative agreements on the
profile and traits of the prisoner with which institutional personnel who are to supervise him should
be familiarized. A summary of this information and suggestion and precautions as to his
supervisions is often furnished the personnel who will be in regular contact with him on the job, in
quarters, in the recreation program, school, or in other areas of institutional life.
RECLASSIFICATION
The prisoner appears before the Classification Committee periodically after his initial
classification to keep current his treatment and training program. Human personality and behavior
are constantly changing and it is essential that the inmate's program be correspondingly adjusted
in accordance with his changing needs.
The Classification committee, through constant reclassification of the prisoner, attempts to
maintain continuity and integration of the various institutional services. Reclassification is
necessary to assure that individual needs are not overlooked, and it must continue from the time
of admission classification until the inmate is released.
THE CUMULATIVE CASE SUMMARY

In pursuing the individualized or casework method of carrying out the treatment program of
the prisoners, it is essential that a cumulative summary be maintained for each individual. The
inmate's cumulative summary starts from the admission report and submitted by department heads
of the prisoner's adjustment to his assignments. Every significant change of status or program
concerning the prisoner is entered in the cumulative case summary. This record serves as the basis
for determining the prisoner's fitness for release on parole.
CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES
1. Prior to Parole or Release - When the prisoner has already served the minimum or a
considerable portion of his sentence and that his records show successful adjustment to his
treatment program, he is scheduled to appear before the classification committee for pre-parole
interview.
The purpose of this meeting is to enable the Committee to evaluate the inmate's readiness
for parole and to plan out with him his program on parole. It may turn out that the inmate at this
time is not yet ready for parole, in which case the Board sets another date for the next pre-parole
interview.
If the inmate's case is favorable, the committee then prepares the pre-parole report and
recommends him to the Board of Pardons & Parole for release on parole. The pre-parole report is
sometimes called the pre-releases progress report. This report outlines the treatment program of
the parolee.
Certain rather specific suggestions may be made in regard to the inmate's remaining weeks
or months in the prison. Special emphasis will be given on his program thereafter when he; leaves
the institution on parole.
2. The Pre-Release treatment - is defined as the program specifically planned to prepare the
offender, during a limited period prior to his release on parole. Pre-release treatment deals
specifically with the transition from artificial, regimented group life to normal, independent life
of the free individual and with the problems which this transition entails.
The end of the prison term should not only be in sight but rather close at hand before such
treatment begins, otherwise, the psychological stress of prolonged expectation would defeat the
purpose of the pre-release treatment. The very realization that he is soon to be released may
restore a greater measure of hope the prisoner than he has had since he was sentenced,
particularly if he has been deprived of liberty for a long time.
Some of the special pre-release programs now used in various countries include:
1. Special information sessions on matters which will be important to the prisoner on his return to
the community, such as parole conditions and employment opportunities.
2. Granting a greater freedom inside the institution which may take the form of letting the offender
wear his own civilian clothes: lodging him in a separate quarter of the prison, possibly in a room
of his own; and giving him an opportunity to determine his leisure activities and communicate
more freely with the outside world; and generally subjecting him to less supervision.
3. Group and individual counseling which may assist him in orienting himself and alleviating his
worries;
4. Transfer from a closed to an open institution or to a pre-release camp which, by providing a
minimum degree of supervision, enables the prisoner to realize the trust placed in him and to
live under conditions which are considerably closer to normal life:
5. Pre-release leaves for a few hours a day or even several days to obtain necessary documents;
to find living quarters; to be interviewed by potential employers; to visit family; and for any other
purpose which may be reasonably considered valuable for the future re-adaptation of the
prisoner.
6. Leave for work, which allows the offender to be employed in the
CHAPTER 5
THE CORRECTIONAL TREATMENT PROGRAMS
GOALS OF THE TREATMENT PROGRAMS
1. Institutional programs consisted mainly of custody and some work. As the philosophy
concerning causes of crime changed, the corresponding concepts and objectives of institutional
programs also changed. Modern thinking indicates that the prison today should be geared to
protect society, and also, to rehabilitate the offender.
This is long-range rehabilitation because if we succeed, we will be sending the offender
back to the community as useful, law-abiding citizens for the rest of his life. It is therefore, the
responsibility of the institution, in rehabilitating the offender, to constantly strive to change and
improve the prisoner's attitude. To rehabilitate the prisoner mainly by changing attitudes is the main
goal of the treatment program.
2. Treatment services - are geared toward improving an offender's attitudes and philosophy in
life. We use education very basically and very widely as a rehabilitation cornerstone. Various
types of education whether they are academic, vocational or commercial, play very important
roles in the formation of attitudes and character. We use religious services and counseling in
prison for the very same reason.
Recreation and leisure time programs are very instrumental also in the treatment process,
as they contribute to good physical and mental health and in many ways are connected with the
teaching process. Work is still a main treatment tool and should be considered as an integral part
of any treatment program. Other services such as medical care, individual and group counseling
as well as visits and correspondence, are parts of treatment and each, in its own way, contributes
to the over-all treatment process.
The entire process needs individualization whenever and wherever possible. Individualized
treatment, in turn, depends upon a sound workable classification system. Without treatment, we
would only be containing people and protecting society for a short period of time, but with treatment,
the proper type for each person’s attitudes is being changed daily and men restored to society.
The United Nations "Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners provide:
"The treatment of persons sentenced to imprisonment or a similar measure shall have as
its purpose so far as the length of the sentence permits, to establish in them the will to lead law-
abiding and self-supporting lives after their release and to fit them to do so. The treatment shall be
such as will encourage their self-respect and develop their sense of responsibility.
"To these ends, all appropriate means shall be used, including religious care, in the
countries where this is possible, education, vocational guidance and training, social casework,
employment counseling, physical development and strengthening of moral character, in
accordance with the individual needs of each prisoner, taking account of his social and criminal
history, his physical and mental capacities and aptitudes, hi personal temperament, the length of
his sentence and his prospects after release.
“For every prisoner with a sentence of suitable length, the director shall receive, as soon as
possible after his admission, full reports on all the matters referred to in the foregoing paragraph.
Such reports shall always include report by a medical officer, regarding the physical and mental
condition of the prisoner.
"The reports and other relevant documents shall be placed in an individual file. This file shall
be kept up to date and classified in such a way that it can be consulted by the responsible personnel
whenever the need arises."
EMPLOYMENT OF PRISONERS
Prison labor was originally intended to be punitive. It was imposed on the offender as a
penalty to be suffered by him in addition to imprisonment. Thus, the early forms of prison labor
were 'not constructive. Such work as carrying stones from one corner of the yard to the other, and
digging a big well and filling it up again, were commonly employed to punish prisoners. Later, prison
labor was intended to reduce the cost of maintenance of the institution.
The Pennsylvania system, with its solitary confinement arid handicraft inside the cells,
and the Auburn ' system' with its congregate shops, brought about a realization that prisoners
should work for profit.
The Auburn system triumphed over the Pennsylvania system because the former proved
that prisoners could be more profitably employed in congregate shops than in solitary confinement.
In the United States there emerged six systems of prison labor, aside from agriculture. Of
the six, three were public labor systems and three were private labor systems. In the public labor
system, the state retained the control of the maintenance and discipline of prisoners, the
employment of prisoners and the sale of the products. In the private system, however, private
interests controlled at least one of them.
THE SIX SYSTEMS OF PRISON LABOR
1. Lease System - The state turns the prisoners over to a private lease. The latter feeds clothes,
guards, and houses and disciplines the prisoners. This system prevailed in the southern states
of the United States. These systems no longer exist.
2. Contract System - The state, under this system, retains control of the prisoner and the
contractor merely engages with the state for the labor of the inmates, which is performed within
or near the prison. The contractor supplies the raw material and supervises the work and pays
the institution the stipulated amount for the services of the prisoners. This system no longer
exists too.
3. Price-Piece System - Under this system the contractor supplies the raw materials and pays
the state a determined amount for the work done on each article produced. The institution
retains control of the inmates including the daily quantity of work required. This system has also
been abolished.
4. Public Account System - In the Public Account System, the state buys the raw material,
manufactures and sells the products and assumes all the risks of conducting a manufacturing
business. Today, prison-made products cannot be sold in the open market.
5. State-Use System - Under this system, the state conducts the manufacture of the article but
the use of the article is limited to state owned institutions. The principle of the system is that the
state produces articles or merchandise for its own consumption alone and in the process,
affords the prisoner opportunities to train for a vocation.
6. Public Works and Ways System — Prison labor is used in the construction and repair of
public buildings, roads, bridges, flood control, reforestation, clearing land, preventing soil
erosion, etc. The system does not involve the application of prison labor to the production of
consumption goods.
Today, there is a general acceptance of the principle that prisoners should work. The work
program of the institution develops the morale and maintains discipline among the prisoners. They
contribute to effective security of the institution and its population for they are particularly useful in
reducing tensions and misconduct. The remark made by a prison warden several years ago that
“idleness is the workshop of the devil" still holds true.
A work program that is wisely planned and competently administered minimizes the danger
of disturbances and risks that threaten life and property. In view of these facts, it is difficult to
understand why those who are concerned with the problem of running prisons are not vitally
concerned with the problem of idleness and some ways of overcoming it
The employment of prisoner has other values. Inmates who work contribute to their own
support and it hereby reduces the tax burden on the free citizens who are required to bear the
expense of maintaining penal institutions. Work not only lessens the boredom of intuitional life; but
also, is; a means whereby many inmates maintain or regain, their self-respect.
Penologists and prison administrators believe that the principal value of employment is in
the opportunities it provides for developing and reviving skills and work habits, which are
instrumental in the rehabilitation of inmates and in then-successful occupational adjustment in free
society. Greater emphasis should therefore be given on the necessity for developing diversified
types of work activity, particularly vocational and on-the-job training.
The employment program, in order that it is genuinely constructive, must be planned and
conducted as an integral part of the institution's total treatment program. It must be operated in
close and continuing liaison with the other integral phases of the correctional process. Reasonable
incentive in time credits and a wage should be provided in order to encourage the prisoners to
derive the benefits from participation in the employment program.
5 GENERAL GROUPS EMPLOYMENT ASSIGNMENTS OF PRISONERS
1. Unassignable or available for limited employment only - such as the new arrivals in
quarantine; prisoners who are nearly ready to leave the institution, either on parole or at
expiration of sentence and have been taken off their jobs so that they can participate in the
institution's pre-release program; prisoners awaiting transfer to other institutions; prisoners who
are in disciplinary status or are segregated for other reasons: and hospital patients and that
portion of the prison population which may well be designated "unemployable", including
chronically ill and infirm prisoners, and also those inmates with mental or emotional disabilities.
2. Educational assignments - including general education, vocational training physical

education.
3. Maintenance assignments - involving the use of-labor in activities relating to the care of
prisoners and upkeep of the institution properties.
4. Agricultural activities - planned to supply as much of the food requirements of the prison as
possible while furnishing training and employment to inmates adapted to this type of work.
5. Industrial employment - necessary for those who cannot be absorbed to the preceding forms
of activities, which will benefit through industries, can contribute towards a reduction in the cost
operating the institution of the state.
UNITED NATIONS STANDARDS ON PRISONERS’ EMPLOYMENT
The following are provisions of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
and Related Recommendation on Employment of Prisoners:
"Prison Labor must not be of an afflictive nature. All prisoners under sentence shall be
required to work, subject to then physical and mental fitness as determined by the medical, officer,
sufficient work of a useful nature shall be provided to keep prisoners actively employed for a normal
working day, so far as possible the work provided shall be such as will maintain or increase the
prisoners' ability to earn an honest living after release, within the limits compatible with proper
vocational selection and with the requirements of; institutional administration and discipline, the
prisoners shall be able to choose the type of work they wish to perform."
"The organization and methods of work at the institutions shall resemble as closely as
possible those of similar work outside institution, so as to prepare prisoners for the conditions of
normal occupational life; The interests of the prisoners and of their vocational training 'however,
must not be subordinated to the purpose of making a financial profit from an industry in the
institution.”
"Preferably institutional industries and farms should be operated directly by the

administration and not by private contractors; where prisoners are employed in work not controlled
by the administration, they shall always be under the supervision of the institution's personnel.
Unless the work is for other departments of the government the full normal wage for work shall be
paid to the administration by the persons to whom the labor is supplied, account being taken of the
output of the prisoners.”
"The precautions laid down to protect the safety and health of free workmen shall be equally
observed in institutions; provision shall be made to indemnify prisoners against industrial injury,
including occupational diseases, on terms not less favorable than those extended by law to free
workmen.”
"The maximum daily and weekly working hours of the prisoners shall be fixed by law or by
administrative regulations, taking into account local rules or custom in regard to the employment of
free workmen; the hours so fixed shall leave one rest day a week and sufficient time for education
and other activities required as part of the treatment and rehabilitation of the prisoners.”
"There shall be a system of equitable remuneration of the work of prisoners; under the
system prisoners shall be allowed to spend at least a part of their earnings on approved articles for
their own use and to send a part of their earnings to their family; the system should also provide
that a part of the earnings should be set aside by the administration so as to constitute a savings
fund to be handed over to the prisoner on his release."
RELIGIOUS SERVICES
The importance of the religious programs in prison cannot be over-estimated. Some penal
administrators hold the view that the chaplain is the most important person in the rehabilitative set-
up, of a correctional institution. It is the chaplain who points to the prisoners their relationship to
God and their fellowmen, and who by work and example, leads them most effectively toward
complete rehabilitation. Men and nations have found that they cannot live without the guiding,
sustaining and inspiring power of religion. If this is true of people in normal society, it is doubly true
of men who are confined in correctional institutions.
FUNCTIONS OF THE CHAPLAIN IN A PRISON
1. Conduct of sacramental ministry — this includes the religious services conducted regularly
and the special services connected with the administration of baptism, confession, communion,
etc.
Religious worship is a central and indispensable part of all great religions with the primary
functions of keeping man in proper relationship’ with God arid guaranteeing peace’ of soul and
happiness. In prisons and jails, it has an important secondary function because of the beauty and
dignity it introduces into the lives of prisoners, being amid surroundings of drabness and monotony.
2. Conduct religious instructions - This includes preaching in the pulpit, classes in the
fundamentals of religion, in the bible and the fundamental truths of the various denominations.
Choir organization and training and advanced religious training for special groups are important
phases of the chaplain's work with the prisoners.
3. Conduct of a private and personal counseling ministry — this includes interviews in his
own, and visiting the men in the hospital, psychiatric ward, punishment cells, etc. It is in private
counseling that the chaplain tries to inculcate the great lessons, which will lead to repentance,
and the change of heart so necessary for rehabilitation.
It is a known fact that a chaplain of whatever denomination enjoys the confidence of

prisoners in a degree possessed by no official of the institution. The chaplain tries to use this
confidence to promote the best interest of the individual and of the institution.
4. Ministry to inmate’s families and related or concerned persons – many of the tensions in
a prison come from worry on the part of prisoners that they are being forgotten by persons on
the outside. A large portion of the chaplain’s time will be taken up with these problems.
It is almost impossible for a man who is intensely occupied and emotionally concerned with
friends and relatives on the outside, or who is neglected by them, to consider his own character
adequately and to take steps to improve it. The chaplain’s concern for the character development
of the men in his charge will inevitably lead him to reduce these outside obstacles to the minimum.
5. Ministerial service to the staff and the operational personnel – just as the prison chaplain
strives to act as a pastor, guide and counselor to the inmates, he will willingly and
conscientiously fulfill the same office towards those who work with him in the institution.
6. Interpretation ministry to the community – the chaplain is position to perform an

interpretative ministry to the community. Religious organizations brought about the first reforms.
By their efforts, prisons were changed from places of torture to places of rehabilitation and
reformation. It is a definite part of a chaplain’s duty to explain the purposes of modern
correctional administration to the community at large in order to enlist their whole-hearted
cooperation in the objectives of present-day correctional procedures.
ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CHAPLAIN
Aside from the pastoral functions of the chaplain, he performs certain administrative jobs.
As a member of the diagnostic staff of the institution, the chaplain conducts initial religious
interviews with written evaluation of every prisoner. He is an indispensable member of the
classification committee. It is not desirable that the chaplain be a member of the disciplinary board.
It has been found helpful in many cases for the chaplain to submit in writing to the parole
board his evaluation of the individual members of his congregation. The report will bear mainly on
the prisoner’s activities in his religious program, but there is no reason why he should not call
attention to other factors such as change of attitude and improved institutional adjustment
generally.
Another important work of the chaplain is the ministration of the sick. He should make
arrangements with the chief of the hospital to be notified immediately if one of his patients is laced
on the critical list. Frequent visits to the hospital will keep him in touch with men who need his
assistance.
THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS
The educational program of a correctional institution is one of the most important phases of
the treatment and training of prisoners. There is no common plan of education for all institutions. In
a reformatory type of institution, where education is primarily compulsory, the paramount emphasis
is on vocation training. In institutions for young offenders there is need for academic education at
all grade levels.
A sound correctional education program, irrespective of a type of penal institution, should
attempt to achieve the following goals:
1. To offer an inmate sufficient academic education to enable him to face the need of the world as
a better equipped person;
2. To provide vocational training so that he might take his proper place in society and be
economically free; and
3. To offer cultural and hobby activities that will enable him not only to be better adjusted to his
prison circumstances but to broaden his area of interests and cultivate aptitudes looking forward
to his return to civilian life.
GENERAL AND ACADEMIC EDUCATION
In the Philippines about 60 % of men committed to prison are functionally illiterate, that is,
they test below the 5th grade on standardized achievement tests. In United States prisons, the rate
of illiterates is 10%. The eradication of illiteracy among prisoners is one of the best contributions
that the correctional system can offer to society. Tangible results are most easily seen in this area
although it is one of the most difficult problems confronting educators.
For lack of appropriation to employ civilian teachers, inmates are usually hired to teach in
prison schools. It is as well desirable as in public schools that fully qualified teachers in primary
grades in prison should be hired. Every illiterate should attend literacy classes until he becomes
literate
The intermediate level, which includes the fifth and sixth grades, composes about 25% of
prison admission. The educational needs for this level will attempt to provide a better command of
the tools for more intelligent prisoners. The intermediate education program will prepare them high
school education.
The academic or high school level composes 10% to 15% all admission. Courses for high
school credit should be offered to be staffed by fully qualified teachers, and the program of the
studies should fully meet standards. Students attending high school classes should be well
selected, so that only those who are willing and able to achieve academic goals should be allowed
to pursue the program.
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
A large portion of the prison population needs more training and experience in the essential
of earning a living. A well - designed program of vocational education may contribute to the
socialization of the prisoner as well as to development of trade skills and knowledge.
The vocational training program of a prison should have the following objectives:
1. The development of skills necessary for successful work in a socially acceptable occupation.
2. Opportunities for teaching related trade information including blueprint reading, trade science,
trade mathematics, occupational information, drafting and sketching and safety education.
3. Exploratory shop work to help certain prisoners discover their aptitudes and interests.
4. Assistance to those with limited capacities to become better equipped to meet the problems of
semi-skilled workers in technological age.
5. Training for long-term inmates so that they may be more useful and happier in institution
assignments.
The vocational education program is usually geared to institutional maintenance work and
the prison industries projects. Institution maintenance aims at the efficient operation maintenance
of the prison and the utilization in every possible way of maintenance work to provide on the job
training to prisoners.
The prison industries projects, in order to contribute fully to the vocational training of
prisoners, should follow a policy of requiring the pre-service and on-the-job training of employees.
For prisoners, exploratory and preliminary training should be done in the vocational training shop
with the systematic flow of trainees, through the classification or assignment committee, into
appropriate prison industries.
The Philippine Prison System offers several vocational courses for prisoners, among which
are radio mechanics, auto-mechanics, horticulture, shoemaking, tailoring, carpentry, hollow block
making, poultry and piggery raising and electronics.
THE RECREATIONAL PROGRAMS
Recreational programs in prison are an important part of the rehabilitation program. A good
prison administrator should provide wholesome, healthy activities for men confined in his institution.
Many penal institutions are limited in this respect due to lack of facilities, limited funds, or absence
of a well-rounded program for the inmate population.
The objectives of the recreational program are the following:
1. To provide an environment that will be conducive to the best mental and physical development
of the inmate.
2. To help the prisoners to become aware of their individual conditions and to provide a method
of improvement.
3. The development of proper attitudes and conduct necessary for cooperative competition.
4. To arouse the interest of the prisoners in the recreational program to the extent that they will
continue this kind of activity after their release. This has proven to be a good morale booster
and an excellent asset to the prisoners on parole.
Usually, the recreation period is conducted during “free time” schedule, affording
opportunity for each man to decide for himself whether or not he desires to participate on a
voluntary basis. If the inmate does not volunteer or usually join in the sports activity, he is probably
the passive type and will always be a spectator. This is the inmate who needs encouragement. A
properly organized program could be the medium of releasing the stored-up tensions of the timid,
withdrawn types of individuals.
The recreation program should be designed to meet the needs and interest of all inmates.
There should be provision for active, competitive sports and strenuous activities for benefit of the
physically fit. For those who, for one reason or another, are physically incapacitated, non-
participating forms of recreation should be made available. Each prisoner should be able to find
something of interest in the program. However, he should not be forced into any activity for then it
would cease to be recreation.
A well- rounded recreation program includes the following activities:
1. Sports athletics - A wide variety of physical activities are suitable for use in the recreation
program. The program in sports and athletics is composed of several groups such as:
a. Individual and Dual Sports - The individual sports can be carried on with satisfaction by a
single individual. Included in this group are bowling, swimming, driving, weightlifting, track
and field, and gymnastic. Dual sports require two individuals to make playing possible.
Examples are badminton, handball, lawn bowling, paddle tennis, etc.
❖ Team sports - Team sports involve participation by four or more persons on one team.
The individual cannot participate without the acceptance and cooperation of his
teammates and opponents. Included in this group are baseball, basketball, volleyball,
football, etc. Participation in team sports strengthens the individual’s ties to proper and
accepted conduct in-group and social living activities. It develops good character citizen-
ship and it assimilates social and cultural differences.
Also, in team sports there are many opportunities for people to learn desirable habits and
attitudes, to develop emotional maturity, restraint and tolerance and to strengthen personality traits,
which are important in the individual adjustment to everyday living. Prisoners should be given ample
opportunities and encouragement to play informally by choosing their own teammates and
organizing informal competition in basketball, volleyball, softball, and similar sports. There should
be intramural competitions, and if possible, the prison team should be allowed to play against
outside teams.
❖ Combat sports such as boxing and wrestling will provide opportunities for some
prisoners to develop courage and initiative, to practice individual action and reaction
under emotional stress, to develop emotional control and maturity and to develop
respect for the emotional feelings of others.
2. Arts and Crafts - Arts and crafts should be an integral part of the recreational program. The
fields of arts and crafts serve as outlet for human expression and serve as a form of release for
the abnormally inherent desire to create. Among the arts and. crafts to be included in the
program are basketry, bead craft, pottery, sculpture, toy making, weaving, woodcraft and
others.
3. Music - Under the direction of a competent music instructor, many opportunities for musical
expression and appreciation can be provided such as the orchestra, jazz band, combo band,
vocal groups, choir and glee clubs. The inmate musical groups can be made to perform, not
only before the prison population but also to visiting groups who come to prison. They can be
made to play during ball games, Christmas and other holiday activities. Arrangements can also
be made with outside artists to entertain the prison population.
4. Drama and literary activities – There are many talents in the prison population that, if interest
is stimulated, could start a drama program. Much therapeutic value can be derived from such
a program. This is likewise true with literary activities.
5. Special Events – As means of breaking the monotony of prison life various patriotic and festival
days throughout the year should be appropriately recognized. Special programs could be
prepared for any of the following occasions: New Year’s Day, Independence Day, Quezon Day,
Rizal Day, etc.
6. Social Games - Social games such as checkers, Chinese checkers, chess, dominoes, jigsaw
puzzles, ping-pong, can be introduced in the recreation halls of dormitories.
7. Club Activities - Club activities among prisoners should be encouraged in order to develop
their initiative, learn to accept responsibilities, improve their education and keep abreast with
what is going on in the community.
8. Motion pictures, Radio and Television - Motion pictures, radio and television program should
be selected in order to get the type of program that is of interest to the prisoners. Radio and
television bring the men in prison in close contact with the outside world, which is invaluable in
preparing them for release.
THE LIBRARY SERVICES
The prison library plays an important role in the improvement of prisoners in the practical
and cultural aspects of social living. The good library either in prison or in the outside community,
means a collection of books and periodicals sufficiently complete and well-rounded to meet, within
reason, the many and varied needs and interests of the community it serves.
The objectives of the prison library are as follows:
1. To share with other divisions of the prison, responsibilities or useful social and vocational
training of the prison population.
2. To develop among prisoners’ realization of the usefulness of libraries in:

a. Providing vocational information about choice of trades and chosen trades.
b. Enlarging social and reassessing backgrounds.
c. Developing reading as a satisfying leisure-time activity.
d. Preparing by self-improvement, for release and post-prison life.
3. To provide guidance, counseling and planned reading courses, informal adult education for all
prisoners capable of sustaining reading in any useful field.
4. To lessen need for discipline and to institute measures of mental hygiene by providing reading
as a salutary release from emotional strain; as a healthy resources of idle hours, and as a
positive aid, in substituting acceptable new interests for undesirable attitude.
THE HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES
There has been a growing awareness of the state’s responsibilities for the prisoner's health.
Most citizens also appreciate the fact that the prisoner’s’ chances of success on release are
increased if he is not handicapped by poor health or disabilities.
The Manual of Correctional Standards published by the American Correctional Association
prescribes that every correctional institution having a population of 1500 men should have an
adequately staffed medical department that takes charge of the health, medical and dental
services. The medical staff should be divided into three services or departments: (a) Medicine and
surgery, (b) Psychiatry, and (c) Dentistry.
The medical and health requirements of a prisoner include mental and physical
examinations; observations, diagnosis and treatment of patients; immunization and protection of
the inmate population as well as the staff against hazards; visiting prisoners in segregation
sections; sanitary inspections, consultations with culinary and other officials; and participation in
training, classification, disciplinary and other programs.
Sound correctional practices require complete physical and medical examination of every
prisoner on his admission to prison and also on his release.
THE UNITED NATIONS STANDARD MINIMUM RULES
For the treatment of prisoners requires that sick prisoners requiring specialist treatment
shall be transferred to a specialized institution or to a civil hospital. Also, women’s pre-natal care
and treatment should be referred to civil hospital.
“At every institution there shall be available the services of at least one qualified medical
officer who should have some knowledge of psychiatry. The medical services should be organized
in close relationship to the general health administration 'of the community or nation. They shall
include a psychiatric service for the diagnosis, and in proper cases, the treatment of states of mental
abnormality.”
“Sick prisoners who require a specialist treatment shall be transferred to specialized
institutions or to civil hospitals, where hospital facilities are provided in an institution, their
equipment, furnishing and pharmaceutical supplies shall be proper for the medical care and
treatment of sick prisoners, and there shall be a staff of suitably trained officer.”
“The services of a qualified dental officer shall be available to every prisoner.”
“In women's institutions there shall be special accommodation for all necessary pre-natal
care and treatment. Arrangements shall be made wherever practicable for children to be born in
prison. This fact shall not be mentioned in the birth certificate”
“Where nursing infants are allowed to remain in the institution with their mothers, provision
shall be' made for a nursery' staffed by qualified persons, where the infants shall be placed when
they are not in the care of their mothers.”
“The medical officer shall see and examine every prisoner as soon 'as possible after his
admission and, thereafter as necessary, with a view particularly to the discovery of physical or
mental illness and the taking of all necessary measures the segregation of prisoners suspected of
infections contagious conditions; the noting of physical or mental defects which might hamper
rehabilitation; and the determination of the physical capacity, of every prisoner for work.”
“The medical officer shall have the care of the physical and mental health of the prisoner
and should daily see all sick prisoners, all who complain of illness, and prisoners to whom his
attention it is especially directed. The medical officer shall report to the director whenever he
considers that a prisoner’s physical or mental health has been or will injuriously be affected by
continued imprisonment or by any condition of imprisonment”
“The medical officer shall regularly inspect and advise the director upon the quality, quantity,
preparation and service of food; the hygiene and cleanliness of the institution and the prisoners;
the sanitation heating, lighting and ventilation of the institution; the suitability and cleanliness of the
prisoner's clothing and bedding; the observance of the rules concerning physical education and
sports, in cases where there is no technical personnel in charge of these activities”
CHAPTER 6
PRISON CUSTODY, SECURITY, AND DISCIPLINE
CONCEPT OF CUSTODY AND SECURITY
One of the important phases of prison management is the custody and control of
prisoners. The rehabilitation program in prison cannot be carried out if prisoners are not effectively
controlled. The primary objective of the prison program is security but it is not the ultimate goal.
The rehabilitation of prisoners, which is the ultimate goal of imprisonment, can be attained
if the necessary structure, personnel and methods, which provide for security, are present.
Security aims at the prevention of escapes, and control of contraband and maintenance of good
order. These objectives can be realized if custodial facilities including buildings and equipment,
walls, towers, gates, personnel and methods relating to escapes, contraband and good order are
given proper attention.
Escapes of whatever nature alarm the public. Some escapes are of the nature of "walk
away" like the absconding of minimum-security prisoners from their place of work or residential
assignments outside the walls. Surely this type of escape cannot be as alarming as when the
prisoner actually makes a break from his armed guard.
Contraband is anything found in the possession of the prisoner contrary to rules and
regulations. What constitutes contraband in one institution may not be contraband in another
institution. Therefore, in view of the non-uniformity of the definition of contraband, every institution
should provide a rulebook where articles declared as such are clearly listed.
CUSTODY, SECURITY AND CONTROL
The rehabilitation program of the institution cannot be carried out if prisoners’ riot or cause
disturbances. A well-rounded correctional program, having for its aim the rehabilitation of the
prisoners must be correlated with arid into a system of sound custody, security and control of
prisoners. Some of the factors considered essential in establishing sound custody, security and
control of prisoners are the following:
1. An adequate system of classification of prisoners – Careful study, diagnosis and
recommendations for treatment documented into case histories give prison workers the
knowledge they need to handle inmates.
2. Inspection of Security Facilities – Regular formalized inspections reinforced by constant

observation of physical plant; help assure its best use.
3. An Adequate System of Counting Inmates – There must be an adequate system of counting

inmates to make certain “all are present and accounted for” at prescribed periods, day and
night.
4. Control of Firearm – A plan for firearms control must be made, specifying its purpose, use,
safety precautions, proper inventory, storage and standardization; all should be included in the
plan for all institutions.
5. Gas Control – A plan for gas control which specifies its purpose, use, safety precautions,
proper inventory, storage and standardization must be made.
6. Control of Contraband – A plan for the control of contraband defines such items and provides
for their regulation.
7. Key Control - A plan for control of keys assures that all are accounted for and under control of
free personnel.
8. Tools and Equipment - A plan for control of those tools and equipment items that pose a threat
to persons or to the physical security of the plant must be developed.
9. Job Analysis - A comprehensive and up-to-date job analysis for all posts aids employees in
understanding their tasks.
10. Locking Devices – Proper locking devices must be kept in good operating condition.
11. Proper Cell Equipment - Proper cell equipment should be designed to minimize the necessity
of permitting custodial risks to leave their cells after lock-in.
12. Emergency Doors - Emergency doors must be provided into housing and to the areas where
prisoners are congregated.
13. Special Emergencies - Plans should be developed and be available to place into effect for
operation during special emergencies: (a) riots (b) escape (c) firefighting (d) emergency lighting
and stand-by power, and (e) civil defense.
The best guaranty against riots, disturbances and escapes, however, is in well-organized
program of activities inside prison designed to attain the reformation of prisoners. Penologists
considered, "Idleness is the workshop of the devil." A well-balanced program of work, recreation
and education will keep the prisoners busy and away from mischief: On the other hand, if prisoners
are idle or are treated inhumanely, they will surely escape or create disturbances.
INSPECTION OF SECURITY FACILITIES
All security facilities such as doors, bars, windows and locks should be examined at least
once a week to ensure that they are in good condition. Custodial officers as well as other employees
of the institution should be trained to observe signs of deterioration in the security system: arid to
report immediately any weakness in the system.
Counting Inmates - Prisoners should be counted four times a day or oftener. During
change of shifts, guards on duty must be certain that all prisoners are present and accounted for.
In counting prisoners at night, the guard should "see flesh and hear voice" before recording them
as present. The control room or master control must indicate movements of prisoners, such as
changes of residence or work assignments, transfers to hospital and courts.
Firearm Control - There must be a written set of rules for the control of firearms, which
every correctional or custodial personnel should know by heart. Carelessness on the part of the
employees or defects in the system of firearm control may result to violent deaths of employees or
prisoners. Employees should be taught how to handle all weapons they may be called upon to use.
Members of the custodial force should be required to qualify in marksmanship before
entrance to duty and every year thereafter. The armory should be located outside the prisoners’
housing and activity area, and guns should not be carried within close proximity of prisoners. The
use of gas for quelling riots is becoming popular, not only because it is effective but also because
it is, humane. The custodial force, therefore should know how and when to use tear gas bombs or
grenades.
Control of Keys - The keys to cells and dormitories should never be entrusted to prisoners.
The correctional officer on duty should never enter the housing unit of prisoners with the keys
hanging on his belt. There must be proper accounting of all keys at all times.
Control of Tools - Tools when not in use should be hanged on a shadow board. They
should only be used by inmates within enclosures or when under supervisions.
Locking Devices - Proper locking devices must be kept in good operating' conditions.
Individual door locks to cells must be provided and the multiple locking devices to doors of individual
cells should only be used in cases of emergency such as fire or earthquake. Inside the housing
unit, there should be a grill, cage or sally port the purpose of which is to provide a place for officers
to go into without exposing themselves to assault in case of riots.
Special Emergencies - The prison should provide a standard operating procedure for
control of riots and for preventing fires and escapes. There should be a master riot plan and this
plan should often be placed on the dry run. This should also be true with' prevention of fires and
escapes. Every penal institution should be provided with emergency lighting stand-by power.
PRISON DISCIPLINE
Discipline in prison is commonly thought of as a procedure to prevent escapes, riots and

disorders, and punishing those involved. This is not all that discipline attempts to accomplish in a
prison. The main objective of prison discipline is to inculcate habits, attitudes and values that will
make the prisoner a peaceful and useful member of society upon his release.
Webster's dictionary defines discipline, thus: Discipline: from the Latin, disce, to learn:
discipulus, a disciple or learner. Training, education, and instruction: the guidance and
government of conduct or practice punishment inflicted for the purpose of correction and training.
Discipline has also been defined as a continuing state of good order and behavior. It
includes the maintenance of good standards of work, sanitation, safety, education, personal health
and recreation. It insures that persons and groups go on time to their appointed place and that they
maintain standards of conduct which are necessary when large number of people live and work
together or in any community, institution or otherwise.
The ultimate hope of institutional discipline is to develop self-reliance, self-control, self-
respect, self-discipline not merely the ability and the desire to conform to accepted standards for
individual and community life in a free society.
ELEMENTS OF PRISON DISCIPLINE
1. Morale - A high degree of morale within prison is the most valuable aid to a good custodial
program. Morale is the mental condition of individuals or groups regarding courage, zeal, hope
and confidence in the present principles and way of life. Morale is how people feel emotionally
about their way of life and the people with whom they live.
Good personnel and a good treatment program make for good inmate morale and self-
discipline, which aid in the maintaining of proper custody and control. Good morale is not obtained
by arbitrary rules of hard work alone. It comes with the development of activities, which provide for
the inmate’s mental and physical needs, fair treatment, and reasonable opportunity to use his time
constructively. It requires leadership and a balance program in which work, training, recreation and
other activities are carried on with the common objective – the welfare and reformation of the
individual.
2. Custody and Control
Custody is defined as guarding or penal safe-keeping. The custodial force must be trained
in custodial and security measures, locking and counting routines, procedures for searching
prisoners and their living quarters, and prevention of contraband. The prison guard whose duties
were limited to guarding inmates and maintaining discipline is now regarded as key personnel of
the institution. The fact that he is most often in contact with the prisoner at work, in quarters, and
at school, places him in a position where he has the greatest influence upon the prison.
Control involves supervision of prisoners to insure punctual and orderly movement to and
from the dormitories, places of work, church, hospitals, and recreational facilities, in accordance
with the daily schedules. Control does not mean that all prisoners be under close superv1don at all
times. The use of passes and the establishment of gates and checkpoints within the prison walls
can likewise affect control.
3. Discipline the Concern of Every Prison Worker - Discipline is not the responsibility of the
custodial force alone but rather the concern of every prison worker. The staff of the institution
in all phases of the institutional program, all of which in their special ways are contributing to
the general discipline of the prisoners, accomplishes it.
For example, the social worker contributes towards discipline by pointing out to the prisoner
his responsibilities to his family and to the community, and showing him how to fulfill them. Work
foremen and treatment personnel encourage and assist the prisoner to attain new goals, through
purposeful work activities and employment responsibilities.
4. Individualized Discipline - It is not enough that discipline be consistent, reasonable, objective,

firm and prompt. Since crime is multi-causative, the techniques and services required in
correctional treatment including the administration of discipline, must be correspondingly varied
and, in terms of understanding the inmate as a person.
5. Discipline must be considered on an individual basis - the prisoner must be carefully

studied. His social, psychological, psychiatric data prior criminal history adjustment to his
institutional program and disciplinary history must be carefully examined to see what kind of
person he is, what can reasonably be expected of him and what punishment or other treatment
methods will be most effective.
Group disciplinary problems such as gang conflicts, strikes and disturbances, should be
dealt with firmly and without hesitation or vacillation. The gang leaders or agitators should be
identified and segregated.
6. Preventive Discipline - discipline should not only be applied after a breach of law, rule or
regulation has been committed. More effective perhaps is the application of discipline at its
preventive stage. Discipline applied after an offense has been committed is negative discipline
in the sense that in many cases punishment does not deter. The positive approach is to work
out a program of preventive discipline, which involves prompt correction of minor deviations
before they become serious violations. Minor violations if not intentionally committed should be
dealt with by the observing guard with a reprimand or warning.
Custodial officers should bear in mind that the certainty of dealing with misbehavior in prison
is more effective in the control of prisoners than the severity of the punishment. In many cases,
correction or reinstruction of the inmate may be achieved without .the necessity .of taking punitive
action. Preventive discipline may be used when the deviation is trivial, is due to ignorance or lack,
of understanding or the result of careless or faulty habits.
A friendly word of advice may suffice to cause a prisoner to avoid future misbehavior. On
the other hand, in a similar situation, an employee lacking in interest and understanding approach,
may by his unprofessional, unfriendly, and even hostile attitudes and bearing, aggravate an inmate
to a point where it is mandatory to take disciplinary action for misbehavior.
7. Good Communication - Another important element of discipline is good communication. A

good communication system, which will convey what management, wishes the prisoners done
and what, the inmates feel about the program and management important in prison
management. A good communication system will relieve the inmate's feelings of insecurity
about his situation. A good communication system is likewise essential in effecting new
changes, which affect the masses of the inmate population.
a. Orientation - Admission
Good communication can be accomplished by subjecting all newly committed prisoners to
undergo admission-orientation procedures. This usually takes place at the Reception Center. The
new inmate is given orientation lectures on the rules and regulations of the institution. He is
informed of the existing facilities of every institution within the prison system; he is told of what the
institution expects of him; and he is advised of the opportunities for advancement that he could
avail of within the institution, such as the educational and correctional programs, the religious
program, the recreational program, and the opportunities in group development activities.
b. Manual And Rule Book
Manuals and rulebooks guide both the prisoners and employees in the proper procedures
of administration. They should be made available for reference to the prisoners as well as the staff
at all times. The rules and regulations should be stated in as simple a language as possible to be
understood by every prisoner.
c. Inmate Councils
One good means of maintaining communication in prison is the creation of Inmate Councils.
The inmate council is composed of duly elected representatives of the various housing units and
assignment groups. The council elects its officers and holds periodic meetings. The council acts as
an advisory body to the superintendent or warden in matters of administration. The council
members disseminate major changes of policies to their constituents, and in turn transmit to
management the feelings and attitudes of the inmate population towards any problem of the
institution.
PROCEDURES IN DISCIPLINARY CASES
Disciplinary and punitive actions are the responsibility of the deputy superintendent for
custody. In small institutions, one disciplinary officer hears disciplinary cases, while in bigger
institutions they are heard by a board of discipline. A disciplinary board or committee is usually
composed of the assistant superintendent for custody as chairman, the physician and the psycho-
logist as members.
Disciplinary cases are initiated by the report of the observing officer or employee. The report
may either be a behavior report or a misconduct report. The former type of report is intended to call
attention to inmate’s acts and attitudes which might otherwise be called misconduct - such
behaviors as suspiciousness, Withdrawal symptoms, lack of self-control, etc. Behavior reports also
include exceptionally good work habits, and attitudes. The negative as well as the positive
behaviors of the inmate are useful in the appraisal of what kind of person the prisoner is. The
misconduct report carries every violation of law or rules. Every case included in the misconduct
report should be investigated, and heard by the disciplinary officer or committee.
If the case is so serious as to warrant it, or if there is danger that the offender will unduly
influence witnesses, he may be placed in confinement pending investigation but his confinement
should not be in a punishment status. In the hearing, the inmate should be given all opportunities
to explain his case and to call witnesses to testify on his behalf. A written record is made of every
infraction reported and how it is disposed of. Records of said infractions are entered in the
prisoners’ disciplinary record card.
The following are some of the punishments usually imposed on prisoners convicted by the
summary or disciplinary board:
1. Counsel and reprimand - This is a mild form, of punishment imposed for trivial offenses. To a
prisoner who is aware that a clean record is: an asset to his speedy release mere counselor
reprimand is enough deterrence against a repetition of infractions.
2. Loss of Privileges - This is one effective control of misbehavior. Privileges are very precious
to prisoners. Prisoners look forward to visiting days, movie evenings; amateur hour program,
and writing to relatives and certainly they would not want to forfeit any of these privileges
through misbehaviors.
3. Loss of Good Conduct Time Allowance - The penal code provides that for maintaining good
record in prison, the inmate is credited with 5 days or 8 days, up to 15 days good conduct time
allowance for every month that he serves. This allowance may be forfeited as punishment for
misconduct. However, good conduct time allowance already earned can no longer be forfeited.
4. Close Confinement - This is resorted to in extreme cases when lighter penalties are
ineffectual. The use of solitary confinement or "bartolina" is justified when there is danger that
the offender may hurt himself or others. It should not be considered as punishment when used
"as an administrative measure" of preventing him from influencing witnesses or of injury to
himself or others.
5. Reduced Diet - Usually this punishment is carried out with punitive segregation. The United
Nations rules prohibit the use of this kind of punishment unless supervised by the prison
physician. Cruel and degrading forms of punishment are also prohibited by United Nations
rules, including corporal punishment. Except when there is danger of the inmate injuring himself
or others, the use of handcuff and leg irons is prohibited by the United Nations rules and
regulations.
CHAPTER 7
COUNSELING, CASEWORK AND CLINICAL SERVICES
Counseling, casework and clinical services are essential parts of the total correctional
program. To function effectively as an integral part of the total correctional process, professional
personnel assigned to these services must clearly understand the mission, goals and objectives of
the correctional system.
Counseling is defined as a relationship in which one endeavors to help another understand
and solve his problems of adjustment. It is distinguished from advice or admonition in that it implies
mutual consent. Counseling as used in working with offenders; encompasses the personal and
group relationships undertaken by the staff. It has its goals either the immediate solution of a
specific personal problem or a long range effort to develop increased self-understanding and
maturity within the offender.
Counseling may be part of the activity of a professional casework or psychiatric staff, but is
also the proper province of the teacher, the work supervisor, and the group supervisor, and the
group supervisor. In institutions particularly, the work and quarters, supervisors have extensive
contact with and influence upon inmate behavior. In the performance of normal job functions,
counseling is used commonly and quite often unconsciously. Voluntary participation of the offender
in a counseling relationship is desirable; but there is evidence that group programs in which
participation is mandatory can be effective.
Group Counseling Personnel - Institutions can make productive use of a program of

counseling which employs educational, custodial, and industrial, maintenance and other
operational personnel as group leaders and give individual attention to inmates. There is
considerable untapped potential in the large numbers of institutional personnel who can have major
impact on relieving inmate tensions and contributing to ultimate social readjustment of offenders.
The most effective informal counseling program consists of the intelligent and harmonious
use of personal relationships between staff and inmates in the operation of day-to-day assignments
in the institution. The natural small living group, such as camps, dormitories and other small housing
units~ provide an excellent setting for the development of a counseling relationship between
custodial staff and inmates, as do small work groups or crews.
Vocational Counseling - A critical need in institutional programming is professional

vocational counseling. Involved here is a technical specialty within the general counseling field,
which requires broad knowledge of occupations, vocational potentials, aptitudes and interests, and
conditions of employability in the community. Increasingly, institutions are turning their attention to
vocational training and productive enterprise. This is sound, both from the standpoint of institutional
activities and job stability after the inmate is released.
To accomplish the most effective assignment, and training of inmates, each correctional
system should employ skilled vocational counselors to contribute to the initial study and
recommendations. The assessment of vocational potential can then be used by both inmates and
staff to determine initial assignment and periodic progress review. Based upon an allotment of three
hours per case in the reception unit for review, analysis and report, there should be one vocational
counselor provided for every 40 cases per month. This would allow approximately one-fourth of his
time for administrative duties and staff development projects.
Vocational counselors are also needed to make periodic progress reviews, to guide
occupational and training reassignments, and to give consultations to administrative staff, trade
foremen vocational and academic teachers. The use of Dictionary of Occupational Titles can
greatly simplify and considerably enhance the assignment practices within the institution as well as
the release planning for employment.
Based upon a minimum of 15 inmates per case per month, an appropriate ratio of vocational
counselors is one to every 300 inmates. This ratio allows for approximately one-half times to be
devoted to administrative routine, staff consultation, classification committee work, and other allied
duties. In terms of both short-range productivity and long-range benefits, skilled vocational
counseling is an economical use of personnel.
Casework in correctional work includes the professional services rendered by
professionally trained personnel in the description and social treatment of offenders. Casework
consists of working with one individual at a time, with the aims of:
1. Obtaining clear case description or social history,
2. Solving immediate problems involving family or other personal relationships,
3. Exploring carefully long-range problems of social adjustment and assisting the individual toward
acceptable solutions,
4. Offering supportive guidance and information to inmates who are nearing release from the
institution,
5. Offering supportive guidance and professional assistance to offenders on probation or parole.
CASEWORK SERVICES
While the entire correctional process should be seen as-an integrated activity, for logical
outline, the areas for use of counselors can be divided into six sections which have certain
operational significance:
1. pre-sentence investigation (probation)
2. reception process
3. general institutional program
4. specialized use in severe disciplinary cases and segregation
5. pre-release activity
6. post-institutional care (parole)
Whatever his specific assignment, the counselor should be a person specially trained either
by graduate academic preparation or through specialized and intensive correctional casework
training programs, in the understanding of basic human needs, problem behavior, social conditions
relevant to criminality, and community and social agency resources.
It is essential that the counselor have a broad understanding of anti-social behavior and a
general knowledge and understanding of research procedures. The counselor should be motivated
by a personal desire to assist individuals who exhibit varying, and sometimes serious, degrees of
such behavior.
As part of the casework program, relationship with colleges and universities should be
established to provide for field instruction for students and advanced course work by full-time
employees.
1. Reception Process - Case study, evaluation and description are an essential function of the
caseworker. Skills in analysis, thorough reporting, and clear writing are essential in the
production of a case history used throughout the correctional process as a basis for program
planning and treatment. Participation in.-the orientation of the newly received inmate: to the
correctional system is also a function of the, reception unit caseworker who may, accomplish
this purpose most successfully in groups.
During reception process one function of the caseworker is to deal with special problems,
which arise during the intake period. Often this is a time of considerable personal and family stress
requiring the resolution of economic and personal problems. Specialized casework skills in handling
new stress problems and knowledge of appropriate referral sources are required
2. Workload Standard - A minimum standard workload figure for processing new cases is 30 per
month, for the caseworker exclusively occupied in this area. As part of the standard, there
should be a provision for at least one case supervisor for every six to eight caseworkers.
These workloads are based on an average allotment of approximately four hours per case
for study, description, analysis and recommendation and an additional allowance of one-fourth work
time for administrative routine training and staff development. It is most important to recognize that
the treatment potential of the caseworkers is commensurate with the amount of face-to-face-
contact with the client. As administrative details increase, the treatment potential correspondingly
decreases. These should be regarded as absolute minimum figures.
3. Institutional Activities - Perhaps the most basic institutional casework activity is long-term
case and group work with inmates judged to be amenable to professional casework services.
At the present time there is insufficient knowledge upon which to determine a known percentage
of inmates who might be responsive to- the intensive casework services.
During the institutional period, the caseworker becomes involved in aiding in-mates with a
wide range of problems. Many of these concerns themselves with difficulties of institutional
adjustment, but there are others, which have their origin in the community. Among the latter are
divorce complaints, matters relating to the care and custody of minor children, and issues
concerned with handling the inmate's financial assets. It is important to recognize that many of the
latter matters may involve the offender's legal rights and the caseworker should provide the approve
channels.
The Preparation and writing of progress reports for review towards release is also a usual
and important assignment. The caseworker also serves as a consultant to institutional line
personnel. He contributes to personnel training, and also helps interpret the treatment needs of
individuals.
4. Pre-release Activities - Pre-release planning for individual inmates and group programming in
advance of release is frequently one of the more neglected activities in correctional
administrations. Normally the counselor will be assigned the responsibility for planning and
execution of specific pre-release programs for orientation and, information to inmates preparing
to leave the institution. These programs will stress employment, living relationships, adjustment
factors in the outside community, recreational interests, etc.
Pre-release programming for individual inmate requires review of the admission study and
institutional progress and proper interpretation to the field counselor and the inmate as to expected
problem areas and proposals for most effective release arrangements.
CLINICAL SERVICES
Clinical services provide the most intensive diagnostic and treatment activities aimed at
1. Discovering the causes of individual maladjustments,
2. Applying psychiatric techniques with offenders towards effecting improved behavior
3. Offering guidance and support to other staff members in their management of offenders
The staff members ordinarily employed in clinical services work are psychiatrists, clinical
psychologists, trained caseworkers, psychiatric nurses, occupational therapists, and other
specifically trained technicians. The clinical services personnel are particularly concerned with
offenders with deep-seated emotional problems.
Clinical services generally include the functions of psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric
social workers, and ancillary personnel such as psychiatric nurses, occupational therapists, and
correctional officers with specialized training. Clinical services personnel should have appropriate
education and certification for their specialties. Where possible, residency-training programs should
be established in correctional, institutional and field activities.
In this discussion, the emphasis will be placed on describing the important uses to which
clinical services personnel can be assigned in the correctional process.
1. Reception Process - Intelligence and personality tests administered by qualified clinical
psychologists. They are required as a basic part of the diagnostic process and program
planning. Intelligence and vocational aptitude test should be selected carefully with the
psychologist's guidance, and should be administered routinely.
Serious thought should be given to periodic supplementary testing and re-evaluation. The
emotional state of the inmate upon intake can lead to misinterpretations and faulty program
planning. Personality tests on a group basis and projecting techniques should be administered
selectively. The role of the clinical psychologists also includes the continuing assessment of the
testing battery and introduction and modification of tests where needed.
Each inmate passing through the reception process should receive at least a screening
interview by a clinical psychologist. On a selective basis more intensive interviews will be necessary
for a proportion of the inmates. The interview will be used as a supplement to the interpretation of
the personality and projective tests as well as intelligence scores and to assist in the preparation
of the full admission summary.
On referral, psychiatrists should make assessments of psychopathology, organic
disturbances, and other factors related to diagnosis and treatment planning. The wide range of
offender types is such that it is not necessary to have a mental status report on every inmate.
Mental status reports will be necessary, however, for a substantial number of inmates to determine
appropriate placement and treatment plan.
2. Institutional Programs - Clinical services personnel have a significant role in individualized
and group treatment of psychotic inmates, severe neurotics, and other individuals
demonstrating bizarre behavior in the institution or in their institution or in their history before
entry. As a minimum requirement there should be provision for full clinical service to the
population designated as psychotic and other inmates showing major personality disturbances,
which may be amenable to treatment or psychiatric management.
As consultants, clinical personnel, including psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric
social workers can play a key role in the general treatment programs of the institution. This function
would include providing consultant services for line personnel working as counselors, for discipline
and classification committee decisions and for general programming. The in-service training
program for all personnel should include sessions on personality theory to be conducted by clinical
services personnel.
As specialized assignment, individual and group treatment by clinical services personnel
maybe provided in segregation units and to the general population for the very difficult cases
evidencing major disturbances in the institutional community. The segregation unit thus should be
seen primarily as an adjustment center with- a close integration of custodial, counseling, casework
and clinical services activity.
Occupational therapy programs employing professionally trained occupational therapists
should be part of the institutional program for inmates with emotional, mental or physical handicaps
requiring special attention. Workload standards should be established through consultation with
the appropriate professional associations.
Where occupational therapists have been used in both mental hospitals and prisons, there
have been dramatic examples of improvement of severely diagnosed individuals. In addition, the
occupational therapist programs are very useful in diagnosis and evaluation of long-term needs for
inmate programming.
3. Pre-release Activity - In preparing for release to inmates, the clinical services group serves an
important function by m akin an assessment of psychopathology and the implications of such
assessment for behavior in the general community. In addition to the general assessment one
of the most important functions to be served by the clinical services group, especially in cases
having psychotic or bizarre histories is in the prescription for appropriate post-release
programming that is transmitted to the parole service.
4. Post-Institutional Care - Consultant clinical services should be available for the use of parole
supervisors in assessing progress, supervision needs for most effective parole management of
large numbers of parolees demonstrating unusual personality disturbance or with histories of
unpredictable behavior.
As part of parole treatment and management, outpatient parole diagnostic and treatment
clinics should be developed in the major metropolitan areas. In many instances the paroling
authorities are of the opinion that men may be released with relative assurance of safety to the
community provided there is a continuing clinical assessment and treatment of offenders with
unusual histories. The functions of the outpatient clinic would include on-going treatment of cases
showing positive response and the evaluation of especially difficult cases at the time of key
decisions.
SEX PROBLEMS IN PRISON
Sex is one of the most challenging problems that confront the administrators of our prisons
today. The problem is normally related to diseases of mental abnormality and emotional instability
that emerge in definite criminal conclusions. Despite evident progress in many avenues of
correction, there are certain areas of behavior with which the pris6n system has not been able to
cope. One of them is the problem of sexual adjustment in all institutions where inmates are deprived
of social or sexual contact.
With the exception of few prisons where conjugal visits are allowed, inmates generally
manifest deviant sexual behavior, namely: nocturnal sex dreams (emissions), masturbation and
sodomy. Male prisoner is randomly distributed according to social status and general life style from
the pauper to the opulent, although the prisoners who make up the bulk of population are drawn
from the deprived sections of society. As a consequence, sexual experience of these men and the
meaning that sex has for them differs significantly from other sectors living in free community.
A number of dimensions of these substantial differences are to be found in the sexual
activity and attitudes of men who have differing amounts of education and social origin. Imprisoned
men and men of delinquent histories generally have wider sexual experience than men living in
conventional and non-delinquent lives.
Drawing on the knowledge about the dimensions of prior sexual adjustment of men who go
to prison, the first major sense of experience is actually how little sexual activity of any sort secure
within the prison, thus, even after the shock of imprisonment has worn off, which often for recidivist
this occurs quickly, there is no sudden burst of sexual activity of any type. Confirming these
impressions are the low order of sexual complaint as found in the list of grievances presented by
the prisoners.
Partly, this is due to the tight custody in the institution and the fact that the prisoners move
and live in close proximity and except for certain moments of the day, there is very little privacy.
Another cause is man in prison finds himself without appropriate stimuli, which suggest
opportunities for sexual activity. The absence of females and 'the absence of social situation that
call for sexual responses, such as being out of town, ogling and drinking, serve as effective
inhibitors of -sexual responsiveness.
HOMOSEXUALITY
Homosexuality is the most common form of sexual perversion in prison. Dr. Paul Tappan
states that the homosexuality is a type of sex perversion that must be reckoned with by prison
authorities because of its immensity and violent consequences.
There are two factors that encourage homosexual behavior in prisons. The first is
deprivation of opportunity for normal sex outlet, and as a result of this denial, prisoners have
no alternative but (1) to strive for complete continence, a state which is very difficult for many to
achieve, or (2) to indulge in orgasm; or (3) to engage in homosexual practices.
The other basic factor encouraging homosexual behavior is found in the fact that every
normal person has "erotic zone" in his body aside from his genital region which if stimulated gives
the person under certain condition, full gratification or completion of sex act.
Hence, every person is neurotically and potentially capable of gaining sexual gratification
from homosexual practices. Considering the unique situation, the prisoners are placed, it is
therefore not surprising that a number of them are indulging in homosexual practices.
HOW HOMOSEXUALITY BEGINS
When members of one sex are gathered together in isolation from the opposite sex many
will discover homosexual practices. The tragedy in this situation is not the act itself, but in the fact
that many persons otherwise sexually normal learn the habits of homosexual practices and
experience, and carrying these practices with them, remain homosexual by preference when they
are discharged from prison or other situation that encourage homosexuality.
Homosexual persons may be divided into two categories, (1) one composed of persons who have
learned "accidentally" to indulge in perverted acts, (2) the other composed of persons who had their
inclinations ingrained as one of their fundamental personality traits.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRISON HOMOSEXUALS
An obvious example of a difference between the inmate or congenital homosexual and the
“average” or "normal" person is found in reversed secondary sex characteristics as having broad
hips, a female hairline large breast, effeminate voice and features, for male; the female invert
homosexual will have a masculine hairline and a deep voice. This, of course, is not true of the
accidental homosexual.
There are indications that homosexuality is such more prevalent that many assume. There
is ample evidence that homosexual relationships are of transitory nature, occurring perhaps only
once or twice over of a unique, social situation like a man in prison where homosexuality is
prevalent.
There are varying estimates of the number of males who have homosexual contact during
their periods of confinement, but the range is probably between 30 and 45 percent, depending upon
the intensity of custody in the institutions, the social origins of the population, and the duration of
individual sentence. Homosexuality in prison is quite a different phenomenon than homosexual
experience in the outside community.
In the prison context, homosexuality is an imitation of normal sex life with the very sexual
activity suggesting masculine and feminine role components, thus a passive male prisoner submits
to this sexual activity of another active male prisoner by coercion because either of fear or
indebtedness. There are other male prisoners who have developed preferences for male
companions from their own experience and who enter prison as homosexual.
The aggressor provides protection, a measure of affection and perhaps gifts in case of older
inmates. The passive inmate provides sexual access, affection, and other pseudo-feminine
services. In cases of long-term inmates, these relationships may be conceived as pseudo marriage
resulting to a greater degree of sexual reciprocity. To some extent, this relationship creates
problems of sexual jealousy, which erupts into violence.
WOMAN AND HOMOSEXUALITY
Homosexual behavior is not restricted to male institution only but is found in women's
reformatories and in girls’ correctional institutions as well. Many of the females sent to these places
have not developed inhibitions and thus find the situation almost unbearable. They easily turn to
various forms of erotic behavior, and as in the male institutions debauch the more sensitive and
feminine of their fellow prisoners. It is practically difficult for administrators of prisons to control this
problem in the institution largely because the inmates have more freedom than male prisoners.
Women's reformatories are usually of the cottage type with large campuses where
friendships between girls and women have very little restraint. The sexual adjustment of women to
imprisonment is then strongly linked to the general goals to which most are socialized in the larger
society. The frequencies of any sexually ameliorative behaviors such as masturbation and
homosexuality are considerably less frequent for women than men in prison.
Female prisoners appear to form into pseudo families with articulated roles of husband and
wife. These family systems seem to arise from these sources. One source is a process of
compensation: the majority of female prisoners are from several disordered homes and the creation
of the pseudo family often compensate for this deficiency. Another source results from the
socialization of women, who instead of forming a gang for self-defense as male prisoners do, tend
to form pseudo family.
Finally, pseudo family operates to stabilize relationships in the institutions and to establish
orders of dominance and s submission among female prisoners. It is the result of these
relationships that homosexuality is being practiced by female prisoners.
CONTROL OF PRISON HOMOSEXUALS
No satisfactory solutions have been found to sex problems in prison except to reduce the
opportunities for such practices. For, instance, having only one prisoner in each cell, providing
physical exercise during the day to encourage sleep at bedtime and by adequately supervising all
congregations of prisoners where they are in the situation which affords an opportunity for
homosexual practices. Several attempts have likewise been made to segregate, the most obvious
sex, offenders especially homosexual to be removed from the congregation but still there is a
tendency to co-opt other prisoners to take their place.
Probably the only long-term solution is to adopt the policy of home visits at intervals during
incarceration and to provide alternative modes of self-expression for these social and psychological
needs because of the current structure of male prison, result in homosexuality. The answers to
homosexuality are:
1. Encourage those who actually desire to change to take psychiatric treatment
2. Permit them unmolested to seek out their kind as they wish in free community
3. Conjugal visit for married prisoners
MASTURBATION
Some of the most successful aphrodisiacs are the absence of anxiety the presence of
available sexual cues, an adequate diet, and plenty of rest. Of these, only the latter two are
commonly found in the prison environment and, in some cases only the last one. One of the sources
of sexual cues is fantasy; those remembered or desired sexual experience that commonly serves
as the basis of masturbation, which is self-gratification.
These fantasies then begin to facilitate further masturbation and a continuing commitment
of sexual outlet. Masturbation serves primarily as a mechanical release of felt physical tension. The
prisoners learn and rehearse sexual style in the context masturbation. As it is indulged secretly, its
extent cannot be more than estimated. If the inmate is to some degree cultured, he may turn to
various avocations or hobbies like pacing his cell floor and memorizing verses in the Bible and
passages in poetry, to drain of his sexual hunger.
SODOMY
Another sex problem prevalent in prison is sodomy. Sodomy as a manifestation of sexual

perversion is the direct result of the denial of normal contact with opposite sex that is a part of the
society outside. In a situation where homosexuality is not practiced by inmates due to absence of
passive partners or there is no known homosexual in a cell, prisoners sometimes indulge in
sodomy, or sex relation with another male, which is a criminal offense.
CONJUGAL VISIT
The program of involving the practice of permitting inmates, some opportunities of normal
sex life has been tried with success in several countries throughout the world especially in Latin
American countries, like Salvador, Mexico, Columbia, Argentina and Brazil. In some countries
notably Sweden home furlough, which is the inmate's rights and not a privilege, meets the need for
normal sex practice. A policy of permitting the families of prisoners to move to a prison compound
has long been in operation in several countries. It was the practice at least during 1930's in
U.S.S.R., especially in Bolshevo prison near Moscow.
In Columbia, the inmate leaves the prison under guard, wearing civilian clothes, wife in a
certified rooming house or in his own house if he lives in the city where the prison, specifically set
aside for the purpose of the visit. Prostitutes are banned. In Mexico City, a special hotel-like building
was erected for overnight visit of men's wives. This is likewise true in progressive Mexican "Islas
Marias" prison colony in the Pacific Ocean. Perhaps the most dignified type of conjugal visiting was
established in Argentina in 1947. In the National Penitentiary in Buenos Aires, each inmate who
maintains good behavior is entitled to periodic visits from his wife in a specially built structure
intended for the purpose.
In the United States of America such practice of conjugal visit has not been officially
sanctioned by state authorities, although clandestine conjugal visits have existed for many years
in Mississippi State Penitentiary located at Parchman in Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, popularly known
as Parchman Institution. Here, it emphasizes not only the bringing of visitors into prison during
Sunday's but it allows the inmates to keep contact with their families by leaving the prison
themselves. Under the visiting leave program at Parchman called "Holiday Suspension Program"
each year from December 1 until March 1, selected inmates who have been in the penitentiary at
least 3 years with good behavior records may go home for a period of 10 days.
There are numerous problems that arise in connection with the privilege of allowing conjugal
visits in prison. Among them are
1. The possibility of common-law wives to visit their common-law husbands which create
resentment and jealousy on the part of legitimate wives
2. Prostitutes to call on some inmates which would result to the spread of venereal diseases
3. That it is unfair to unmarried inmates
Relatively however, this practice of conjugal helps a lot. It keeps marriages from breaking
up, reduces homosexuality, makes inmates more cooperative, helps rehabilitate inmates, makes
inmates easier to control, and makes inmates work harder.
CONJUGAL VISIT IN THE PHILIPPINES
In the Philippines, the practice of conjugal visiting was not allowed in the earlier part of its
prison system. However, the policy of the government specially the Bureau of Prisons is to allow
the families of some prisoners who attain the status of colonists or trustees to live with them at
government expense in penal colonies such as in Davao Prison and Penal Farm, Iwahig Prison
and Penal Farm, and Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm.
The colonists and their families are given a piece of land to cultivate and are encouraged to
raise poultry and livestock for their own personal use. The colony post - exchange sells their
product. When released, the prisoners, if they so desire to live in the colony, are reclassified as
homesteaders and are given 6 hectares homestead lot in the Tagumpay and Tanglaw
Settlements. Only Iwahig and Davao Prisons and Penal Farms, so far, are operating land
settlements where homestead lots are distributed to released prisoners. There are community
resources such as, school, church, recreation center, post - exchange, hospital and clinics for the
colonists and their families.
CHAPTER 8
THE PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM
WHAT IS A PRISON?
❖ A national prisons or penitentiaries managed and supervised by the BuCor.
❖ A penitentiary, an institution for the imprisonment (incarceration) of persons convicted of

major/ serious crimes.
❖ A building, usually with cells, or other places established for the purpose of taking safe custody
or confinement of criminals.
❖ A place of confinement for those for those charged with or convicted of offenses against the
laws of the land.
WHO IS A PRISONER?
❖ A prisoner is a person who is under the custody of lawful authority. A person, who by reason
of his criminal sentence or by a decision issued by a court, may be deprived of his liberty or
freedom.
❖ A prisoner is any person detained/confined in jail or prison for the commission of a criminal
offense or convicted and serving in a penal institution.
❖ A person committed to jail or prison by a competent authority for any of the following reasons:
To serve a sentence after conviction – Trial – Investigation –
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONERS
1. Detention Prisoners – (detainee) those detained for investigation, preliminary hearing, or

awaiting trial. A detainee in a lock up jail. They are prisoners under the jurisdiction of Courts.
2. Sentenced Prisoners – offenders who are committed to the jail or prison in order to serve
their sentence after final conviction by a competent court. They are prisoners under the
jurisdiction of penal institutions.
3. Prisoners who are on Safekeeping – includes non-criminal offenders who are detained in
order to protect the community against their harmful behavior. Ex. Mentally deranged
individuals, insane person.
Note: Prisoners and detainee are called inmates.
CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCED PRISONERS
1. Insular or National Prisoners
❖ Those sentenced to suffer a term of sentence of 3 years and 1 day to life imprisonment.
❖ Those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment cited above but appealed the judgment
and unable to file a bond for their temporary liberty.
2. Provincial Prisoners
❖ Those persons sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 6 months and 1 day to 3
years or a fine not more than 1,000 pesos, or both; or
❖ Those detained therein waiting for preliminary investigation of their cases cognizable by
the RTC.
❖ if a prisoner receives two or more sentences in the aggregate exceeding the period of three
years, he shall not be considered a provincial prisoner.
3. City Prisoners
❖ Those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 1 day to 3 years or a fine of not
more than 1,000 pesos or both.
❖ Those detained therein whose cases are filed with the MTC.
❖ Those detained therein whose cases are cognizable by the RTC and under Preliminary
Investigation.
4. Municipal Prisoners
❖ Those confined in Municipal jails to serve an imprisonment from 1 day to 6 months.

❖ Those detained therein whose trials of their cases are pending with the MTC.
CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONERS ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF SECURITY
1. Super Maximum-Security Prisoners
❖ A special group of prisoners composed of incorrigible, intractable, and highly dangerous

persons who are the source of constant disturbances even in a maximum-security prison.
❖ They wear orange color of uniform.
2. Maximum Security Prisoners
❖ The group of prisoners whose escape could be dangerous to the public or to the security
of the state.
❖ It consists of constant troublemakers but not as dangerous as the super maximum-security
prisoners. Their movements are restricted and they are not allowed to work outside the
institution but rather assigned to industrial shops within the prison compound.
❖ They are confined at the Maximum-Security Prison (NBP Main Building), they wear orange
color of uniform.
❖ Prisoners includes those sentenced to serve sentence 20 years or more, or those who’s
sentenced are under the review of the Supreme Court, and offenders who are criminally
insane having severe personality or emotional disorders that make them dangerous to
fellow offenders or staff members.
3. Medium Security Prisoners
❖ Those who cannot be trusted in open conditions and pose lesser danger than maximum-
security prisoners in case they escape.
❖ It consists of groups of prisoners who may be allowed to work outside the fence or walls
of the penal institution under guards or with escorts.
❖ They occupy the Medium Security Prison (Camp Sampaguita) and they wear blue color of
uniforms. Generally, they are employed as agricultural workers.
❖ It includes prisoners whose minimum sentence is less than 20 years and life-sentenced
prisoners who served at least 10 years inside a maximum-security prison.
4. Minimum Security Prisoners
❖ A group of prisoners who can be reasonably trusted to serve sentence under “open
conditions”.
❖ This group includes prisoners who can be trusted to report to their work assignments
without the presence of guards.
❖ They occupy the Minimum-Security Prison (Camp Bukang Liwayway) and wear brown
color uniforms.
WHAT IS A JAIL?
Jail is a place for locking - up of persons who are convicted of minor offenses or felonies
who are to serve a short sentence imposed upon them by a competent court, or for confinement
of persons who are awaiting trial or investigation of their cases.
It is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under investigation, awaiting or
undergoing trial or serving short term sentence (BJMP, 2001).
TYPES OF JAILS
1. Lock-up Jails – is a security facility, common to police stations, used for temporary
confinement of an individual held for investigation.
2. Ordinary Jails – is the type of jail commonly used to detain a convicted criminal offender to
serve sentence less than three years.
3. Workhouses, Jail Farms or Camp – a facility that houses minimum custody offenders who
are serving short sentences or those who are undergoing constructive work programs. It
provides full employment of prisoners, remedial services and constructive leisure time
activities.
WHAT ARE PROVINCIAL JAILS?
Provincial Jails in the Philippines are not under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of
Corrections. They are managed and controlled by the provincial government.
ALTERNATIVE TO JAIL CONFINEMENT
In order to solve the problem of congestion of prisoners in jail and save many accidental
offenders from becoming hardened offenders, the following alternative to jail confinement are
suggested:
1. Elimination from the jail of those who belong elsewhere. Such persons as the chronic
alcoholics, the insane, the children, the ill, the destitute, and the other jail misfits should move
out and give the prisoner a chance. These people belong to hospitals for mentally or to foster
homes.
2. Payment of fines in lieu of imprisonment. Court records and dockets are crammed with
persons ordered to jail for failure or inability to pay fines. The application of punishment with
relation to the economic status of the offenders seems to be illogical. As long as we consider
the imposition of a fine as an appropriate measure of punishment, consideration should be
given to its payments on the installment plan.
3. Use of Probation. The use of probation in minor cases can be availed of effectively for selected
offenders as a means of reducing the jail population.
4. Wider use of approved methods of release from custody. The wider use of bail, release on
personal recognizance, paroling to the family, friends or attorneys, is advisable in cases of a
minor nature. Judges hold within their power the extended use of these measures. They need
to comprehend that jail confinement is the least desirable of procedures.
5. Consolidation of Confinement Facilities. In many areas, adjacent provinces and cities could
give consideration to the combined use of a single jail rather than continuing the use of several
jails. This would make possible efficiency and economy of operation and the improvement of
housing facilities.
6. Establishment of Farm Units and Forestry Camps. These alternatives to the continued
employment of the typical local jail are attaining wider approval. The states of California,
Wisconsin, Virginia and numerous others are successfully operating approved camps, farms
and colonies. The county of Los Angeles has developed a commendable jail-farm system,
which is meeting with community approval. The establishment of such units serves to provide
constructive use of labor of those confined.
7. The use of the delayed sentence. Various areas, notably Wisconsin, have experimented with
the use of the delayed sentence. Sometimes referred to as the “weekend sentence,” or the
“night sentence” this procedure permits a jail prisoner to pursue his normal job during the week
and return to the jail to serve his sentence during non-working hours.
CHAPTER 9
CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM AND FACILITIES
CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Department of Justice (DOJ) – supervises and manages national penitentiaries,

administers the parole and probation system and assist the President in the grant of
executive clemency. It has control over the following:
a. Bureau of Corrections (BuCor)
b. Parole and Probation Administration (PPA)
c. Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP)
2. Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)

a. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)
b. Provincial Jails
3. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

a. Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare
CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM APPROACHES
1. Institutionalized Approach – are those measures or treatment programs carried out

inside the jail or prison while inmates are serving sentence or undergoing trial.
2. Non – institutionalized Approach – are those measures or treatment programs

carried out on community – based settings such as the application of probation.
3. Therapeutic Approach – are those measures undertaken through modalities of

reformation similar to a drug rehabilitation process.
A. THE OLD BILIBID PRISON
With the effectivity of the Spanish Penal Code in the country, it was then necessary
to establish a system of incarceration. So, in 1847 the construction of the Bilibid Prison
started. This institution became the central place of confinement for Filipino prisoners.
Prior to the establishment of Bilibid Prison, prisoners were confined in jails under the
jurisdiction of Commandancias where law enforcement units were stationed.
Commandancias were established in practically every province of the country. In 1865,
the Bilibid Prison was opened by virtue of a Royal Decree of the Spanish Crown.
The plan of the old Bilibid was such that the brigades were constructed in a radial
spoke-of-a-wheel form. For easy commanding control, a central tower was placed at the
center of spokes. This was the most important tower post then under the command of the
Officer of the Day. The brigades made of strong adobe stones were so sturdy that even
to this day, after their transfer to the city government of Manila they still stand and are
being used by the City of Manila as the City Jail.
B. BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS
Bureau of Prisons was renamed Bureau of Corrections under Executive Order 292
passed during the Aquino Administration. It states that the head of the Bureau of
Corrections is the Director of Prisons who is appointed by the President of the
Philippines with the confirmation of the Commission of Appointments.
The Bureau of Corrections has general supervision and control of all national
prisons or penitentiaries. It is charged with the safekeeping of all Insular Prisoners
confined therein or committed to the custody of the Bureau.
The old law on the BuCor is found in the Revised Administrative Code, particularly
sections 1705 to 1751 of said Code otherwise known as the Prison Law.
BUCOR MISSION, VISION AND MANDATE
Mission – Corrections service compliant to international standards helping

enhance public safety in the Philippines.
Vision – Protect the public and prevent crimes in partnership with stakeholders by
providing persons under custody opportunities for reformation, decent environment and
secure settings.
Mandate – The BuCor is mandated by law to accomplish its twin objectives – the
Effective Rehabilitation and Safekeeping of National Prisoners.
FUNCTIONS OF BUCOR
1. Sake keeps prisoners convicted by courts three years and one day and above to serve
sentence in prison.
2. Keep prisoners from committing crimes while in BuCor’s custody.
3. Provide inmates basic needs as human being.
4. Ensure rehabilitation programs are made available to the inmates for their physical,
intellectual and spiritual development.
5. Develop livelihood programs to assist inmates earn a living and develop their skills
while in prison.
BUCOR PROGRAMS AND SERVICES
One of the primordial mandates of the Bureau of Corrections is the effective

rehabilitation of prisoners; thus, various programs are in place to address the
rehabilitation aspect in corrections.
Rehabilitation in correctional work is done through a combination of programs that
involves spiritual activities, educational courses (formal and informal), medical and
hygienic practices, cultural and recreational activities, productive work, counseling,
therapeutic and disciplinary measures.
REHABILITATION PROGRAMS OF BUCOR
1. The Moral and Spiritual Programs – this develops moral uprightness and a God –
centered prison life for total reformation.
2. The Education and Training Program – this provides opportunity for qualified
inmates to undergo elementary, high school and college education. Others are given
non-formal education through vocational courses and skill enhancements.
3. The Work and Livelihood Program – this enhances productivity and livelihood skills
to make them economically prepared.
4. The Sports and Recreational Programs – this maintains physical fitness through
regular sports and recreational activities. These are various indoor and outdoor
activities, programs, tournaments and leagues all year round, to include basketball,
volleyball, billiards, table tennis and chess. These promotes camaraderie among
inmates, good sportsmanship and team building.
5. The Health and Welfare Programs – this promotes healthy lifestyle through proper
health care and dietary requirements. The health care of inmate is provided through
the NBP hospital and 6 other prison’s mini-hospital and clinics.
6. The Behavior Modification Program – this develops positive outlook in life and
virtuous attitude of the inmates. The therapeutic community program is one of BuCor’s
achievements where it caters to newly committed inmates especially those with drug
problems.
WHAT IS THE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY PROGRAM (TC PROGRAM)
The therapeutic community program was adopted as part of the BuCor’s holistic
approach towards inmate rehabilitation. The program modifies negative behavior and or
attitudes while restoring self – confidence. It gradually reshapes or restructures the inmate
within a family like environment, wherein every member acts as his brother’s keepers.
The TC process allows genuine introspection, cultivation of self-worth and positive
rationalization that move the individual towards assuming a greater sense of personal and
moral responsibility.
COVERAGE OF THE BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS
1. National Bilibid Prisons (Muntinlupa, Rizal)

a. New Bilibid Prisons (Main Building)
b. Camp Sampaguita
c. Camp Bukang Liwayway
d. Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC)
2. Correctional Institution for Women (Mandaluyong)
3. The Penal Colonies:

a. Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm (Occidental Mindoro)
b. Iwahig Penal Colony and Farm (Palawan)
c. Davao Penal Colony and Farm (Central Davao)
d. San Ramon Penal Colony and Farm (Zamboanga)
e. Ilo-Ilo Penal Colony and Farm (Ilo-Ilo Province)
f. Leyte Regional Prison (Abuyog Leyte)
THE NEW BILIBID PRISON
The Bilibid Prison continued as the main national prison until 1941 when it was
transferred to a new site in Muntinlupa, Rizal. The old prison had become overcrowded
because prison population increased from year to year. The Prison at Azcarraga (now-
Recto) was also fast being enveloped by the modem structural expansion in the city so it
was then necessary to move the prison from the city to a suburban site.
In 1936, the City of Manila exchanged its Muntinlupa property of 552 hectares with
that of the Bureau of Prison lot in Manila. This Muntinlupa estate was originally intended
as the site of the Boys Training School but because it is far from Manila the City
Government of Manila preferred the site of the old Bilibid. The Bureau started construction
of the prison in 1936.
Despite, the fact that the buildings were not yet ready; all the inmates of the Bilibid
Prison in Manila were transferred to the new site on the recommendation of the Cabinet
shortly before the outbreak of World War II. The new site occupies 552 hectares. During
the war, Filipinos who were suspected as guerrilas were sent to the New Bilibid Prison for
confinement by the Japanese Occupation Army. When Manila was liberated, Americans
who were former prisoners of war were camped in the New Bilibid Prison reservation for
physical recuperation.
The Bilibid Prison is mainly - a maximum custody institution. Being the main prison,
it receives commitments from Courts of First Instance, and Criminal Circuit Courts all over
the Philippines, except those sentenced by the Courts of First Instance and Criminal
Circuit Courts of Zamboanga and Sulu who may be committed directly to the San Ramon
Prison and Penal Farm. The New Bilibid Prison has a capacity of 3,000 Prisoners.
The New Bilibid Prison operates two satellites units, namely: Bukang Liwayway
Camp and Sampaguita Camp. These two camps are located about a few hundred
meters back to the New Bilibid Prison compound.
The Bukang Liwayway Camp houses 1,500 minimum - security prisoners who work
in the various projects of the institution.
In Camp Sampaguita, the Reception and Diagnostic Center, the Medium Security
Unit and the Youth Rehabilitation Center is located.
a. The Medium Security Unit can handle a population of 700 prisoners who are
employed in the agricultural projects under guard escorts.
b. The Youth Rehabilitation Center is capable of accommodating a population of 500

inmates. This unit offers a special treatment and training program for youthful tractable
offenders.
The New Bilibid Prison specializes in the industrial type of vocational training. It
operates a furniture shop, shoe repairing shop, blacksmith and tinsmith shop, auto
mechanics and automobile body building shop, tailoring, electronics, watch-repairing
carpentry, and rattan furniture shop. It is also engaged in track gardening, poultry, piggery
and animal husbandry.
The New Bilibid Prison also offers a high school course for prisoners who desire
to complete their high school education. The school is a part of the public high school of
Rizal province. Since its establishment in 1956, the school has graduated over three
hundred inmates.
THE RECEPTION AND DIAGNOSTIC CENTER (RDC)
This is a special unit of prison where new prisoners undergo diagnostic

examination, study and observation for the purpose of determining the programs of
treatment and training best suited to their needs and the institution to which they should
be transferred.
The center was opened by virtue of Administrative Order No. 8 of DOJ. IT operated
as a separate institution and is housed in one building inside the Camp Sampaguita in
the New Bilibid Prison.
It is tasked to receive study and classify all male national prisoners committed by
final judgment to the National Penitentiary. It is being headed by the Chief of the RDC.
The RD is the receiving arm of BuCor as it admits and classifies national prisoners
for a period of 60 days, including a 5-day quarantine period. These national prisoners
undergo psychiatric, psychological, medical and other examinations.
BuCor’s rehabilitation programs are introduced during this period to include the
Therapeutic Community Program, as inmates are being prepared mentally, physically and
spiritually. The RDC provides them a vital direction towards a God – centered prison life.
Towards the end of the period, diagnostic staffs consolidate and prepare their
individual case summary report. Initial staff classification is conducted and inmates are
classified as either Maximum, Medium or Minimum-security inmates based on their
security status and are transferred to their respective institutional assignments.
THE QUARANTINE CELL OR UNIT
This may be a unit of the prison or a section of the RDC where the prisoner is given
thorough physical examination including blood test, x-rays, vaccinations and immunity.
This is for the purpose of insuring that the prisoner is not suffering from any contagious
disease, which might be transferred to the prison population.
THE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION FOR WOMEN
In 1931, the Correctional Institution for Women was established on an 18 -hectare

piece of land in Mandaluyong by authority of Act 3579, which was passed on November
27, 1929. Prior to the establishment of this institution, female prisoners were confined in
one of the wings of Bilibid Prisons. Later the position for a female superintendent was
created in. 1934. Correctional Institution for women is an institution under the Bureau of
Prison, managed by the female personnel, except the perimeter guard who are male.
The Correctional Institution for Women is the only penal institution for women in
the Philippines. It has an average inmate population of 180. The institution conducts
vocational courses in dressmaking, beauty culture, handicrafts cloth weaving and slipper
making.
PENAL COLONIES
a. Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm (Occidental Mindoro)

b. Iwahig Penal Colony and Farm (Palawan)
c. Davao Penal Colony and Farm (Central Davao)
d. San Ramon Penal Colony and Farm (Zamboanga)
e. Iloilo Penal Colony and Farm (Iloilo Province)
f. Leyte Regional Prison (Abuyog Leyte)
A. THE SABLAYAN PENAL COLONY AND FARM
In 1954, the increase in prison population was such that there was congestion again
in the New Bilibid Prison. The New Bilibid Prison which could hold only 3,000 had a
population of 6,000 prisoners in 1954. On September 27, 19S4, the President of the
Philippines issued -Proclamation No. 72 setting aside 16,000 hectares of the virgin lands
in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro for the Sablayan Penal Colony.
The first trailblazers were the experienced colony administrators from Iwahig Penal
Colony headed by the Assistant Superintendent of that colony - Mr. Candido Bagaoisan.
Sablayan Penal Colony enjoys the reputation of being the youngest and fastest growing
colony under the Bureau.
This institution is an open or minimum-security type of institution. It has an area of
16,408.5 hectares and has an average prison population of 1,500. Rice is the principal
product of the colony. This institution is self-sufficient in rice. It also raises vegetables not
only for the use of the colony, but also for the inmates of the New Bilibid Prison.
B. THE IWAHIG PENAL COLONY
On November 16, 1904, Foreman R.J. Sheilds with her sixteen prisoners left the
Bilibid Prison by order of Governor Forbes who was the Secretary of Commerce and Police,
to establish the Iwahig Colonv in Palawan. The idea was hatched on the suggestion of then
Governor Luke E. Wright who envisioned it to be an institution for incorrigibles. The first
contingent, however, revolted against the authorities. They hogtied their Superintendent,
Mr. Madaras, and could have killed him were it not for the timely succor of the Philippine
Scouts stationed in Puerto Princesa.
When the Philippine Commission, by virtue of Reorganization Act 1407, created the
Bureau of Prisons on November 1, 1905, the authorities changed the policy regarding
Iwahig so that instead of sending incorrigibles, inmates who were well behaved and
declared tractable were assigned to this colony. Today, the Iwahig Penal Colony enjoys
the reputation of being one of the best open institutions in the World. Only mutual trust and
confidence between the wards and the prison authorities keep them together, there being
no walls.
At present, the Iwahig Penal Colony is a minimum custody or open institution. It has
an area of 36,000 hectares and an average population of 4,000 prisoners. The colony is
divided into four sub-colonies, namely: Sta. Lucia sub-colony, Inagawan sub-Colony,
Montible sub-colony and Central sub-colony. Each sub-colony operates as a small
institution under the management of a penal supervisor.
The Iwahig Penal Colony administers the Tagumpay Settlement. The Settlement is
a 1,000-hectare portion of the colony which was subdivided into 6-hectares homestead
lots. These lots are distributed to released inmates who desire to live in the settlement.
One important feature of the Iwahig Penal Colony is the privilege granted to
colonists to have their families transported to the colony at government expense and to live
with them in the colonists' village. The institution maintains various community resources
such as schools, church, recreation center, post - exchange, hospital and clinics for the
colonists and their families.
The colonists who have their families with them are assigned a piece of land to
cultivate and are encouraged to raise poultry and livestock for their personal use. Their
products are sold by the Colony Post Exchange. The principal products of the Iwahig Penal
Colony are rice, corn, copra, logs, minor forest products and cattle.
C. THE DAVAO PENAL COLONY
The Davao Penal Colony was established on January 21, 1932, in accordance, with
Act No. 3732 and Proclamation No. 414, series of 1931. The first contingent of prisoners
that opened the colony was led by General Paulino Santos, its founder and the then
Director of Prisons. The area consists of 18,000 hectares, mostly devoted to abaca.
In 1942, the Davao Penal Colony was used as a concentration camp for American
prisoners of war. The former inmates were all transferred to the Inagawan sub-colony in
Iwahig. During the war, the Japanese devastated the colony, destroying its buildings,
machineries and industries. In August 1946, the colony was re-established to its former
productive activity by slow reconstruction. This institution is now the main source of income
of the Bureau from its vast abaca, banana, rice and other farm industries.
At present, the Davao Penal Colony is a combination of medium and minimum
custody type of institution. The greater portions of the prison population are medium
security inmates who live in a stockade enclosed with wires. The prisoners work in the
open fields under escort guards. The Davao Penal Colony manages the biggest abaca
plantation in the whole country. The colony is divided into two sub-colonies, namely, the
Panabo Sub-Colony and the Kapalong sub-colony.
Each sub-colony is headed by a Penal Supervisor. The Davao Penal Colony also
raises rice, corn kernels, copra, and cattle. It has a potential of producing rice, which will
meet the needs of the whole inmate Population of the Bureau.
The colony is engaged in a joint venture with Tagum Development Company in a
3000-hectare banana plantation for the export of banana fruits not only to Japan but also
to the Middle East countries particularly Saudi Arabia and Egypt. The colony also operates
the Tanglaw Settlement where released prisoners of said colony are relocated as
homesteaders.
D. The San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm
In 1869, the authorities saw the need of establishing one prison separate from Bilibid
for those who fought the established government. So, San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm
in the southern tip of Zamboanga was established for the confinement of political
offenders. During those days a rebel who was not shot was either sent to Guam or the
Marianas or to Zamboanga.
The San Ramon Prison was named after its founder, Ramon Blanco, a Spanish
captain in the Royal Army. The purpose of this prison was for the segregation of political
fecal citrates that advocated for reforms but which reforms were rejected by the constituted
authorities. Thus, Dr. Jose Rizal who fought for reforms was considered an enemy of the
government and was imprisoned in Dapitan, also in Zamboanga.
The San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm has an area of 1,524.6 hectares. It houses
maximum, medium and minimum custody types of prisoners. Prisoners who are directly
committed, by the court to this prison are later sent to the Reception and Diagnostic Center
in the Central Office for study and diagnosis. San Ramon has an average population of
1,200 prisoners.
The principal product of the San Ramon Prison is copra, which is one of the biggest
sources of income of the Bureau of Prisons. It also raises rice, corn, coffee, cattle and
livestock.
CHAPTER 10
BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY (BJMP)
The BJMP exercises supervision and control over all cities and municipal jails
throughout the country. The enactment of Republic Act no. 6975 created the BJMP on
June 2, 1991. It operates as a line bureau under the Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG).
As one of the five pillars of the Criminal Justice System, the BJMP also known as
Jail Bureau was created to address growing concern of jail management and penology
problem. Primarily, its clients are detainees accused before a court who are temporarily
confined in such jails while undergoing investigation, waiting final judgment and those
who are serving sentence promulgated by the court 3 years and below.
FOUR MAJOR AREAS OF BJMP REHABILITATION PROGRAM
1. Livelihood Projects
2. Educational and Vocational Training
3. Recreation and Sports and
4. Religious/ Spiritual Activities.
These were continuously implemented to eliminate the offenders' pattern of
criminal behaviour and to reform them to become law-abiding and productive citizens.
BJMP MISSION
The Bureau aims to enhance public safety by providing humane safekeeping and
development of inmates in all district, city and municipal jails.
BJMP VISION
The BJMP envisions itself as a dynamic institution highly regarded for its sustained
humane safekeeping and development of inmates.
BJMP FUNCTIONS
1. Formulate policies and guidelines in the administration of all district, city, and
municipal jails nationwide;
2. Implement strong security measures for the control of inmates;
3. Provide for the basic needs of inmates;
4. Conduct activities for the development of inmates;
5. Improve jail facilities; and,
6. Promote the general welfare and development of personnel.
BJMP MANDATE
BJMP is mandated to direct, supervise and control the administration and

operation of all district, city and municipal jails nationwide with pronged tasks of
safekeeping and development of inmates.
BJMP MAJOR PROGRAM
There are four (4) major programs under the mandate of BJMP and they are the
following:
1. Inmates’ custody, security and control program
2. Inmates’ welfare and development program
3. Decongestion program
4. Good governance
PRINCIPLES OF THE BJMP
1. It is the obligation of jail authorities to confine offenders safely and provide rehabilitative
programs that will negate criminal tendencies and restore their positive values to make
them productive and law-abiding citizens.
2. No procedure or system of correction shall deprive any offender of hope for his ultimate
return to the fold of the law and full membership in society.
3. Unless provided otherwise, any person accused of a criminal offense shall be presumed
innocent and his rights, as a free citizen shall be respected, except for such
indispensable restraints during his confinement in the interest of justice and public
safety.
4. Offenders are human beings entitled to the same basic rights and privileges enjoyed
by citizens in a free society, except that the exercise of these rights are limited or
controlled for security reasons.
5. Health preservation and prompt treatment of illness or injury is a basic right of every
person confined in jail and it is the duty of jail facilities to arrange for their treatment
subject to security measures.
6. Members of the custodial force shall set themselves as examples by performing their
duties in accordance with the rules and respect the laws duly constituted by authorities.
7. No jail personnel shall be abusive, insulting, indecent languages on the offenders.
8. No jail personnel shall use unnecessary force on offenders except for legitimate self-
defense or in cases of attempted active and passive physical resistance to a lawful
order.
9. No penalty shall be imposed upon any offender for violation of rules/regulations unless
in accordance with duly approved disciplinary procedures.
10. Penalties to be imposed shall not be cruel, inhuman, or degrading, and no physical
punishment shall be employed as a correctional measure.
11. Members of the custodial force must understand that offenders need treatment and
counseling and the primary purpose of confinement is for safekeeping and
rehabilitation.
12. When conducting routinary custodial guarding, the ratio of 1:7, or one guard for every
7 offenders shall be observed.
13. When the offender is in transit, the ratio of 1:1+1 for every offender shall be observed.
In case of high-risk offender that demands extra precaution, additional guards shall be
employed. This manning level shall be national in scope for effective jail administration.
ORGANIZATION AND KEY POSITIONS IN THE BJMP
The BJMP, also referred to as the Jail Bureau, was created pursuant to Section
60, R.A. no. 6975, and initially consisting of uniformed officers and members of the Jail
management and Penology service as constituted under P.D. No. 765.
RA 9263 provides that the Bureau shall be headed by a Chief with the rank of
Director. He serves a tour of duty that must not exceed four (4) years, unless extended
by the President in times of war and other national emergencies. Officers who have retired
or are within six (6) months from their compulsory retirement age are not qualified to be
appointed as Jail Director or designated as BJMP Chief.
The Chief shall be assisted by a Deputy Chief with the rank of Chief Superintendent
one for Administration, one for Operation and one Chief of Directorial Staff, all of whom
are appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the DILG Secretary from
among the qualified officers with the rank of at least Senior Superintendent in the BJMP.
They are assisted by the Directors of the Directorates in the National Headquarters
who carry the rank of at least Senior Superintendent.
The BJMP operates and maintains Regional Offices in each of the administrative
regions of the country, headed by a Regional Director for Jail Management and Penology,
with the rank of at least Senior Superintendent. The Regional Director is assisted by an
Assistant Regional Director for Administration, Assistant Regional Director for Operations,
and Regional Chief of Directorial Staff, who are all officers with the rank of at least
Superintendent.
The National Headquarters is the Command and Staff Office of the BJMP, and is
composed of the Command Group, Directorates and Management Support Staff, namely:
BJMP COMMAND GROUP
1. Chief, BJMP
2. Deputy Chief for Administration
3. Deputy Chief for Operation
4. Chief of Directorial Staff
BJMP DIRECTORATES
1. Directorate for Personnel and Records Management

2. Directorate for Human Resource Development
3. Directorate for Operations
4. Directorate for Inmates Welfare and Development
5. Directorate for Logistics
6. Directorate for Comptrollership
7. Directorate for Program Development
8. Directorate for Intelligence
9. Directorate for Investigation and Prosecution
BJMP SUPPORT SERVICES
1. Office of Program Management

2. Office of Legal Services
3. Office of General Services
4. Office of Accounting Services
5. Office of Finance Services
6. Office of Supply Accountable Officer
7. Office of Internal Audit
8. Office of Chaplaincy Services
9. Office of Community Relations Services
10. Office of Information & Communications Tech. Services
11. Office of Health Services
12. NESJO
BJMP REGIONAL OFFICE
The BJMP operates and maintains Regional Offices in each of the administrative
regions of the country, headed by a Regional Director for Jail Management and Penology,
with the rank of at least Senior Superintendent. The Regional Director is assisted by an
Assistant Regional Director for Administration, Assistant Regional Director for Operations,
and Regional Chief of Directorial Staff, who are all officers with the rank of at least
Superintendent.
JAIL PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATOR'S OFFICE
In every province, the BJMP operates and maintains a Provincial Jail

Administrator’s Office headed by a Provincial Administrator, to oversee the
implementation of jail services of all district, city and municipal jails within its territorial
jurisdiction.
DISTRICT JAIL
Within large cities or a group of clustered municipalities, a District Jail headed by

a District Warden may be established.
CITY AND MUNICIPAL JAILS
The BJMP operates and maintains City and Municipal Jails, each headed by a
city or Municipal Warden, as the case may be.
RANK CLASSIFICATION OF THE BJMP PERSONNEL
RANK POSITION TITLE
JDIR Chief of the BJMP

JCSUPT Deputy C/BJMP
JSSUPT Asst. Regional Dir.
JSUPT Asst. Regional Dir.
JCINSP Warden
JSINSP Warden
JINSP Warden
JSO4 – JO1 Jail Officers
BJMP PERSONNEL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
1. Warden
❖ Direction, Coordination, and Control of the Jail
❖ Responsible for the Security, safety, discipline and wellbeing of inmates
❖ The office of the warden may organize the following units:
a. Intelligence and Investigation Team - It gathers, collates and submits

intelligence information to the office of the warden on matter regarding the jail
condition.
b. Jail Inspectorate Section - Inspect jail facilities, personnel, prisoners and submit
reports to the warden.
c. Public Relation Office - Maintain public relation to obtain the necessary and
adequate public support.
2. Assistant Warden
❖ The office of the Assistant Warden undertakes the development of a systematic
process of treatment.
❖ Chairman of the Classification Board and Disciplinary Board.
3. Administrative Groups
❖ The administrative groups take charge of all administrative functions of the jail
bureau.
a. Personnel Management Branch

❖ Assignment of personnel
❖ Procedures of selection
❖ Preparation of personnel reports
❖ Individual record file
b. Records and Statistics Branch

❖ Keep and maintain booking sheets and arrest reports
❖ Keep an orderly record of fingerprints and photographs
❖ Present/ Prepare statistical data of inmates
c. Property and Supply Branch

❖ Take charge of the safekeeping of equipment and supplies and materials
needed for the operation of the jail.
d. Budget and Finance Branch

❖ Take charge of all financial matters such as budgeting, financing, accounting,
and auditing.
e. Mess Service Branch
❖ Take charge of the preparation of the daily menu, prepares and cook the food
and serve it to inmates.
f. General Service Branch

❖ Responsible for the maintenance and repair of jail facilities and equipment’s. It
is also task with the cleanliness and beautification of the jail compound.
g. Mittimus Computing Branch

❖ Tasked to receive court decisions and compute the date of the full completion
of the service of sentence of inmates.
❖ Mittimus – is a warrant issued by a court directing the jail or prison authorities
to receive the convicted offender for the service of sentence imposed therein or
for detention.
4. Security Groups
❖ The security groups provide a system of sound custody, security and control of
inmates and their movements and also responsible to enforce prison or jail
discipline.
a. Escort Platoon
❖ Escort Section – to escort inmate upon order of any judicial body; upon
summon of a court; or transfer to other penal institutions.
❖ Subpoena Section – receives and distribute court summons, notices,

subpoenas, etc.
b. Security Platoon – a three (3) working platoon shifts responsible for over - all
security of the jail compound including gates, guard posts and towers. They are
also responsible for the admitting and releasing unit.
5. Rehabilitation Purposes Groups

❖ This group provides services and assistance to prisoners and their families to enable
them to solve their individual needs and problems arising from the prisoners’
confinement.
a. Medical and Health Services Branch - Provides medical and physical

examinations of inmates upon confinement, treatment of sick inmates and conduct
medical and physical examinations and provide medicines or recommends for the
hospitalization of seriously ill prisoners or inmates. It also conducts psychiatric and
psychological examinations.
b. Work and Education Therapy Services - it takes charge of the job and
educational programs needed for rehabilitation of inmates by providing them job
incentives so they can earn and provide support for their families while in jail.
c. Socio- Cultural Services - It takes care of the social case work study of the
individual prisoners by making interviews, home visits, referral to community
resources, free legal services, and liaison works for the inmates.
d. Chaplaincy Services - It takes charge of the religious and moral upliftment of the
inmates through religious services. This branch caters to all religious sects.
e. Guidance and Counseling Services - Responsible for the individual and group
counseling activities to help inmates solve their individual problems and to help
them lead a wholesome and constructive life.
CHAPTER 11
BJMP INSTITUTIONAL PROCEDURES
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF JAILS
1. Reception, classification and discipline of inmates.

2. Custody, security and control including movement and transfer of prisoners and
detainees.
3. Rehabilitation, including the provision of treatment program, health services,
education and training, religious services, guidance and counseling services,
provision for recreation and sports and implementation of work programs.
PROCEDURES FOR THE RECEPTION OF INMATES
1. Preliminaries which involve ensuring integrity and completeness of inmates records

related to commitment and conduct of physical search for contrabands, turn - over of
inmates cash and personal property for and other bodily marks.
2. Conduct of medical examination and preparation of inmates’ medical record.
3. Conduct of social case study by social worker, as basis for inmates’ classification and
proper segregation.
4. Provision of jail clothing for convicted inmates (detainees may be allowed to wear
civilian clothes)
5. Conduct of briefing on jail rules and regulations.
6. Preparation of prison record which shall be maintained by the Warden.
ASSIGNMENT OF QUARTER
Incarceration in jail is also called preventive imprisonment. The preventive

imprisonment of a detainee may be credited in the service of prison sentence provided
he agrees voluntarily in writing to abide by the rules of the jail, particularly in work and
discipline.
An evidentiary document to this effect is prepared and signed by the inmate. The
same shall be submitted to the proper court before the date set for the arraignment of the
detainee.
CLASSIFICATION OF INMATES
Each jail has a Classification Board, chaired by the Assistant Warden. The Board
is tasked to determine the work assignment, type of supervision and degree of custody
and restriction that must be applied to an inmate.
Inmates are required to appear before the Classification Board to discuss the
rehabilitation program of the jail. Classification of inmates refers to their grouping
according to sentence, gender, age, nationality, health, criminal records, among others.
DISCIPLINE OF INMATES
A Disciplinary Board is organized and maintained by jails to investigate and hear

disciplinary cases involving any inmate who violates jail rules and regulations. The Board
is authorized to impose disciplinary punishments ranging from reprimand to solitary
confinement. The BJMP Rules and Regulation explicitly prohibit impositions of
punishments that would violate the human rights of inmates.
Discipline is central to the rehabilitation of offenders while in jails. However, while
inmates must abide by institutional rules, they also establish their own rules, they also
establish their own rules for themselves, which form part of the so called “prison culture”.
This subculture has its own status structure and hierarchy of authority.
In some jails, inmates fear reprisals for rule violations under this prison subculture
than formal administrative rules and punishments. The influence of this subculture is
probably the reason why some prohibited acts of inmates are already openly allowed or
tolerated in some jails.
PROHIBITED ACTS IN JAILS
1. Minor Offenses
a. Selling or bartering with fellow inmate of items not classified as contraband.
b. Rendering of personal service to fellow inmate.
c. Untidy or dirty in his personal appearance.
d. Littering or failing to maintain cleanliness and orderliness in his quarters and or
surroundings.
2. Less Grave Offenses

a. Swearing, cursing or using profane or defamatory language directed personally
towards other persons.
b. Forcing fellow inmates to render personal service to him and or others.
c.
3. Grave Offenses
a. Giving gifts, selling to or bartering with jail personnel.
b. Keeping in his possession money, jewelry and other contraband.
c. Tattooing others or avowing him to be tattooed on any part of the body, or keeping
any paraphernalia to be used in tattooing.
d. Punishing or inflicting injury or harm upon himself or other inmates.
e. Participating in any kangaroo court or mock court of inmates in a jail or prison.
f. Affiliating oneself to any gang or faction.
CUSTODY, SECURITY AND CONTROL
1. Supervision and maintenance the order and discipline of inmates on a 24-hour basis
inside jail facilities.
2. Maintenance of inner and outer perimeter security.
3. Provision of escort to inmates when attending court hearings, seeking medical
services in hospital and in other activities outside jail confinement.
4. Guard against escapes, assault on jail personnel and inmates’ disturbances.
5. Dealing with emergencies like fires, riots and the like.
INSTITUTIONAL PROCEDURES TO ENSURE SECURITY AND CONTROL
1. Strict control of firearms, bladed weapons and other potentially dangerous weapon.
2. Censorship of incoming and outgoing mails for inmates.
3. Physical head count at specified times on a 24-hour period.
4. Development of plans and adequate preparation for emergencies and disturbances.
5. Inspection and searches of offenders and their quarters to detect contraband.
Search inspections in inmates’ cells are intended to rid of jails of prohibited items
including devices that can be used to escape or transact illegal activities within and
beyond the confines of the jail. These searches yield contrabands such as illegal drugs,
alcoholic beverages, deadly weapons, mobile phones and cash money.
REHABILITATION IN JAIL
Rehabilitations programs are intended to change inmates’ pattern of criminal

behavior and reform them into law – abiding and productive citizens. The BJMP refers to
these programs collectively as treatment program for inmates.
TREATMENT PROGRAMS IN JAILS
1. Provision for basic needs of inmates

2. Health Services
3. Education and skills training
4. Religious, guidance and counseling services
5. Recreation, sports and entertainment
6. Work programs, such as livelihood projects
7. Visitations services
8. Mail Services
LINKAGES AND COORDINATION
The BJMP coordinates with government and non – government organizations for
medical, legal and counseling service requirements of inmates. The treatment program
for inmates is admittedly budget intensive. It requires BJMP to pursue and maintain
linkages with the media, religious organizations, private enterprises, educational
institutions and civil society organization, to mobilized additional resource and source out
support services.
ADMISSION AND RELEASING OF INMATES
PROCEDURE ON ADMISSION OF INMATES
A. DESK OFFICER
1. Upon commitment of an inmate, check the credentials of the person bringing the
inmate to determine his/her/their identity and authority.
2. Make sure that the following documents are available:
a. Commitment Order
b. Information/Complaint
c. Medical Certificate issued by Government Hospital
3. Examine the arrest report and the authenticity of the commitment order.
4. Take all cash and other personal property from the inmate, list them down on a receipt
form duplicate, duly signed by him/her and countersigned by the inmate. Original
receipt should be kept for the record and duplicate should be given to the inmate.
5. All cash and other valuables of the inmate must be turned over to the Jail Property
Custodian for safekeeping and covered by a receipt.
B. RECORDS ADMITTING OFFICER
1. Receives the documents from the DO and starts the booking procedures.
2. Inmate is fingerprinted and photographed.
3. Inmate is strip-searched to check for any markings, cuts, bruises, etc. and same shall
be indicated in the jail booking report.
4. Inmates clothing shall be checked for presence of contrabands.
5. In a dialect that the inmate understands, he/she shall be apprised of the provisions of
Art 29 of the RPC as amended by RA 6127.
6. If the inmate agrees to abide by the same disciplinary rules upon convicted inmates,
he/she shall be asked to sign a Detainee's Manifestation. Otherwise, the warden
issues a Certification under oath to the effect that the detainee was apprised of the
provision of Art 29 of the RPC as amended and that the inmate refused to sign.
C. JAIL MEDICAL OFFICER
1. Conducts thorough check-up on the overall condition of the inmate during the time
he/she was brought to the jail.
2. Checks on the entries in the medical certificate to ascertain any discrepancies and
records any findings not indicated.
D. CHIEF CUSTODIAL OFFICER OF THE DAY
1. Orients the newly committed inmate of the rules and regulations of the jail.
E. RECORDS DESK OFFICER (as the case maybe)
1. Assigns the newly committed inmate to his/her cell.
F. JAIL WARDEN
1. Coordinate with concerned agencies regarding the case of inmate for speedy
disposition and to furnish them copy of the needed documents available.
PROCEDURE TO BE TAKEN ON INMATES WHILE UNDER BJMP CUSTODY
1. The jail warden shall see to it that all the concerned agencies and persons shall be
informed of the commitment of the inmate in his/her jail by submitting a written report.
2. The warden, through his paralegal officer, shall ensure that the case of inmate is being
attended to by the courts and prosecutors' office by constantly coordinating with them
with the purpose of speeding-up the disposition of the case. For this purpose, the
sharing of non-confidential information with the concerned agencies is encouraged.
3. The following agencies/persons shall be notified by the warden upon commitment of
the inmate:
a. Presiding Judge - mandatory (to submit list of committed inmates monthly)

b. Executive Judge/Clerk of court - mandatory (to submit list of committed inmates
monthly)
c. PNP - mandatory
d. NBI - mandatory
e. Family - mandatory
f. PAO lawyer - in case of indigent inmate
g. IBP Legal aide - in case of indigent inmate and unavailability of PAO lawyer
h. Private lawyer - upon request
i. Priest or religious minister - upon request
j. Private physician - upon request
k. Commission on Human Rights - as needed / to submit list of committed inmates
monthly
l. Public physician - as needed
m. Psychologist/Psychiatrist - as needed
n. Embassy - mandatory in case of foreign national/alien
o. DSWD mandatory - in case of CICL
p. Court (other branches) - in case of multiple cases
PROCEDURE ON RELEASING OF INMATES
A. DESK OFFICER
1. Upon receipt of Release Order, verifies authenticity of said order.
B. RECORDS ADMIN OFFICER
1. Starts processing inmates' release.

2. Checks inmate records to be sure that the data in the Release Order coincide with the
data in the inmates' carpeta (spelling of name, offense, Criminal Case Number, etc.)
3. Checks that the inmate has no other pending case/s
4. Routes the Release Paper to different signatories.
C. PROPERTY CUSTODIAN
1. Checks on the receipt of property and returns to the inmate his/her deposited items.
2. Makes sure that returned properties were duly received by the inmate in his/her
logbook.
D. DESK OFFICER
1. Puts into record the release of inmate and the condition of the inmate upon his/her
release.
E. JAIL WARDEN
1. Report to concerned agencies/persons the release of inmate for aftercare program.

The following agencies/persons shall be notified by the warden upon release of the
inmate:
a. Barangay Captain – mandatory
b. Priest or religious minister mandatory
c. Family - if release is not witnessed by any member of immediate family
d. Court - in case of convicted inmate
CHAPTER 12
LAWS GOVERNING THE CORRECTION OF CRIMINALS
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF THE

PHILIPPINES
1. Sec. 1705 Title of Chapter – This chapter shall be known as the Prison Law.
2. Sec. 1706 Chief Officials of the Bureau of Prisons – The Bureau of Prisons shall have
one chief and one assistant chief, to be known respectively as the Director of Prisons,
and the Assistant Director of the Prisons. These officers shall be supplied with furnished
quarter at the main prison and shall be allowed laundry service and such other services
as shall be sanctioned by the Department Head.
3. Sec. 1707 General Jurisdiction of Bureau of Prisons shall have the general supervision
and control of National Provincial prisons of all penal settlements and shall be charged
with the safekeeping of all prisoners confined therein or committed to the custody of
said Bureau.
4. Sec. 1708 Main Prison – In the main prison shall be confined all national prisoners
except as otherwise provided by law or regulations. This prison may also be used as a
place of detention for other classes of prisoners or for the temporary safekeeping of any
person detained upon legal process.
5. Sec. 1709 Iwahig Penal Colony – In the Iwahig Reservation, in the Province of Palawan,
there shall be maintained an institution subsidiary to the main prison, to be known as
the Iwahig Penal Colony. In this colony shall be kept such prisoners as may be
transferred thereto from the main prisons in accordance with the regulations to be
prescribed The Director of Prisons, with the approval of the Department Head, shall
establish and maintain a general store for the sale of merchandise which may be
required by the residents of the settlement, and for their own profit.
Colony produce may be sold to others than residents of the settlement should there
be more to be disposed of than is required for the use of the colony and Sec. 1710
Superintendent of the colony – Justice of the Peace. The Iwahig Penal Colony shall be
under the immediate supervision of a superintendent, who shall be an “ex officio” justice of
the peace and shall, within the limits of the colony, have jurisdiction and all powers
conferred upon justices of the peace by the laws of the Philippines. (No longer applicable)
6. Sec .1711 privileges based upon behavior and services – Persons detained at the
Iwahig Penal Colony shall be known as colonists, and they may be divided into classes
and graded according to conduct, efficiency, and length of services and subject to such
regulations as shall be prescribed in reference thereto, they may be granted such
extraordinary privileges as in the in the judgment of the superintendent of the colony
their conduct, behavior, habits of industry, and length of service may justify.
7. Sec. 1712 Fishing rights in water adjacent to colony – The fishing right in the waters of
the bay along the shore line of the eastern boundary of the Iwahig Penal Colony, Island
of Palawan, for distance seaward of one and one quarter statute miles are reserved for
the exclusive use of the government, for the subsistence and maintenance of the
colonist, the prison officials and their families in said colony, and such pardoned or
release colonist as may continue to reside therein.
8. Sec. 1713 Assignment of land and implements to colonists – Any colonist detained at
the Iwahig Penal Colony may be provisionally granted a suitable plot of land within the
reservation for the purpose of cultivating and improving the same, and may be deemed
necessary for the proper cultivation of said land.
9. Sec. 1714 Families of colonists – The Iwahig Colonists may, subject to the regulations
of the Bureau governing the colony, be allowed to have their wives, children, and
women to whom they are to be married, transported to the colony at government
expense and to have their families live on the reservation. Such privileges may, in any
case, be revoked at any time by order of the superintendent of the colony, with the
approval of the Director of Prisons. All members of the families of colonists living on the
reservation shall be subject to the regulations governing the colony.
10. Sec. 1715 Clothing and household supplies for colonists’ families – In addition to the
subsistence for colonists’ wives and children hereinabove authorized, the
superintendent of the colony may furnish a special reward to such colonists as in his
opinion may merit the same, reasonable amount of clothing and ordinary household
supplies to be paid out of the regular appropriation for the maintenance of the Iwahig
Penal Colony. Sources of this character may also be made by way of loan, subject to
repayment if the financial condition of the colonist at a later date should warrant.
11. Sec. 1716 Participation of colonists in proceeds of products – Products grown,

manufactured, or otherwise produced by the colonists may be sold under the
supervision of the superintendent; and subject to such regulations as may be prescribed
in reference thereto, the persons producing the same may be allowed such part of the
proceeds thereof as shall be approved by the Department Head.
12. Sec. 1717 Monthly allowance in cash – Colonists occupying positions of special trust
may, with the approval of the Department Head, be granted a monthly allowance in
cash, not exceed five pesos, or an equivalent amount of supplies from the general store,
to repaid for from the regular appropriation for contingent expenses of the Iwahig Penal
Colony.
13. Sec. 1718 Right of released colonists to remain in colony – On the expiration of the
sentence of any colonists he may, subject to the regulation, be allowed to continue to
reside upon the reservation and to cultivate land occupy a house to be designated and
selected by the superintendent of the colony.
14. Sec. 1719 Supply store for Iwahig Penal Colony – The Director of Prisons, with the
approval of the Department Head, shall establish and maintain a general store for the
sale of merchandise which may be required by the residents of the settlement, and for
their own profit. Colony produce may be sold to others than residents of the settlement
should there be more to be disposed of than is required for the use of the colony and
the main prisons. The supply store fund shall be reimbursable, the receipts from the
business of the supply store being available for the payment of the costs of supply and
other expenses incident to the conduct of said store, without reappropriation.
15. Sec. 1720 San Ramon Penal Farm – A penal farm shall be maintained at San Ramon,
in the Province of Zamboanga , for the confinement of national prisoners and such other
prisoners as may be remitted thereto in accordance with law. The Director of Prisons
shall have authority to designate the superintendent of the San Ramon Penal Farm as
a summary court officer, by whom members of the San Ramon Penal Farm guard may
be tried for violation of the regulations governing the same for willful or neglectful waste,
loss or destruction of arm, immunizations or accounterments, for disobedience or
disrespect toward their superior officers, absence from quarters of duty without leave,
drunkenness, abandonment of employment without having secured proper release,
willful violation or neglect of duty, or misconduct to the prejudice of good order and
discipline. The punishment which may be imposed by this summary court shall not
exceed the forfeiture of one month’s pay, or discharge.
16. Sec. 1723 Detail of prisoners to public works – The President of the Philippines may
from time to time, detail national prisoners to work in any part of the Philippines upon
any public work not within the purview of section one thousand seven hundred and
twenty-seven hereof; and the Department Head shall fix the terms and conditions upon
which any branch of the Government may receive the labor of such national prisoners.
17. Sec. 1724 Regulations of Bureau of Prisons – The regulations of the Bureau of Prisons
shall contain such rules as well best promote discipline in all national and provincial
prisons and penal institutions and best secure the reformation and safe custody of
prisoners of all classes.
18. Sec. 1725 Duty of prison authorities to enforce sanitary orders of Director of Health –
The Officers in charge of all prisons, penal settlements, jails and other places of
confinement shall comply and cause to be executed all sanitary orders, and put into
force all sanitary regulations issued by the Director of Health for their several
institutions.
19. Sec. 1726 Mode of treatment of prisoners – Prisoners shall be treated with humanity.
Juvenile prisoners shall be kept, if the jail will admit of it, in apartment separate from
those containing prisoners of more than eighteen years of age; and the different sexes
shall be kept apart. The visits of parents and friends who desire to exert a moral
influence over prisoners shall at all reasonable times be permitted under proper
regulations.
20. Sec. 1727 Liability of prisoners to labor – All convicted able bodied, male prisoners not
over sixty years of age, may be compelled to work in and about prisons, jails public
buildings, ground, roads and other public works of the National Government the
province, or the municipalities, under general regulations to be prescribed by the
Director of Prisons, with the approval of the Department Head. Persons detained on
civil process or confined for contempt of court and persons detained pending a
determination of their appeals may be compelled to police their cells and to perform
such other labor as may be deemed necessary for hygienic or sanitary reasons.
21. Sec. 1728 Assignment of women to work – Convicted female prisoners may be
assigned to work suitable to their age, sex, and physical condition.
22. Sec. 1729 Provincial Jails –– A jail for the safe keeping of prisoners shall be maintained
at the capital of each province: and in the absence of special provisions all expenses
incidents to the maintenance thereof and of maintaining prisoners therein be borne by
the province.
23. Sec. 1730 Visitation and inspection of provincial jails ─ The Judge of the Court of First
Instance and the Provincial Board shall, as often as the Judge of the Court of First
Instance is required to hold court in the province, make personal inspection of the
provincial jail as to the sufficiency thereof for the safekeeping and reformation of
prisoners, their proper accommodation and health, and shall inquire into the manner in
which the same has been kept since the last inspection.
A report of such visitation shall be submitted to the Secretary of Justice, who shall
forward the same or a copy thereof to the Director of Prisons. Once during each month,
the senior inspector of constabulary in the province shall visit the provincial jail and make
report upon its condition to the Director of Prisons.
24. Sec. 1731 Provincial governor as keeper of jail – The governor of the province shall be
charged with the keeping of the provincial jail and it shall be his duty to administer the
same in accordance with law and the regulations prescribed for the government of
provincial prisons. The immediate custody and supervision of the jail may be committed
to the care of a jailer to be appointed by the provincial governor.
The position of jailer shall be regarded as within the unclassified civil service but
may be filled in the manner in which classified positions are filled, and if so filled, the
appointee shall be entitled to all the benefits and privileges of classified employee, except
that he shall hold office only during the term of office of jailer is appointing governor and
until a successor in the office of jailers is appointed and qualified, unless sooner separated.
The provincial governor shall, under the direction of the provincial board and at the
expense of the province, supply proper food and clothing for the prisoners, through the
provincial board may, in its discretion, let the contract for the feeding of the prisoners, to
some other person.
25. Sec. 1732 Amount of allowance for feeding of prisoners – The ordinary allowance to be
made by the provincial board for the feeding of prisoners by the governor of the province
or such other person as may have the contract therefore shall, in case of persons
arrested on criminal process, not exceed twenty centavos each per day; but the
provincial board may pay more when necessary to the proper maintenance of the
prisoners. The compensation for the support of the prisoner arrested on civil process
shall be at the rate of forty centavos per day, to be advance weekly to the jailer by the
plaintiff in the civil process, and to be taxable as costs.
26. Sec. 1733 Record of prisoners to be kept by jailer – The governor, or the jailer appointed
him, shall kept a true and exact record of all prisoners committed to the provincial
prisoners awaiting trial before the Court of First Instance detained in any municipal jail
of the province which record shall contain the names of all persons who are committed,
their place of abode, the time of commitment, the cause of their commitment, the
authority that committed them, and the description of their persons, and when any
prisoner is liberated such calendar shall state the time when and the authority by which
such liberation took place; if any prisoner shall escape, it shall state particularly the time
and manner of escape; if any prisoner shall die, the date and cause of his death shall
be entered on the record.
27. Sec. 1734 Submission of record to court – At the opening of each term of the Court of
First Instance within his province, the governor shall return a copy of such record under
his name to the judge of such court; and if the same be not forthcoming, it shall be the
duty of the judge to require its production under penalty of contempt.
28. Sec. 1735 Transfer of custody of jail to Constabulary Officer – In any province in which,
in the opinion of the President, the provincial jail is not safely guarded, shall have
authority by executive order to direct that the senior Constabulary Officer of such
province shall take custody of the jail under the supervision of the provincial governor
and guard the prisoners therein, using for this purpose members of the Philippine
Constabulary as jail guards.
Such action shall in no wise alter the liability of the province for the expense’s
incident to the maintenance of prisoners or the keeping, repair, and construction of the jail;
but the payment and subsistence of the Constabulary guard shall be at the expense of the
Constabulary.
29. Sec. 1736 Preservation of documents relating to confinement of prisoners – All warrants
and documents of any kind, or attested copies thereof, by which a prisoner is committed
or liberated, shall be regularly indorsed, filed and kept in a suitable box by such
governor or by his deputy acting as a jailer, and such box, with its contents, shall be
delivered to the successor of the officer having charged of the prisoner.
30. When a prisoner is confined by virtue of any process direct to the governor or sheriff
and which shall require to be returned to the court whence it issued, such governor or
sheriff shall keep a copy of the same, duly certified by said governor or sheriff, shall be
presumptive evidence of his right to retain such prisoner in his custody.
31. Sec. 1737 transfer of prisoners to jail of neighboring province – In case there should be
no jail in any province or in case a provincial jail of any province be insecure or
insufficient for the accommodation of all provincial prisoners, it shall be the duty of the
provincial board to make arrangements for the safekeeping of the prisoners of the
province with the provincial board of same neighboring province in the jail of such
neighboring province , and when such arrangement has been made it shall be the duty
of the officer having custody of the prisoner to commit him to the jail of such neighboring
province, and he shall be there detained with the same legal effect as though confined
in the jail of the province where the offense for which he was arrested was committed.
32. Sec. 1738 Use of jail for detention of fugitive from justice – Any provincial jail may be
used for the safekeeping of any fugitive from justice from any province, and the jailer
shall in such case be entitled to receive the same compensation for the support and
custody of such fugitive from justice as is provided for other prisoners, to be paid by the
officer demanding the custody of the prisoner, who shall be reimbursed for such outlay
as a part of the costs of the prosecution.
33. Sec. 1739 Persons deemed to be municipal prisoners – The following persons are to
be considered municipal prisoners:
a. Persons detained or sentenced for violation of municipal or city ordinances.

b. Persons detained pending trial before justices of peace or before municipal courts.
c. Persons detained by order of a justice of the peace or judge of municipal court pending
preliminary investigation of the crime charged, until the court shall remand them to the
Court of First Instance.
34. Sec. 1740 Persons deemed to be provincial prisoners - The following persons, not
being municipal prisoners shall be considered provincial prisoners: Persons detained
pending preliminary investigation before the Court of First Instance.
35. Sec. 1741 National prisoners - Prisoners who are neither municipal or provincial
prisoners shall be considered national prisoners, among whom shall be reckoned, any
event all persons sentenced for violation of the Customs Law or other law within the
jurisdiction of the Bureau of Customs or enforceable by it, and for violation of the
Election Law.
36. Sec 1742. Confinement of Provincial prisoners in municipal jails - When the sentence
of the provincial prisoner does not exceed three months, the provincial board may
authorize his confinement during such period in a municipal jail if in the judgment of
said board the public interest will be sub serve thereby. Provincial boards, may, also,
with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, direct the confinement of persons
detained pending preliminary investigation before a judge of the Court of First Instance
in the jail of the municipality where such investigation or trial is to be held, if no provincial
jail be located therein.
37. Sec 1743. Confinement of municipal prisoners in provincial jail - Provincial boards may,
with the approval of the President, direct the confinement of municipal prisoners in
provincial jails when by reason of the lack, inadequacy, or when in their judgment such
confinement would best sub serve the public interest.
38. Sec. 1744 Expense of maintenance - Except as otherwise specifically provided the
expense of the maintenance of prisons shall be borne as follows; regardless of the
placed of confinement: in the case of the municipal prisoner, by the city or municipality
in which the offense with which the prisoner is charged or of which he stands convicted
was committed: in the case of a provincial prisoner, by the province in which the offense
was committed; and in the case of the national prisoner, by the Bureau of Prisons.
39. Sec. 1745 Status of prisoners as affected by parole, allowance of good behavior, etc.
- The provision of law relative to paroles, conditional pardons, and the diminution of
sentences for good behavior shall not be construed to change the original status of
prisoners or to affect liability for their maintenance.
40. Sec. 1746 Status of prisoner as affected by appeal - Pending an appeal, the status of
a prisoner shall not be changed, and whenever upon appeal to, or review by, a higher
court, the status of a prisoner, as herein before fixed, shall be changed by an increase
or diminution of his sentence, the responsibility of the National Government or the
provinces or municipalities, as the case may before the maintenance of such prisoner
due to such change in sentence shall take effect from the date of judgment of the higher
court and shall not be retroactive.
41. Sec. 1747 Transportation expenses payable by municipality - All actual and necessary
expenses incurred in the transportation and guarding the subsistence of prisoners
during transportation, from municipal jails, except the expenses of the Constabulary
escorts, if any, shall be paid from the funds of the proper municipality.
42. Sec. 1748 Transportation expenses payable by province - All actual and necessary
expenses incurred in the transportation, and guarding the subsistence during
transportation, of national prisoners from provincial jails to a National Prison,
reformatory, or national penal institution, except the expenses of the Constabulary
escort, if any there be, shall be borne by the proper province.
43. Sec. 1749 Return transportation to be borne by Bureau of Prisons - The return
transportation of all discharged national prisoners from their place of confinement to
their homes shall be paid out of the appropriation for the Beau of Prisons, except as
otherwise specially provided.
44. Sec. 1750 Transfer of prisoners from provincial or municipal jail to national prison or
vice-versa - When, in the discretion of the President of the Philippines, the unsanitary
or insecure condition of any provincial or municipal jail makes it advisable or when the
public interests require, he may transfer to any national prison or penal institution all or
any of the prisoners committed to such jail, and may also direct the return of said
prisoners to provincial or municipal jails when deemed expedient.
The President of the Philippines may also, whenever in his opinion it will be to the
best interest of the province or municipality concerned, authorize the confinement of any
prisoner sentenced to less than three months imprisonment, including subsidiary
imprisonment, in the jail of the municipality wherein the prisoner may have been convicted.
The order of commitment of such prisoners, together with a copy of the order directing their
transfer, shall accompany the prisoners and be delivered with them to the officer in charge
of the penal institution to which they are sent.
The expenses of the transportation, guarding, subsistence, care, and maintenance
of any prisoner transferred to any national prison or penal institution, or returned to any
province for trial or for appearance as a witness or otherwise hereunder shall be a charged
against the treasury of the province from which he was transferred; and the amount of said
expenses shall be fixed by the Department Head, with the approval of the President of the
Philippines.
45. Sec. 1751 Transportation and clothes for released prisoners - Upon the release of a
national prisoner he shall be supplied by the Bureau of Prisons with transportation to
his home, including a gratuity to cover the probable cost of subsistence enroute, and if
necessary, a suit of clothes of the value of not more than ten pesos, or in case the
prisoner is deported, of not more than forty pesos.
PHILIPPINE CORRECTIONAL PHILOSOPHIES AND THEIR LEGAL BASIS
THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION OF 1997
1. The state values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for
human rights. (Sec 11, Art. II)
2. No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.
(Sec 18 (1), Art. III)
3. No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime
whereof the party shall have been fully convicted. (Sec. 18 (2), Ibid.)
4. Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
inflicted. x x x (Sec. 19 (2). Ibid.)
5. The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any
prisoner or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman
conditions shall be dealt by law. (Sec.19 (2), Ibid.)
RULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS (DOJ, JAN 7, 1959)
1. The purpose of committing a prisoner to prison is two-fold: To segregate from society

a person who by his acts has proven himself a danger to the free community, To strive
at the correction or rehabilitation of the prisoner with the hope that upon his return to
society he shall be able to lead a normal well-adjusted and self-supporting life as a good
and law abiding citizen.
2. There is no man who is all bad and there is something good in all men. (Art. I)
THE REVISED PENAL CODE
“No felony shall be punishable by any penalty not prescribed by law prior to its
commission”. (Art. 21, RPC)
CRIMINAL OFFENSES INVOLVING PRISONERS
1. Delay in the Delivery of Detained Persons to the Proper Judicial Authorities.

(Art 125, RPC), A felony committed by a public officer or employee who shall detain
any person for some legal ground and shall fail to deliver such person to the proper judicial
authorities with in the period of:
❖ 12 hours – for crimes or offenses punishable by light penalties,
❖ 18 hours – for crimes or offenses punishable by correctional penalties,
❖ 36 hours – for crimes or offenses punishable by afflictive or capital penalties.
The crime of Arbitrary Detention is committed when the detention of a person is

without legal ground. The legal ground of detention are: a) commission of a crime and b)
violent insanity or other ailment requiring compulsory requirement.
2. Delaying Release
This is committed by a public officer or employee who delays for the period of time
specified in Art 125, the performance of any judicial or executive order for the release of a
prisoner or unduly delays the services of the notice of such order to said prisoner.
3. Delivery of Prisoners from Jail (Art. 156, RPC)
Elements:
a. The offender is a private individual,
b. He removes a person confined in jail or a penal institution or helps in the escape of
such person,
c. The means employed are violence, intimidation, bribery or any other means.
The prisoner maybe a detention or sentenced prisoner and the offender is an
outsider to the jail. If the offender is a public officer or a private person who has the custody
of the prisoner and who helps a prisoner under his custody to escape, the felony is
Conniving with or Consenting to Evasion (Art. 223) and Escape of a Prisoner under
the custody of a person not a public officer (Art. 225) respectively.
This offense like other offenses of similar nature may be committed through
imprudence or negligence.
4. Evasion of Service of Sentence (Art 157-159, RPC)
a. Evasion of Service under Art 157, RPC
Elements:
❖ Offender is a prisoner-serving sentence involving deprivation of liberty by reason of final
judgment.
❖ He evades the service of his sentence during the term of his imprisonment.
❖ This felony is qualified when the evasion takes place by breaking doors, windows,
gates, roofs or floors; using picklocks, false keys, disguise, deceit, violence, intimidation
or; connivance with other convicts or employees of the penal institution. (Jail breaking
is synonymous with evasion of sentence).
b. Evasion of Service of Sentence on the Occasion of Disorders due to Conflagrations,

Earthquakes, or Other Calamities (Art. 158, RPC)
Elements:
❖ Offender is a prisoner serving sentence and is confined in a penal institution.
❖ He evades his sentence by leaving the institution.
❖ He escapes on the occasion of a disorder due to conflagration, earthquake, explosion,
or similar catastrophe or mutiny in which he has not participated, and
❖ He fails to give himself up to the authorities within 48 hours following the issuance of a
proclamation by the Chief Executive regarding the passing away of the calamity.
A special time allowance for loyalty shall be granted. A deduction of one-fifth of the
period of the sentence of any prisoner who evaded the service of sentence under the
circumstances mentioned above. The purpose of the law in granting a deduction of one-
fifth (1/5) of the period of sentence is to reward the convict’s manifest intent of paying his
debts to society by returning to prison after the passing away of the calamity. Whenever
lawfully justified, the Director of Prisons (Bureau of Corrections) shall grant allowance for
good conduct and such allowances once granted shall not be revoked.
c. Other cases of Evasion of Service of Sentence (Art. 159, RPC)
❖ The violation of any conditions imposed to a Conditional Pardon is a case of evasion of
service of sentence.
❖ The effect of this is, the convict may suffer the unexpired portion of his original sentence.
5. Infidelity of Public Officers

a. Infidelity in the Custody of Prisoners Through Connivance (Art.223, RPC) - A felony
committed by any public officer who shall consent to the escape of a prisoner in his
custody or charge.
b. Infidelity in the Custody of Prisoners through Negligence (Art. 224, RPC) - A felony
committed by a public officer when the prisoner under his custody or charge
escaped through negligence on his part.
c. Escape of a Prisoner under the Custody of a Person not a Public Officer. (Art 225,
RPC)
OTHER OFFENSES OR IRREGULARITIES BY PUBLIC OFFICERS
1. Maltreatment of Prisoner (Art. 235, RPC)

Elements:
a. Offender is a public officer or employee
b. He overdoes himself in the correction or handling of such prisoner by imposition of
punishment not authorized by regulation or by inflicting such punishment in a cruel
and humiliating manner.
The felony of Physical Injuries if committed if the accused does not have the
charge of a detained prisoner and he maltreats him. And if the purpose is to extort a
confession, Grave Coercion will be committed.
GOOD CONDUCT TIME ALLOWANCE (GCTA)
Good conduct time allowance is a privilege granted to a prisoner that shall entitle
him to a deduction of his term of imprisonment. Under Art.97, RPC, the good conduct of
any prisoner in any penal institution shall entitle him to the following deduction from the
period of his sentence:
1. During the first two years of imprisonment, he shall be allowed a deduction of twenty
(20) days for each month of good behavior during detention.
2. During the third to the fifth year, inclusive, of his imprisonment, he shall be allowed a
reduction of twenty-three days for each month of good behavior during detention.
3. During the following years until the tenth year, inclusive, of his imprisonment, he shall
be allowed a deduction of twenty-five days for each month of good behavior during
detention.
4. During the eleventh and successive years of his imprisonment, he shall be allowed a
deduction of thirty days for each month of good behavior during detention.
5. At any time during the period of imprisonment, he shall be allowed another deduction
of fifteen days, in addition to numbers one to four hereof, for each month of study,
teaching or mentoring service time rendered.
REFERENCES
Mercedes A. Foronda(2014), Correctional Administration 1 (Institutional Based

Correction, 2nd ed.),
Rommel K. Manwong(2014) , Corrections and Restorative Justice
www.bucor.com
www.bjmp.com
https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2013/ra_10592_2013.html

CA 101 Notes

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CA 101 Notes

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

WHAT IS CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION?

WHAT IS PENAL MANAGEMENT?

PRINCIPAL AIMS OF PENOLOGY

3. To evaluate the social consequences of policies enforced at a given time.

CORRECTION AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

MODELS OF CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION

This model emphasizes on prisoner obedience, work and education.

6. Total Institution Model

This concept of inmate treatment is probably an influence of the broad goals of

The penitentiary was practice as custodial institution. It demanded absolute obedience

NATURE AND TRENDS OF PUNISHMENT

Punishment is a means of social control. It is a device to cause people to become

In the legal sense, it is more individual redress, or personal revenge. Punishment,

FORMS OF PUNISHMENT IN PRIMITIVE SOCIETY

2. Physical Torture/ Corporal Punishment

5. Other similar forms of punishment like transportation and slavery.

1. Hard Labor - productive works.

2. Deprivation – deprivation of everything except the bare essentials of existence

7. Corporal Punishment – imposing brutal punishment or employing physical force to intimidate

8. Isolation or Solitary Confinement – non-communication, limited news, “the lone wolf”.

CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT

3. Probation – a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense, the penalty of

4. Fine – an amount given as a compensation for a criminal act.

JUSTIFICATIONS OR PURPOSES OF PUNISHMENT

Protection as a justification of punishment came after prisons, were fully established.

It is the establishment of the usefulness and responsibility of the offender. Society’s

Theoretically, imprisonment for reformation is sound, but practically, rehabilitation is

The principal trends of punishment are the following:

1. Development of exemptions, pardon, and communications;

PENALTY AND THE MODERN PERIOD OF CORRECTION

Penalty is defined as the suffering inflicted by the state against an offending

JURIDICAL CONDITIONS OF PENALTY

Punishment must be:

3. Personal – the guilty one must be the one to be punished, no proxy.

4. Legal – the consequence must be in accordance with the law.

5. Equal – equal for all persons.

6. Certain – no one must escape its effects.

7. Correctional – changes the attitude of offenders and become law-abiding citizens.

HISTORICAL FEATURES OF PENALTY

4. In England at about 1468, torture as a form of punishment became prevalent. Transportation

THE EARLY LEGAL CODES

1. Babylonians and Sumerian Codes

2. The Greek and Roman Codes

3. The French Code

4. The Secular Laws

5. The Chinese Codes

THE EARLY PRISONS

DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN PRISONS AND JAILS

The historical timeline on prison development is hereby presented below:

1. 1700 - Early punishments included transportation, indentured servitude and economic

THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

1. William Penn (1614-1718)

2. Charles Montesquieu (Charles Louis Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu) -

3. Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) (1694 - 1778)

4. Cesare Bonesa, Marchese de Beccaria (1738-1794)

5. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

6. John Howard (1726 – 1790)

THE REFORMATORY MOVEMENT

1. Capt. Alexander Mocanochie – He is the Superintendent of the penal colony at Norfolk

Maconochie introduced several other progressive measures, which aimed at rehabilitating

WHAT IS THE ELMIRA REFORMATORY?

The Elmira Reformatory is considered forerunner of modern penology because it had