Human Development Life Span View 7th Edition Kail Cavanaugh Test Bank Full Download

Human Development Life-Span View 7th Edition Kail Cavanaugh Test Bank
Human Development Life-Span View 7th Edition Kail

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True / False
1. Erikson’s theory has been very influential in helping us understand identity formation in adolescence.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.1 Identity and Self-Esteem
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.9.1.1 - How do adolescents achieve an identity?
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
2. During the diffusion phase of identity status, a person’s identity is determined by adults rather than by personal
exploration.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
3. Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by a lack of self-absorption.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
4. Personal fables are based on seeing one’s self as unique.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
5. In the first phase of ethnic identity, a child actively begins to explore his or her heritage.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.1.2 - What are the stages and results of acquiring an ethnic identity?
6. Self-esteem levels tend to vary by domain (e.g., social, academic).

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.9.1.3 - How does self-esteem change in adolescence? How does self-esteem
change in adolescence?
7. Adolescents’ self-worth is greater when they believe that their peers think highly of them.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
8. Most teenagers enjoy happy and satisfying relationships with their parents.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
9. Feelings of “love” concerning their first sex partner do not vary for boys and girls.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 9.2 Romantic Relationships and Sexuality
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.9.2.1 - Why do teenagers date?
10. Herpes and hepatitis B are caused by a virus.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
11. Same-sex attraction tends to be less understood in males than in females.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.9.2.3 - What determines an adolescent’s sexual orientation? What
determines an adolescent’s sexual orientation?
12. Dating violence can lead to depression in the victims.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.9.2.4 - What circumstances make date violence especially likely? What
circumstances make date violence especially likely?
13. Research results indicate that dating violence is more common in males with friends who perpetrate violence.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
14. During the specification phase of vocation choice, a person takes a job and gains hands-on information about the
career.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 9.3 The World of Work
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.9.3.1 - How do adolescents select an occupation? How do adolescents select
an occupation?
15. Holland’s theory focuses on the important connection between personality, career selection, and career fulfillment.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
an occupation?
16. Investigative personality types enjoy thinking about abstract relationships.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
an occupation?
17. Working more than 10 hours a week is associated with lower grades and higher levels of depression in adolescents.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.9.3.2 - What is the impact of part-time employment on adolescents
18. Depression is characterized by pervasive feelings of low self-esteem and sadness.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 9.4 The Dark Side
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.9.4.2 - What leads some adolescents to become depressed? How can
depression be treated?
19. Suicide is the leading cause of death in American teens.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
Multiple Choice
20. The attitudes, behaviors, and values that we believe make us unique individuals are called our
a. self-esteem.
b. self-recognition.
c. self-efficacy.
d. self-concept.
ANSWER: d
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
21. Marlin wants to learn more about identity formation in adolescents. Given this interest, he would be best served by
reading the works of
a. Erikson.
b. Ainsworth.
c. Piaget.
d. Gibson.
ANSWER: a
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
22. According to Erikson, the key adolescent crisis involves

a. generativity versus stagnation.
b. intimacy versus isolation.
c. identity versus role confusion.
d. integrity versus despair.
ANSWER: c
23. According to Erikson, a teenager is most likely to achieve his or her identity by
a. becoming more egocentric.
b. using learned helplessness.
c. becoming crystallized.
d. using hypothetical reasoning skills.
ANSWER: d
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking
24. Erikson hypothesized that adolescents achieve an identity by

a. doing only what their parents tell them to do.
b. testing a few identities to see which one fits them best.
c. unconsciously relying on their genetic makeup
d. simply progressing naturally from their preteen years.
ANSWER: b
25. In the ____ stage of identity status, an individual is overwhelmed yet does little to accomplish the task of identity
formation.
a. diffusion
b. moratorium
c. foreclosure
d. achievement
ANSWER: a
26. Concerning identity, foreclosure is to achievement as

a. part is to whole.
b. others is to self.
c. black is to white.
d. social is to withdrawn.
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically
27. A(n) ____ identity status is based largely on the input of adults (i.e., parents, role models).
a. diffusion
b. moratorium
c. foreclosure
d. achievement
ANSWER: c
28. When asked, “What do you want to be when you grow up?” ten-year-old Sanjay says, “My dad says I should be a
doctor, so I guess that’s what I’ll be.” According to Marcia, Sanjay is best thought of as being in a state of identity
a. diffusion.
b. moratorium.
c. foreclosure.
d. achievement.
ANSWER: c
29. When Seuss is asked what she wants to do with her life, she says, “My parents really want me to be an author, so I’m
going to be an author.” In doing so, Seuss is exhibiting which type of identity status, according to Marcia?
a. diffusion
b. moratorium
c. foreclosure
d. achievement
ANSWER: c
30. While in the ____ identity status stage, a person is examining numerous alternatives but finds none totally satisfactory.
a. diffusion
b. moratorium
c. foreclosure
d. achievement
ANSWER: b
31. Brita is a junior interested in majoring in English literature, philosophy, biotechnology, or European history. While
she likes all of these majors, she is not sure which one to choose. According to Marcia, Brita would best be classified as
being in the ____ level of identity status with regard to her major.
a. diffusion
b. foreclosure
c. moratorium
d. achievement
ANSWER: c
32. Which identity status occurs after an individual has explored several options and has made a deliberate decision?
a. diffusion
b. moratorium
c. foreclosure
d. achievement
ANSWER: d
33. After exploring a number of career options, Antonio chooses to become an accountant. According to Marcia, what
level of identity status is Antonio exhibiting?
a. diffusion
b. moratorium
c. foreclosure
d. achievement
ANSWER: d
34. Which individual is exhibiting a moratorium in the process of developing an identity?

a. Greg, who refuses to consider different career paths
b. Jan, who is doing what her parents want her to do
c. Cindy, who has changed careers several times
d. Bobby, who has been in the same career for 25 years
ANSWER: c
35. The existence of ____ provides evidence that attaining achievement status is not necessarily permanent.
a. the personal fable
b. adolescent egocentrism
c. the foreclosure stage
d. the moratorium stage
ANSWER: d
36. Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by excessive

a. convergence.
b. achievement.
c. self-absorption.
d. depression.
ANSWER: c
37. Sixteen-year-old Paris’s motto is, “It’s all about me!” This belief fits well with the concept of adolescent
a. egocentrism.
b. learned helplessness.
c. secular growth.
d. foreclosure.
ANSWER: a
38. Which statement best describes the thought process underlying adolescent egocentrism?
a. Adolescents cannot believe that others have different perspectives than them.
b. Adolescents are much more interested in their own feelings than those of others.
c. Adolescents believe that everyone is ignoring them.
d. Adolescents tend to do whatever their parents say.
ANSWER: b
39. Abby is 16, and Andy is 5. Both exhibit egocentrism. How is this egocentrism most likely to differ between them?
a. Andy is going to exhibit more self-interest.
b. Abby has reached achievement in most areas.
c. Abby knows that other people have different perspectives than her own.
d. Andy is more likely to exhibit the illusion of vulnerability.
ANSWER: c
40. The phenomenon whereby an individual believes that he or she is like an actor on a stage, who is under constant watch
by others, is referred to as
a. the personal fable.
b. the imaginary audience.
c. learned helplessness.
d. diffusion status.
ANSWER: b
41. Aniston’s decision to stay home from school because she thinks everyone will notice a pimple she recently discovered
on her chin serves as an excellent example of
a. an imaginary audience.
b. role confusion.
c. a personal fable.
d. hypothetical-deductive thinking.
ANSWER: a
42. The defining feature of the personal fable is a feeling of

a. superiority.
b. uniqueness.
c. helplessness.
d. diffusion.
ANSWER: b
43. Jerry is upset because his comedy partner, Dean, just broke up with him. When his parents attempt to console Jerry, he
tells them, “It’s no use—you couldn’t possibly know how I feel. No one knows how I feel!” Jerry’s statement is an
example of
b. a personal fable.
c. moratorium.
d. learned helplessness.
ANSWER: b
44. The belief that misfortunes only happen to others is referred to as the illusion of
a. foreclosure.
b. helplessness.
c. crystallization.
d. invulnerability.
ANSWER: d
45. Ford is considering driving his car onto a lake that appears to be frozen, but may not be safe. He thinks to himself,
“Only dummies fall through the ice in their cars, and I am no dummy, so I will drive on the ice even though I am not sure
it’s safe.” Ford’s decision best exemplifies the concept of
b. a personal fable.
c. an illusion of invulnerability.
d. learned helplessness.
ANSWER: c
46. Which parents are most likely to raise a teenager with high achievement status?
a. Kate and Allie, who encourage autonomy in their children
b. Ward and June, who encourage conformity in their children
c. Ozzie and Harriet, who discourage experimentation in their children
d. George and Jane, who continue to strictly enforce childhood rules
ANSWER: a
47. Gayord sets random rules for his children to follow and enforces them without explanation. This parenting style will
most likely result in Gayord’s teenage children displaying a(n) ____ identity status.
a. diffusion
b. foreclosure
c. moratorium
d. achievement
ANSWER: b
48. About one-_____ of adolescents/young adults living in the United States are members of an ethnic minority group.
a. half
b. third
c. quarter
d. fifth
ANSWER: b
49. Learning about one’s culture and heritage sets the foundation for a person’s ____ identity.
a. ethnic
b. crystallized
c. index
d. imaginary
ANSWER: a
50. Hantaywee is Native American and has absolutely no interest in learning anything about her family’s Navajo culture.
Hantaywee is most likely to
a. have authoritative parents.
b. have higher self-esteem than most of her peers.
c. be a young adolescent.
d. have a well-developed ethnic identity.
ANSWER: c
51. Which statement indicates that Margareta is in the initial stage of ethnic identity development?
a. “Who cares if I am Latino?”
b. “My ancestors were in America before white settlers.”
c. “I am Hispanic and proud of it.”
d. “I would like to go to the fair because it features dancers from my family’s heritage.”
ANSWER: a
52. The emphasis in the second phase of ethnic identity formation is on

a. exploring one’s heritage.
b. moving away from one’s heritage.
c. finding a new heritage.
d. developing a distinct ethnic self-concept.
ANSWER: a
53. Which statement best exemplifies the second phase of ethnic identity achievement?
a. “I don’t need to listen to the tape on Scottish legends.”
b. “I feel a strong sense of Scottish heritage.”
c. “I don’t want to be considered a Scottish American; I just want to be an American.”
d. “I wonder what kinds of events take place at a festival celebrating Scottish heritage.”
ANSWER: d
54. The third phase of ethnic identity achievement involves

a. creating a distinct ethnic self-concept.
b. rejecting one’s heritage.
c. deciding to not explore one’s ethnic roots.
d. wondering about one’s ethnic heritage.
ANSWER: a
55. Which statement best indicates that a teenager is in the third stage of ethnic identity development?
a. “I am curious about where my ancestors lived.”
b. “I’ll think about my ethnicity when I am older.”
c. “I see myself as a Dutch-Asian American.”
d. “I need to match my identity to that of all others in my ethnic group.”
ANSWER: c
56. Jinfa was born in the United States. His father is African and his mother is Japanese. If he is in the third state of ethnic
identity development, he would most likely consider himself as an
a. American.
b. African American.
c. Japanese.
d. American with roots in both Africa and Japan.
ANSWER: d
57. Twenty-year-old Talisker immigrated to the United States from Scotland at age 12. What is his most likely ethnic
identity?
a. He has no ethnic identity.
b. He sees himself exclusively as an American.
c. He continues to see himself as a Scot.
d. He thinks like an American and acts like a Scot.
ANSWER: c
58. What is the best description of the relationship between strength of ethnic identity and self-esteem?
a. spurious correlation
b. positive correlation
c. negative correlation
d. no correlation
ANSWER: b
59. Based on past research, one would predict that a strong association with American culture would have the most
detrimental effects on the ethnic self-concept of
a. Selena, who is Latino American.
b. Chang, who is Asian American.
c. Naomi, who is African American.
d. Ola, who is European American.
ANSWER: a
60. In individuals from ethnic minority groups, identification with the mainstream culture
a. cannot be accomplished without losing a sense of one’s own ethnic group.
b. sometimes strengthens one’s own ethnic identity and sometimes weakens it.
c. leads to rejection by one’s peers.
d. results in a significant loss in self-esteem.
ANSWER: b
61. Which statement concerning ethnic identity development is true?

a. A sense of ethnic identity does not appear to correlate to school performance.
b. Identification with a mainstream culture weakens one’s ethnic identity.
c. Ethnic identity may change as new generations acculturate to the mainstream culture.
d. Biracial identities do not exist in our modern-day world.
ANSWER: c
62. Who is most likely to have the highest self-esteem?

a. A four-year-old
b. An eight-year-old
c. A 12-year-old
d. A 16-year-old
ANSWER: a
63. Which best summarizes research findings about the development of self-esteem?
a. Boys tend to have lower self-esteem than girls.
b. School transitions appear to have little impact on self-esteem.
c. Developmental changes in self-esteem vary by domain.
d. Boys have higher levels of self-esteem than girls across all domains.
ANSWER: c
64. The drop in self-esteem often found when children first enter middle school appears to be due to
a. the acquisition of concrete operational thinking.
b. peer comparisons.
c. changes in ethnic identity.
d. the illusion of invulnerability.
ANSWER: b
65. A child who believes that he or she is good at science will most likely
a. perform well at science.
b. have a positive academic self-concept concerning science.
c. hold a positive academic self-concept toward all academic domains.
d. have an extremely differentiated self-concept.
ANSWER: b
66. Which elementary-school-age child would likely have the highest level of self-esteem?
a. Ruby, who is African American
b. Opal, who is European American
c. Topaz, who is Hispanic American
d. As ethnicity does not impact self-esteem, all these children would have the same level of self-esteem.
ANSWER: b
67. Which adolescent would likely have the highest level of self-esteem?
a. Cheyenne, who is African American
b. Reba, who is European American
c. Barbara Ann, who is Hispanic American
d. As ethnicity does not impact self-esteem, all of these adolescents would have similar levels of self-esteem.
ANSWER: a
68. When Molly hears that several people in her geometry class think she’s great, it is likely to
a. increase her self-esteem.
b. decrease her self-esteem.
c. have no effect on her self-esteem.
d. alter her ethnic identity.
ANSWER: a
69. Which statement concerning self-esteem is true?

a. Adolescents’ levels of self-esteem do not vary by context.
b. Parental rules lead to lower levels of self-esteem in adolescents.
c. Levels of parental affection are inversely related to self-esteem levels in adolescents.
d. A harmonious child-parent relationship tends to lead to higher levels of self- esteem in adolescents.
ANSWER: d
70. Consider the following factors: doing well in school, having parents who discipline, and being liked by one’s peers.
How many contribute to an adolescent’s level of self-esteem?
a. none
b. one
c. two
d. three
ANSWER: d
71. The text characterized the notion of adolescence being a time of great “storm and stress” as a
a. trend.
b. fact.
c. myth.
d. certainty.
ANSWER: c
72. Cross-cultural studies of adolescent self-perception indicate that

a. most teenagers feel good about themselves.
b. teenagers in industrialized nations have the highest rate of self-dissatisfaction.
c. females feel significantly better about themselves than males.
d. most teenagers feel bad about themselves.
ANSWER: a
73. James is a typical adolescent. You would expect that he

a. does not feel loved by his parents.
b. relies on his parents for advice.
c. has low self-esteem.
d. is conflicted with regard to gender identity.
ANSWER: b
74. Which group of adolescents report that they are usually happy?
a. None
b. Only those adolescents in Western nations
c. Only those adolescents in Eastern nations
d. Most adolescents around the world
ANSWER: d
75. Why do Asian-American and Latino-American teens tend to begin dating at a later age than European-American
teens?
a. fewer available partners
b. stronger family ties
c. less disposable income
d. greater need for social isolation
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 9.2 Romantic Relationships and Sexuality Romantic Relationships and Sexuality
76. Teenagers are less likely to engage in sexual activity when parents
a. actively encourage sexual activity.
b. monitor their activities.
c. remain emotionally detached.
d. encourage independence.
ANSWER: b
77. As a typical American teen, Ralph is most likely to describe his first sex partner as
a. his love.
b. a casual date.
c. a stranger.
d. his steady girlfriend.
ANSWER: b
78. Nicholas and Alexandra are typical American teenagers. How would their descriptions concerning their first sexual
experience most likely differ?
a. Nicholas would be more likely to describe his first partner as someone that he loves.
b. Nicholas would be more likely to feel guilty about his first sexual experience.
c. Alexandra’s peers would be more likely to express some disapproval concerning her behavior.
d. Alexandra would be more likely to view the experience in terms of recreation rather than romance.
ANSWER: c
79. Which sexually transmitted disease is caused by a viral infection?

a. herpes
b. chlamydia
c. syphilis
d. gonorrhea
ANSWER: a
80. Which STD is most prevalent in the United States?

a. HIV
b. genital herpes
c. gonorrhea
d. chlamydia
ANSWER: b
81. Which of these STDs is caused by bacteria?

a. genital herpes
b. HIV
c. hepatitis B
d. gonorrhea
ANSWER: d
82. Which statement is true?

a. HIV typically leads to AIDS.
b. AIDS typically leads to HIV.
c. HIV and AIDS are the same disorder.
d. AIDS and HIV are unrelated.
ANSWER: a
83. Young adults are especially susceptible to acquiring AIDS because compared to older adults, they are
a. more likely to be homosexual.
b. more likely to use intravenous drugs.
c. less likely to engage in unprotected sex.
d. less likely to possess functional immune systems.
ANSWER: b
84. About one in ____ adolescent American girls becomes pregnant each year.
a. three
b. four
c. five
d. six
ANSWER: d
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.9.2.2 - Why are some adolescents sexually active? Why do so few use
contraceptives? Why do so few use contraceptives?
85. Statistically speaking, who has the lowest risk of teenage pregnancy?
a. Holly, who is African American
b. Molly, who is Hispanic American
c. Polly, who is European American
d. The risk for all is the same as ethnicity is unrelated to teen pregnancy rates.
ANSWER: c
86. The most effective pregnancy prevention programs focus

a. exclusively on abstinence.
b. exclusively on teaching about biological reproduction.
c. exclusively on teaching about responsible sexual behavior.
d. on abstinence, reproductive education, and sexual responsibility.
ANSWER: d
87. Who has the least effective plan for decreasing the probability of teenage pregnancy in a school population?
a. Ira, who says, “We need to convince our young people that teenage pregnancy can happen to them.”
b. Denise, who says, “Teenage women should be more informed about how difficult it is to be a teenage parent.”
c. Afi, who says, “We must do a better job of informing our students about contraception.”
d. Dmitri, who says, “To eliminate teenage pregnancy, we must limit access to contraceptives.”
ANSWER: d
88. About ____ percent of male and female teenagers identify themselves as gay or lesbian.
a. one
b. five
c. 15
d. 20
ANSWER: b
89. Sixteen-year-old Karl has recently identified himself as gay. Which statement is most likely to be true?
a. Karl had a domineering mother.
b. Karl was the eldest child who took responsibility for his siblings.
c. Karl had a weak father.
d. Karl may begin to show interest in gender-atypical behaviors.
ANSWER: d
90. Which statement concerning the origins of sexual orientation is true?

a. A “lesbian gene” has been found.
b. Lesbian attraction to other females tends to occur later than gay male same-sex attraction.
c. Gay males tend to reject anything that they classify as “feminine.”
d. Interest in the same sex tends to occur much later in males.
ANSWER: b
91. Twenty-one-year-old Martina lists her sexual orientation as “lesbian.” Given the current state of research on the
origins of sexual orientation, which statement is most likely to be true?
a. Martina probably had a close female relative (e.g., aunt, mother) who was also a lesbian.
b. Martina’s brothers are “at risk” for being homosexual.
c. Martina is likely attracted to several women.
d. The exact origin of Martina’s sexual orientation is unknown.
ANSWER: d
92. While there are different types of dating violence, threats always qualify as ____ violence.
a. emotional
b. physical
c. sexual
d. spiritual
ANSWER: a
93. Which factor is thought to increase the risk of a male or female perpetrating dating violence?
a. having a brother
b. having parents whose discipline is harsh or inconsistent
c. being depression
d. being popular among same-age peers
ANSWER: b
94. In a study on a prevention program designed to reduce dating abuse, investigators measured several factors known to
influence the odds that teens are abused while dating. One of these factors is
a. inflated self-esteem
b. a traditional family structure
c. interpersonal conflict resolution skills
d. early academic success
ANSWER: c
95. The “Families for Safe Dates” program can best be described as a
a. family-based prevention program designed to limit dating abuse.
b. chaperone program designed to limit dating abuse.
c. school-based prevention program that involves parents to limit dating abuse.
d. parent education program designed to limit dating abuse.
ANSWER: a
96. Results from a study evaluating a dating abuse prevention program indicate that teens in the treatment condition
a. showed an increase in their conflict resolution skills.
b. were less accepting of dating abuse.
c. experienced changes in their perceptions of the consequences of abuse.
d. were less likely to date others.
ANSWER: b
97. The main purpose of the Families for Safe Dates program is to reduce
a. homosexual behavior.
b. teen pregnancy.
c. dating abuse.
d. drunk driving.
ANSWER: c
98. A major theme of most date rape prevention workshops encourages participants to
a. establish good communication about sex.
b. avoid sexual relationships.
c. take on traditional sex roles.
d. be passive as an attack is occurring.
ANSWER: a
99. Rape prevention guidelines suggest that in order to reduce the risk of rape, one should
a. struggle, but not scream, when threatened or attacked.
b. keep one’s sexual desires private.
c. avoid using drugs with someone you are not interested in.
d. not dress up or try to look nice when going out.
ANSWER: c
100. Which theorist first linked identity with career choices?
a. Erikson
b. Freud
c. Super
d. Holland
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 9.3 The World of Work The World of Work
an occupation?
101. Crystallization involves using one’s emerging identity as the basis for assessing
a. intelligence.
b. risk for mental illness.
c. self-esteem.
d. possible careers.
ANSWER: d
an occupation?
102. While counseling a friend who is having trouble with his girlfriend, 13-year-old Frasier decides that he has a talent
for helping people deal with their problems and decides that he should pursue a career as a clinical psychologist. Frasier’s
response matches Super’s ____ stage of career development.
a. implementation
b. specification
c. realistic
d. crystallization
ANSWER: d
an occupation?
103. According to Super, the key element of the specification phase of career development involves
a. limiting career possibilities.
b. taking the job.
c. setting no limits.
d. a feeling of uniqueness.
ANSWER: a
an occupation?
104. Seventeen-year-old Ursa develops an interest in astronomy. If she is in Super’s specification stage of career
development, her next step would most likely involve
a. taking a full-time job at an observatory.
b. signing up for a course in basic astronomy.
c. determining whether she has a personality type suited for work as an astronomer.
d. trying to get a handle on other aspects of her life (e.g., relationships).
ANSWER: b
an occupation?
105. During the implementation phase of career development, a person

a. first begins to think about career options.
b. selects the career of their parents.
c. becomes more educated about career options.
d. takes a job and learns firsthand about a career.
ANSWER: d
an occupation?
106. Which statement best describes the basic premise of Super’s implementation phase of career development?
a. “I’ll take the job and see what happens.”
b. “I am going to visit the career service office.”
c. “I might make a good mortician.”
d. “Who cares about work?”
ANSWER: a
an occupation?
107. After carefully examining which careers might be best for him, Stasny takes a job with a construction company.
Though he likes the money, he is not ready for the kinds of responsibilities often asked of regular employees. Stasny is
probably in Super’s ____ stage of career development.
a. specification
b. implementation
c. crystallization
d. investigative
ANSWER: b
an occupation?
108. According to Super’s theory, what is the correct order of the phases of career development?
a. specification, crystallization, implementation
b. crystallization, specification, implementation
c. implementation, specification, crystallization
d. crystallization, implementation, specification
ANSWER: b
an occupation?
109. According to Holland’s ____ theory, the key factor in determining whether a job will be fulfilling are your personal
characteristics.
a. personality-type
b. Piagetian
c. sociocultural
d. cognitive-developmental
ANSWER: a
an occupation?
110. The main assumption of Holland’s theory is that people

a. develop career goals at different rates.
b. will be happiest in work environments that match their personalities.
c. should take tests to determine which career is best for them.
d. should choose a career based on economic needs and not in order to fulfill their lifelong goals.
ANSWER: b
an occupation?
111. Nan is an individual who enjoys working outside, taking care of park lands, planting trees, and building forest trails.
Which of Holland’s types best describes Nan’s interests?
a. investigative
b. conventional
c. social
d. realistic
ANSWER: d
an occupation?
112. Yasmine has excellent verbal skills and relates well on an interpersonal level. According to Holland, Yasmine likely
has a(n) ____ personality type.
a. investigative
b. conventional
c. social
d. realistic
ANSWER: c
an occupation?
113. A person with a(n) ____ personality type would be described as someone who is highly task-oriented and who enjoys
abstract thinking.
a. investigative
b. conventional
c. social
d. realistic
ANSWER: a
an occupation?
114. Zeke enjoys expressing himself on unstructured tasks. This description indicates that Zeke most likely has a(n) ____
personality type.
a. investigative
b. conventional
c. realistic
d. artistic
ANSWER: d
an occupation?
115. Nell can’t decide if she should pursue a career as a bank teller or as an accountant. Holland would suggest that Nell
will find these career choices most fulfilling if she has a(n) ____ personality type.
a. conventional
b. investigative
c. enterprising
d. social
ANSWER: a
an occupation?
116. According to Holland, who is best matched with their career type?
a. Scientist Ralph, who has a realistic personality
b. Poet Norton, who has an investigative personality
c. Real estate agent Alice, who has an enterprising personality
d. Social worker Trixie, who has an artistic personality
ANSWER: c
an occupation?
117. According to Holland, who is most poorly matched with his or her career type?
a. Guidance counselor Dela, who has a social personality
b. Nuclear scientist Dave, who has an investigative personality
c. Accountant Dana, who has a conventional personality
d. Plumber Dagmar, who has an enterprising personality
ANSWER: d
an occupation?
118. When an individual’s personality type and job match, they tend to be
a. more productive in the short run and have more stable career paths in the long run.
b. less productive in the short run but have more stable career paths in the long run.
c. more productive in the short run but have less stable career paths in the long run.
d. less productive in the short run and have less stable career paths in the long run.
ANSWER: a
an occupation?
119. Several tests can be used to describe a person’s work-related personality and the jobs for which he or she is suited.
One of these types of tests is called the
a. Strong Interest Inventory.
b. Super Occupation Inventory.
c. Adolescent Work Interest Inventory.
d. Occupational Path Inventory.
ANSWER: a
an occupation?
120. One major long-term outcome of working a stressful job during the teen years is that the individual is better able to
a. decide which job matches his or her personality
b. cope with stressful jobs as adults
c. allocate his or her income as an adult
d. conform to appropriate workplace behavior
ANSWER: b
121. Research has indicated that when a high school student begins to work over ____ hours a week at a part-time job
during the school year, academic problems may arise.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
ANSWER: c
122. Teens with part-time jobs in excess of 15-20 hours per week tend to be
a. more sociable than their peers.
b. less susceptible to schizophrenia than their peers.
c. less prone to violence than their peers.
d. more likely to experience depression and anxiety than their peers.
ANSWER: d
123. Why is part-time work among teens associated with misleading sense of affluence?
a. They typically spend money immediately and do not learn how to allocate income well.
b. The high pay they receive at these jobs sets up unrealistic expectations about “real” pay.
c. They tend to save significantly more during these times than after they get a full-time job.
d. The money that teens make today is worth less than the same amount will be in the future.
ANSWER: a
124. Which statement concerning part-time work and teenagers is true?

a. The negative impacts of part-time employment are more severe in males.
b. Teens who save money from working have a worse relationship with their parents.
c. The number of hours worked does not appear to matter.
d. Jobs that require the use of some skill tend to enhance self-esteem.
ANSWER: d
125. Which drug do high school seniors use most?

a. marijuana
b. cocaine
c. alcohol
d. LSD
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 9.4 The Dark Side The Dark Side
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.9.4.1 - Why do teenagers drink and use drugs? Why do teenagers drink and
use drugs?
126. ____ percent of US high school seniors report drinking alcohol in the previous year, and about ____ percent report
having been drunk.
a. Ninety; 50
b. Sixty-six; 50
c. Fifty; 30
d. Thirty: 66
ANSWER: b
use drugs?
127. Which five-year-old is least likely to drink alcohol?

a. Tony, who is experiencing a lot of family problems
b. Jeannie, whose mother and father are uninvolved in her life
c. Larry, whose friends all encourage him to drink
d. Barbara, whose parents sometimes drink small amounts with meals
ANSWER: d
use drugs?
128. Fifteen-year-old Otis’s parents are social drinkers who often stop at a bar after work. Research suggests that Otis is
a. likely to become an alcoholic.
b. unlikely to begin drinking (teens tend to avoid mimicking parents).
c. more likely to start drinking than his friend whose parents do not drink.
d. unlikely to be influenced by his parents’ behavior.
ANSWER: c
use drugs?
129. Seventeen-year-old Alice drinks alcohol to deal with all the things that are difficult in her life. Which approach is
most likely to decrease her alcohol use?
a. engaging in therapy to learn coping skills
b. learning about alcohol use in school
c. practicing strategies to resist peer pressure
d. having her parents take parenting classes
ANSWER: a
use drugs?
130. Which statement concerning cigarette smoking is true?

a. Compared with the rest of the world, American teens are heavy smokers.
b. Most teens begin to smoke when they are in tenth or eleventh grade.
c. Authoritative parenting tends to increase the risk of teen smoking.
d. Teens will tend to start smoking if they believe that it is okay to smoke.
ANSWER: d
use drugs?
131. Marcel’s parents often ask about his day at school, set reasonable rules, and provide guidance when he is having
difficulty in school. How likely is Marcel to smoke cigarettes?
a. very likely, as he needs to set up his own value system
b. somewhat likely, as he is curious about what smoking feels like
c. less likely than average, smoking is not naturally appealing
d. not at all likely, as his parents have strict rules against smoking
ANSWER: d
use drugs?
132. Your text indicates that many teenagers who smoke are convinced that cigarette smoking is harmless for healthy
adolescents. Which concept does the best job of explaining this phenomenon?
a. crystallization
b. depression
c. illusion of invulnerability
d. imaginary audience
ANSWER: c
use drugs?
133. What is NOT a risk of smoking for adolescents?
a. problems with lung growth
b. depression
c. future abuse of other drugs
d. respiratory illnesses
ANSWER: b
use drugs?
134. Effective interventions for teenage smoking include several components. Which is least likely to work?
a. telling students, staff, and school visitors they cannot smoke on school grounds
b. providing information on the health and social consequences of smoking
c. enforcing a strict discipline system throughout the school
d. teaching skills to respond to peer pressure
ANSWER: c
use drugs?
135. Antismoking interventions in schools reduce teenage smoking by more than ____.
a. one-fourth
b. one-third
c. one-half
d. two-thirds
ANSWER: b
use drugs?
136. Some teenagers experience negative life events and do not become depressed. Which teenager is least likely to
become depressed when she experiences a negative life event?
a. Crystal, who does not regulate her emotions effectively
b. Cameron, who tends to blame herself when things go wrong
c. Celia, whose parents are distant and uninvolved with her
d. Carmine, who has high levels of certain neurotransmitters
ANSWER: d
137. The most effective non-drug interventions for teenage depression focus on
a. instilling a sense of learned helplessness.
b. suppressing adolescents’ feelings toward their parents.
c. mapping the genetic history of the adolescent.
d. teaching social skills.
ANSWER: d
138. What is the third leading cause of deaths in U.S. adolescents?

a. car accidents
b. homicide
c. suicide
d. cancer
ANSWER: c
139. Which group of teenage boys has by far the highest suicide rate?
a. European Americans
b. Latino Americans
c. African Americans
d. Native Americans
ANSWER: d
140. What is the least common warning sign of suicide?

a. change in eating habits
b. increased levels of activity
c. persistent feelings of helplessness
d. gifting one’s valued possessions
ANSWER: b
141. Juvenile delinquency involves acts that are

a. illegal and destructive.
b. legal and nondestructive.
c. illegal and nondestructive.
d. legal and destructive.
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.9.4.3 - What are the causes of juvenile delinquency? What are the causes of
juvenile delinquency?
142. What is the defining characteristic of adolescent-limited antisocial behavior?

a. consistently engaging in violent acts
b. engaging in minor criminal acts over a long period of time
c. consistently engaging in a specific sex act
d. engaging in minor criminal acts over a short period of time
ANSWER: d
143. What percentage of youth meet the criteria for life-course persistent antisocial behavior?
a. one
b. five
c. eight
d. ten
ANSWER: b
144. Which biological factor is NOT known to contribute to aggressive behavior?

a. temperament
b. circadian rhythms
c. hormones
d. neurotransmitters
ANSWER: b
145. Which parental behavior is least likely to encourage aggressive and antisocial behavior?
a. Disciplining adolescents in a harsh manner
b. Intermittent monitoring of adolescents’ behavior
c. Seeing parental conflict and stress
d. Enforcing many rules with supporting reasons
ANSWER: d
146. Programs to prevent adolescent violence and antisocial behavior target

a. character development in elementary-school children.
b. academic and social skills in elementary-school children.
c. academic and social skills in middle-school children.
d. character development in middle-school children.
ANSWER: b
147. A teen exhibiting adolescent-limited antisocial behaviors would most likely commit
a. a series of major violent crimes
b. antisocial but not criminal acts
c. minor criminal but not antisocial acts
d. a single major criminal act
ANSWER: c
148. As a middle-school student, Chrissy often shoplifted cosmetics and music CDs. By the time she is a senior in high
school, Chrissy has mended her ways and no longer shoplifts. Chrissy’s pattern of behavior is best described as
a. a life-course persistent antisocial behavior.
c. adolescent-limited antisocial behavior.
d. chronic status offenses.
ANSWER: c
149. Life-course persistent antisocial acts

a. emerge early in life and fade in later life.
b. emerge early in life and continue throughout development.
c. emerge in midlife and fade in later life.
d. emerge in midlife and continue throughout development.
ANSWER: b
150. At age five, Pat set a neighbor’s house on fire. At age 10, he burned down a barn. At age 20, he sets his old high
school on fire. Pat’s behavior best exemplifies
a. life-course persistent antisocial behavior.
c. adolescent-limited antisocial behavior.
d. chronic status offenses.
ANSWER: a
151. Which statement concerning antisocial/delinquent behavior and biology is true?

a. Inherited temperament may increase risk for aggressive behavior
b. Chromosome 17 contains a gene that controls violence
c. Twin studies indicate that antisocial behavior is often inherited
d. Diminished levels of hormones like testosterone often lead to violence
ANSWER: a
152. Which teenager is most “at risk” for engaging in delinquent behavior?
a. Bert, who spends a lot of supervised time at home
b. Ernie, whose parents utilize very consistent discipline techniques
c. Kermit, who is unable interpret other people’s intentions
d. Grover, whose parents and other close relatives seldom display aggressive behavior
ANSWER: c
153. Adolescents from lower socioeconomic classes are more likely to become delinquent because
a. there are more criminal models available to lower-class youth.
b. they are overinvested in their school performance.
c. they are less intelligent.
d. they are better able to exhibit self-control.
ANSWER: a
154. The Fast Track program for preventing violent behavior

a. uses aversive conditioning techniques and the “scared straight technique.”
b. attempts to nip the problem in the elementary years.
c. encourages children to consider the “imaginary audience” that they are attacking.
d. argues that aggressive play can be an effective substitute for reducing real violence.
ANSWER: b
Completion
155. According to Marcia, the highest level of identity status is ________________.

ANSWER: achievement
156. High levels of self-absorption in teens are referred to as adolescent ________________.

ANSWER: egocentrism
157. The feeling that a teen is an actor whose performance is being watched by peers is known as the ________________
audience.
ANSWER: imaginary
158. The attitude that one’s feelings have never been experienced by anyone else is referred to as a(n) ________________
fable.
ANSWER: personal
159. The portion of one’s self that focuses on heritage and group culture is referred to as one’s ________________
identity.
ANSWER: ethnic
160. The first stage in Super’s vocational choice theory is called ________________.
ANSWER: crystallization
an occupation?
161. The second stage in Super’s vocational choice theory is called ________________.
ANSWER: specification
an occupation?
162. According to Super, when an individual first enters the workforce, he or she is in the ________________ phase of
career development.
ANSWER: implementation
an occupation?
163. According to Holland, a person who likes physical labor and solving concrete problems is said to have a(n)
________________ personality type.
ANSWER: realistic
an occupation?
164. The most common drug used by American teens is ________________.

ANSWER: alcohol
use drugs?
165. An individual with irrational and pervasive feelings of sadness is said to be suffering from ________________.
ANSWER: depression
166. When a teen commits illegal and destructive acts, he or she is often labeled as being a juvenile ________________.
ANSWER: delinquent
167. Individuals who engage in minor criminal acts as teens and then no longer engage in such behavior as young adults
are classified as exhibiting ________________ antisocial behavior.
ANSWER: adolescent-limited
Essay
168. Describe how the four levels of Marcia’s identity status could be exemplified by Hawkeye, who wants to be a doctor.
ANSWER: In the state of diffusion, the individual is overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity
and does little to accomplish the task, In the state of diffusion, Hawkeye wants to be a doctor
because he heard that they make a lot of money but he does not know how one gets to be a
doctor and would rather spend his free time playing video games. In the state of foreclosure,
the individual has a status determined by adults rather than by personal exploration. In the
state of foreclosure, Hawkeye’s parents have told him for years that he should be a doctor
and join his father’s medical practice. He plans to study premed in college, but has never
given the matter much thought. In the state of moratorium, the individual is examining
different alternatives but has yet to find one that is satisfactory. In the state of moratorium,
Hawkeye enjoys his Biology class and thinks it would be fun to be a doctor. However, he
also really enjoys his English class and thinks that it would also be fun to become a novelist.
In the state of achievement, the individual has explored alternatives and has deliberately
chosen a specific identity. In the state of achievement, Hawkeye has spent the past month
interning at his father’s medical practice and has decided that being a doctor is definitely the
career path for him.
169. Describe the primary issues of adolescence according to Erikson. Be sure to comment on issues like adolescent
egocentrism, the imaginary audience, personal fables, and an illusion of vulnerability.
ANSWER: Erikson believed that adolescents face a crisis between identity and role confusion. This crisis
involves balancing the desire to try out many possible selves and the need to select a single
self. Adolescents experiment with different selves to learn more about possible identities.
During the search for identity, adolescents reveal a number of characteristic ways of thinking.
Adolescent egocentrism is a self-absorption with their own feelings and experiences.
Imaginary audience is the belief that they are being watched constantly by their peers.
Personal fables are the tendency to believe that their experiences and feelings are unique and
that no one has ever felt or thought as they do. An illusion of invulnerability is they believe
that misfortune happens only to others. As adolescents progress toward achieving an identity,
adolescent egocentrism, imaginary audiences, personal fables, and the illusion of
invulnerability become less common.
170. How do the phases of achieving ethnic identity compare to the phases of career development as described by Super?
ANSWER: Both the phases of achieving ethnic identity and the phases of career development are
progressive in that individuals pass through each phase before moving on to the next phase.
The first phase of both processes is the beginning phase or the starting point for the
individual to move through the other phases. In the first phase of achieving ethnic identity,
individuals have not examined their ethnic roots. For individuals in this phase, ethnic identity
is not yet an important personal issue. Similarly, individuals in Super’s initial phase of career
development have not yet begun their exploration of potential career prospects. In this phase
called crystallization, adolescents use their emerging identity as a source of ideas about
careers. In the second phase of ethnic identity, individuals begin to explore the personal
impact of their ethnic heritage. In the second phase of career development a similar
exploration takes place. During specification, adolescents further limit their career
possibilities by learning more about specific lines of work and starting to obtain the training
required for a specific job. In the third phase of ethnic identity, individuals achieve a distinct
ethnic self-concept. In the third phase of career development called implementation,
adolescents enter the workforce and learn first-hand about jobs. The third phase of each
process reflects the culmination of the efforts that were achieved in the previous two phases.
an occupation?
171. In the United States, about a half-million babies are born to teenagers. In many cases, these mothers and children
face a hard road. First, discuss reasons for the high rate of teen pregnancy in the U.S. Second, describe characteristics of
effective teen pregnancy prevention programs.
ANSWER: Teen pregnancy is common because sexually active teens do not use birth control
consistently or correctly. Many adolescents believe that they are invulnerable and that only
others become pregnant. For some adolescent girls, becoming pregnant is appealing. The best
way to reduce teen pregnancy is with comprehensive sex education programs. These
programs teach the biological aspects of sex and emphasize responsible sexual behavior or
abstinence from premarital sex. They also discuss the pressures to become involved sexually
and ways to respond to this pressure.
172. Discuss the factors your text describes that are related to dating violence. What factors increase the chance that
adolescents will engage in violence?
ANSWER: Several factors make teenage boys and girls more likely to perpetrate dating violence. (1)
Parents: Teens are more likely to be violent during dating when their parents’ discipline is
harsh or inconsistent and when their parents do not monitor their behavior. (2) Peers: Dating
violence is more common when teens believe that their peers condone dating violence and
when they know peers who are abusive in relationships. (3) Traits: Teens are more likely to
commit dating violence when they are antisocial, aggressive, and not successful in school.
173. Pick a career that you are considering for yourself. Which three of Holland’s personality types do you think would be
most satisfied in that career? Explain.
ANSWER: I am considering a career as a psychologist. A social personality type would be the most
satisfied in this career because those individuals are skilled verbally and interpersonally.
They enjoy solving problems using these skills. An enterprising personality type would also
be satisfied in this career because they enjoy using their verbal skills in positions of
leadership. Psychologists often find themselves in positions of leadership. An investigative
personality type would also be satisfied in this career because they enjoy thinking about
abstract relations. Some aspects of being a psychologist are similar to being a scientist who
has to use abstract relations to solve problems.
an occupation?
174. Describe three major reasons why an adolescent should not work long hours while in school. Why do so many
adolescents work in spite of these consequences?
ANSWER: Adolescents who work long hours while in school do worse in school, are more likely to have
behavioral problems, and learn how to spend rather than manage money. Adolescents work
in spite of these consequences because part-time employment can be a good experience,
depending on the circumstances. When adolescents have jobs that allow them to use their
skills and acquire new ones, self-esteem is enhanced and they learn from their work
experience. Teens also benefit from work experiences that complement classroom
experiences.
175. Describe factors that increase the risk of teenagers drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes. Then discuss methods of
reducing these behaviors.
ANSWER: Parents and peers are influential in determining whether youth drink alcohol or smoke
cigarettes. When drinking alcohol or smoking cigarettes is important in their parents’ lives,
teens are more likely to engage in these behaviors. Teens are less likely to drink alcohol or
smoke cigarettes when their parents are involved in their lives and practice authoritative
parenting. Teens are also more likely to drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes when peers do. In
order to reduce teen drinking and cigarette smoking, interventions need to focus on teaching
effective coping skills and interactive school-based programs. In addition, effective programs
that discourage adolescents from smoking have the following features: (1) Schools have no-
smoking policies for all students, staff, and school visitors. (2) The program provides
information about short- and long-term health and social consequences of smoking and
provides students with effective ways to respond to peer pressure to smoke. (3) The program
goes beyond the school to involve parents and communities.
use drugs?
176. Describe the role of biological factors and attributions in adolescent depression.
ANSWER: Biological factors such as heredity and neurotransmitters play a role in adolescent depression.
Heredity puts some adolescents at greater risk for depression. Some adolescents may feel
depressed because lower levels of neurotransmitters make it difficult for them to experience
happiness and joy. Attributions such as temperament and belief systems also play a role in
adolescent depression. Children who are less able to regulate their emotions become
adolescents who are prone to depression. Depression prone adolescents are more likely to see
themselves in a negative light and blame themselves for failure.
Human Development Life-Span View 7th Edition Kail Cavanaugh Test Bank
177. A friend says, “I am scared. My little boy is about to enter the teen years, and I have heard that this is a time of great
storm and stress, when he will reject everything about me.” Provide advice to your friend by describing the reality of this
time of child-parent interactions.
ANSWER: The notion of “storm and stress” is a myth. Research shows that adolescents generally enjoy
happy and satisfying relationships with their parents. Most teens love their parents and feel
loved by them. And they embrace many of their parents’ values and look to them for advice.
In addition, most teens have relatively high levels of self-esteem across a variety of domains.
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3. Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by a lack of self-absorption.

4. Personal fables are based on seeing one’s self as unique.

6. Self-esteem levels tend to vary by domain (e.g., social, academic).

10. Herpes and hepatitis B are caused by a virus.

11. Same-sex attraction tends to be less understood in males than in females.

12. Dating violence can lead to depression in the victims.

16. Investigative personality types enjoy thinking about abstract relationships.

18. Depression is characterized by pervasive feelings of low self-esteem and sadness.

19. Suicide is the leading cause of death in American teens.

22. According to Erikson, the key adolescent crisis involves

24. Erikson hypothesized that adolescents achieve an identity by

26. Concerning identity, foreclosure is to achievement as

34. Which individual is exhibiting a moratorium in the process of developing an identity?

36. Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by excessive

42. The defining feature of the personal fable is a feeling of

52. The emphasis in the second phase of ethnic identity formation is on

54. The third phase of ethnic identity achievement involves

61. Which statement concerning ethnic identity development is true?

62. Who is most likely to have the highest self-esteem?

69. Which statement concerning self-esteem is true?

72. Cross-cultural studies of adolescent self-perception indicate that

73. James is a typical adolescent. You would expect that he

79. Which sexually transmitted disease is caused by a viral infection?

80. Which STD is most prevalent in the United States?

81. Which of these STDs is caused by bacteria?

82. Which statement is true?

86. The most effective pregnancy prevention programs focus

90. Which statement concerning the origins of sexual orientation is true?

105. During the implementation phase of career development, a person

110. The main assumption of Holland’s theory is that people

124. Which statement concerning part-time work and teenagers is true?

125. Which drug do high school seniors use most?

127. Which five-year-old is least likely to drink alcohol?

130. Which statement concerning cigarette smoking is true?

138. What is the third leading cause of deaths in U.S. adolescents?

140. What is the least common warning sign of suicide?

141. Juvenile delinquency involves acts that are

142. What is the defining characteristic of adolescent-limited antisocial behavior?

144. Which biological factor is NOT known to contribute to aggressive behavior?

146. Programs to prevent adolescent violence and antisocial behavior target

149. Life-course persistent antisocial acts

151. Which statement concerning antisocial/delinquent behavior and biology is true?

154. The Fast Track program for preventing violent behavior

155. According to Marcia, the highest level of identity status is ________________.

156. High levels of self-absorption in teens are referred to as adolescent ________________.

164. The most common drug used by American teens is ________________.

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